江淮地区城市O3污染过程的非典型特征及其前体物来源分析

为了研究江淮地区典型城市的O3污染来源,该文对一次典型O3污染过程(2020年9月1-10 日)开展了多参数的监测分析,综合多种方法分析了江淮区域的O3和挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征及其来源.结果表明,江淮地区城市(合肥、宿州、阜阳、滁州和淮南)O3浓度的日 变化均呈现出非典型的\"双峰\"特征(日间和夜间均有污染峰值...     

邯郸市NH3污染特征及其在PM2.5形成中的作用

本研究对邯郸市大气中细微颗粒物(PM2.5)和氨气(NH3)进行了长期连续在线监测,探讨邯郸市NH3在PM2.5生成中的作用.结果表明,2015-2018年邯郸市NH3平均浓度为15.7μg·m-3,并呈现出夏季(22.8 μg·m-3)、春季(22.0 μg·m-3)浓度高,秋季(11.7 μg·m-3)、冬季(9....     

石化企业周边采暖季大气VOCs污染特征及化学反应活性

采集济南市石化企业周边采暖季环境空气中挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)在线数据,进行了大气VOC成分组成及化学反应活性的分析.结果 表明,2017年冬季采暖季期间,石化企业周边VOCs日均质量浓度为(57.82±49.79) μg·m-3,其中烷烃占比最高为61.53％...     

基于季节性污染特征的大气VOCs化学活性及源解析

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是对流层大气氧化性的重要影响因子,不同VOCs物种的化学反应活性与大气环境质量及污染过程关系密切。本文针对呼和浩特和包头采暖期长达半年的季节特征,选取冬夏季清洁天、污染天和沙尘天的不同时间窗口,识别并分析了两个城市大气中117种VOCs的体积浓度,计算了不同季节不同大气特征条件下不同VOCs物种的化学反应活性,并解析了两个城市大气VOCs的来源。结果表明,乙烯、乙醛、丙烷、丙烯、丙醛、正丁醛、异戊二烯、甲苯、间/对二甲苯等是两个城市大气的主要活性VOCs物种;不同大气特征条件下不同VOCs物种对OFP（臭氧生成潜势）和L^OH（羟自由基反应速率）的影响差异较大,且影响大小并不单独依赖于各VOCs物种浓度;2个城市冬季大气中的O₃对VOCs的浓度变化更敏感,夏季则对NO_x的浓度变化更敏感,体现了这两个城市O₃前体物的季节性差异;受季节特征及供暖方式的影响,2个城市冬季燃烧源排放约贡献大气VOCs的50%,机动车排放和LPG/NG源次之;与冬季相比,夏季机动车、生物源及LPG/NG、溶剂挥发等因子的重要性显著提升,而燃烧源因子的比重明显下降,意味着大气VOCs源具有显著的季节变化特征。本研究对准确辨析区域重污染天气特征与成因,实现“十四五”期间PM_2.5与臭氧协同控制等意义重大.     

嘉兴市秋季臭氧浓度变化特征及前体物VOCs的来源解析

利用2022年9月嘉兴市光化学站小时分辨率的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)和臭氧(O₃)数据,分析了O₃和VOCs的污染特征;采用基于观察数据的(observation-based model,OBM)模型,分析嘉兴市O₃敏感性;并通过正定矩阵因子分析(positive matrix factorization,PMF)模型进行了环境VOCs来源解析研究。结果表明：高温(28.8～33℃)、低湿(69%～74%)、小风(1.4～2.0 m/s)等不利的气象条件有利于O₃浓度升高。嘉兴市VOCs组分含量烷烃(6.7×10^-9)>芳香烃(5.0×10^-9)>烯烃(1.7×10^-9)>炔烃(0.6×10^-9),臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,OFP)芳香烃(74.0μg/m³)>烯烃(19.8...     

