圈养大熊猫母乳营养成分及其变化规律

收集并分析了5只大熊猫产后d 1～ 180的94个母乳样品的干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP),乳糖(Lac),乙醚浸出物(EE),粗灰分(CA), 17种氨基酸(AA)和14种矿物元素的含量.结果表明,大熊猫母乳中DM、 CP和EE分别为13.66%～34.97%, 6.29%～7.92%和4.92%～14.09%,而且都随泌乳日期的延长而升高. Lac的含量为1.2% ～ 0.3875%,且随泌乳日期的延长而降低. CA的含量在1%左右(平均为1.04%).根据乳汁中CP、 Lac、无氮浸出物和EE的含量,计算出母乳中总能的含量为3.56～10.19 kJ/kg.绝大多数AA含量随大熊猫母兽泌乳日期的延长而升高,而矿物元素的含量没有明显的变化趋势.结果显示,大熊猫母乳中的营养成分含量在产后的不同阶段有显著差异(P<0.01),而且其含量和变化趋势与常见动物乳及人乳有不同程度的差异.     

国内30种香烟中砷的含量及其潜在健康风险分析

香烟中的砷主要来源于种植烟草的土壤、烟草杀虫剂和香烟加工过程.医学上已证实:砷对人的心肌、呼吸、神经、生殖、造血及免疫系统有不同程度的损伤.人体摄入砷的量与肺癌风险有显著相关性,且这种现象在吸烟者中更为明显.     

太湖五里湖背角无齿蚌体内滴滴涕和六六六的残留

作为建立淡水"贝类观察"体系的初步尝试,选定2003年3月采自太湖五里湖水域的背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)为研究对象,测定其体内滴滴涕(DDT)和六六六(HCH)含量.除β型外,α型、γ型和δ型HCH异构体及p,p'-DDE,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD,p,p'-DDT均在蚌样本中明显检出.∑DDTs湿重含量5.86～14.13 ng·g-1[平均(9.27±3.04) ng·g-1],高于∑HCHs湿重含量2.45～6.46 ng·g-1[平均(4.00±1.22) ng·g-1].p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD与α型、γ型HCH异构体分别为∑DDTs和∑HCHs的优势组分,说明太湖五里湖水域目前DDT的污染源可能很少,但存在较明显的新输入HCH.各蚌样的残留水平没有超过农业部、美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)和联合国粮农组织(FAO)颁布的最大限量.     

土地利用变化对城郊农业区生态效益的影响——以四川省南充市高坪区为例

借鉴生态效益综合评价的有关理论和数学模型,以四川省南充市高坪区为例,选取生物多样性指数、植被覆盖指数、水土保持效益指数、土壤改良指数、涵养水源指数、拦截径流指数和湿度指数7个指标作为评价因子,建立生态效益评价体系,对该区域1996和2005年2个时期综合生态效益进行评估和比较.结果表明,该区域综合生态效益值分别为7.85和7.95,2005年比1996年略为升高;基于GIS的图层叠置、分割等分析功能,就区域土地利用变化对其内部生态效益造成的变化进行了分析,该区域可被划分为生态效益显著增强区、增强区、保持区、减弱区和显著减弱区5个等级.     

电动力学-竹炭吸附联合修复工艺对高岭土中镉的去除

采用电动力学-竹炭吸附对高岭土中的镉进行迁移吸附去除,并对处理前后土体中的镉进行形态分析.结果表明,在电压梯度为1V·cm-1的条件下,电动力场能够将镉从土壤表面解吸附进入土壤水相,从而增大其电移动性,联合竹炭的强吸附作用对土壤中的镉有很高的去除效率,在190h的运行时间内能够将土体中93%的镉迁移吸附去除,定期切换电场极性提高了处理效率并可以很好地维持土壤的pH值和水分,过程的电流随切换呈周期性变化.     

Ti(Ⅳ)与银离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石薄膜弱紫外光杀菌研究

采用共沉淀水热合成和离子交换的方法,制备钛与银离子共掺杂的羟基磷灰石(HAP)薄膜(HAPTiAg),对其结构进行XRD的表征.电子自旋共振(ESR)测定表明,HAPTiAg在暗反应和光照下都能产生超氧活性物种.以革蓝氏阴性菌大肠杆菌为目标物,研究了HAPTi,HAPTiAg和 P25 TiO2负载的多孔镍网薄膜在暗反应与弱紫外光下的杀菌活性.     

施硅对污染土壤中铬形态及其生物有效性的影响

关于硅对蔬菜重金属生物有效性和对菜田土壤重金属铬形态影响的问题的研究目前仍嫌较少,该文采用盆栽试验结果讨论了在铬污染菜田土壤上施不同量硅对铬形态和蔬菜生物有效性的影响作用.研究表明,在铬污染条件下,施可溶性硅酸盐,与对照相比,土壤的交换态铬含量降低,而沉淀态铬和残渣态铬含量提高,因而可降低铬的蔬菜生物有效性,使小白菜(Brassica chinensis)体内的铬含量明显降低.同时还可使小白菜的生物量显著提高.     

我国两大冻融侵蚀区气候环境变化对比分析

对我国东北及青藏高原两大主要冻融侵蚀区51 a的(1956-2006年)气候资料进行分析,主要采用一元回归、趋势系数等方法.通过分析气温和降水变化对两区冻融作用与冻融侵蚀的影响,进而揭示两地区冻融侵蚀发展趋势.结果表明:两地区年平均气温呈现波动上升且十分显著,在东北地区年降水呈波动下降趋势,而青藏高原区与其相反,但两地在春季解冻期降雨均有不同程度的增加.在气温和降水变化的情况下,这些地区土壤冻结期有推后的趋势,而解冻期有提前的趋势,因此冻融期有所缩短,加之冻融温差的减小,土壤所受冻融作用的程度与强度也将随之降低,但随着春季解冻期降水明显增加,这一时期土壤侵蚀仍有加剧的趋势.     

惠州西湖沉积物营养盐的释放

惠州西湖为典型的南亚热带城市浅水湖泊,位于惠州市中心区域,近年来已采取了截留城市污水、引清水等治理措施,但西湖水体仍处于富营养化状态.以惠州西湖沉积物为研究对象,采用实验室原状泥柱静态培养法对惠州西湖各子湖沉积物氨氮和反应磷的释放通量进行了研究.结果表明,惠州西湖沉积物中氨氮(NH4 -N)释放通量为-31.64~69.73 mg·m-2 ·d-1,不同湖区释放通量差异较大,总体上沉积物为水中氨氮的源;各湖区沉积物中的反应磷(PO43-P)的平均释放通量为-6.42~-0.80 mg·m-2·d-1,惠州西湖沉积物为水中磷的汇.研究结果可为惠州西湖水质管理和生态修复提供科学依据.     

人α-防御素HNP-2基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

通过半化学合成方法获得具有大肠杆菌密码子偏爱性的人α-防御素(Human α-defensin或human neutrophil peptide,HNP)HNP-2基因.将其克隆到pET-32a( )表达载体,构建了重组表达质粒pET-32a( )/HNP-2.分别转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),ER2566以及Origami B(DE3)宿主菌,经过表达条件的优化,结果在大肠杆菌Origami B(DE3)宿主菌中得到了HNP-2基因高效率可溶性的表达,融合蛋白表达量占细菌总蛋白的60%以上.为避免表达产物水解,得到更稳定的人α-防御素,尝试以环化形式和酰胺化形式表达人α-防御素.为得到环化形式的表达,采用intein作为工具,利用其可剪接extein的特点,将其N端区域和C端区域分别融合到HNP-2的C端和N端,其两端的intein片段可将其拼接成环肽.以此为基础构建了环化表达质粒,并对表达条件进行了探索.本文采用了一种新的酰胺化方法,即将intein与HNP-2融合表达,intein对目的短肽进行酰胺化修饰.图6表1参16     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Genotypic variation in element concentrations in brown rice from Yunnan landraces in China

The mineral elements present in brown rice play an important physiological role in global human health. We investigated genotypic variation of eight of these elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in 11 different grades of brown rice on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of 282 alleles for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Six-hundred and twenty-eight landraces from the same field in Yunnan Province, one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world, formed our core collection. The mean concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) of the eight elements in brown rice for these landraces were P (3,480) > K (2,540) > Mg (1,480) > Ca (157) > Zn (32.8) > Fe (32.0) > Cu (13.6) > Mn (13.2). Mean P concentrations in brown rice were 6.56 times total soil P, so the grains are important in tissue storage of P, but total soil K is 7.82 times mean K concentrations in brown rice. The concentrations of the eight elements in some grades of brown rice, on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of alleles for 20 SSR markers for the landraces, were significantly different (P < 0.05), and further understanding of the relationship between mineral elements and gene diversity is needed. There was large variation in element concentrations in brown rice, ranging from 2,160 to 5,500 mg P kg⁻¹, from 1,130 to 3,830 mg K kg⁻¹, from 61.8 to 488 mg Ca kg⁻¹, from 864 to 2,020 mg Mg kg⁻¹, from 0.40 to 147 mg Fe kg⁻¹, from 15.1 to 124 mg Zn kg⁻¹, from 0.10 to 59.1 mg Cu kg⁻¹, and from 6.7 to 26.6 mg Mn kg⁻¹. Therefore, germplasm evaluations for Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in rice grains have detected up to sevenfold genotypic differences, suggesting that selection for high levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in breeding for mass production is a feasible approach. Increasing the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in rice grains will help alleviate chronic Ca, Zn, and Fe deficiencies in many areas of the world.