低温等离子体技术及其在VOCs处理中的应用

低温等离子体是一种处理VOC s的高新技术,着重介绍低温等离子体技术及其在处理VOCs中的现状和优势,指出完善技术机理、优化设备参数、降低能耗、开发大型处理设备是今后研究的方向。     

大气光化学烟雾反应机理比较(Ⅰ)O3和NOx的比较

在相同初始和排放条件下,对四种应用较广的光化学烟雾反应机理(CB4-99,RADM2,RACM,SAPRC99)进行了比较。研究发现：对于O3,在低VOCs/NOx时,四种机理模拟结果相关较小,平均相对标准偏差为7%,在高VOCs/NOx时,平均相对标准偏差为26%,差距较大;对于NOx,多数情况下RACM和RADM2的模拟结果较高,CB4-99和SAPRC99的模拟值偏低,其原因主要来源于不同机理中O3的生成对NOx及VOCs的敏感性不同而造成的。在用模式模拟O3和NOx时,应特别注意机理不同而带来的模拟结果差异。     

泰安市大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2018年夏季对泰安市城区站点的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行监测,研究了其污染特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和特征污染物比值,利用PMF源解析模型对VOCs的来源进行了解析。结果表明,观测期间泰安市VOCs体积分数平均值为(16.57±7.99)×10⁻⁹,VOCs中浓度占比最高的为OVOCs(41.9%),其次为烷烃(30.8%)、芳香烃(19.5%)和烯烃(7.8%),对OFP的贡献率最高的为芳香烃(35.6%),其次为OVOCs(35.5%)、烯烃(18.5%)和烷烃(10.5%);PMF来源解析结果显示,观测点VOCs最大的排放源为LPG和溶剂挥发(40.2%),其次分别为OVOCs源(17.8%)、机动车排放(17.4%)、工业排放(11.8%)、植物源(10.5%)和电厂排放(2.3%)。控制LPG和溶剂挥发是控制泰安市夏季VOCs污染的重要途径。     

安徽省臭氧污染特征及其气象成因

自2013年起,中国采取了以降低PM2.5质量浓度为首要目标的大气污染防治措施.该措施的实施在颗粒物治理方面已取得显著的成效,但近地层臭氧(O3)污染问题却愈发突出.文中基于多源资料,结合气团后向轨迹分析与多种统计分析研究了2017—2019年安徽省O3污染的时空分布特征、O3污染形成的局地气象条件及输送路径.空间上,...     

上海市居民住宅室内空气中典型VOCs浓度水平与污染特征

为了解上海市居民住宅室内环境中VOCs的污染情况,于2019年对上海市内114户居民住宅进行研究,分析甲醛和TVOC的浓度水平与污染特征.结果表明,上海市居民住宅室内空气中甲醛的平均浓度和超标率分别为0.09 mg·m-3和25.8％;TVOC的平均浓度和超标率分别为0.51 mg·m-3和24.2％.两种污染物质的浓...     

北京大气O3与NOx的变化特征

以2004年8月-2005年7月北京市区近地层大气中臭氧(O3)和氮氧化物(NOx)体积分数观测资料,研究了北京大气中O3和NOx体积分数的变化特征.研究表明:北京市O3体积分数较高,并呈季节性波动,大气光化学污染以夏季最为严重.受太阳紫外辐射和城市交通的影响,城市O3体积分数呈单峰型分布,并在午后15:00出现峰值,造成大气强氧化性.NO2的光解速率夏季最大,在正午出现日最大值.受城市车流量变化的影响,周末NOx体积分数高于工作日,O3体积分数周末与工作日白天差异较小,而夜晚O3体积分数上作日高于周末.     

近地面O_3含量升高条件下土壤中腐殖质单体儿茶酚转化的放射性~（14）C示踪研究

近地面大气臭氧（O3）含量不断升高对生态环境的影响已引起人们的广泛关注,然而O3含量升高对土壤有机碳的矿化及转化影响却少有研究。土壤有机碳是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,土壤碳库的微小变化将引起大气CO2浓度的显著改变。文章以典型土壤腐殖质单体化合物儿茶酚为代表,利用14C示踪技术,研究了O3含量比当前背景升高约0.15μmol·mol-1时对土壤中腐殖质苯酚类前体化合物的矿化及转化的影响。结果表明,O3含量升高会对土壤中培育12d后儿茶酚的矿化及残留物分布具有显著的影响,而且这种影响程度和规律同土壤有关。O3含量升高促进了黄棕壤中儿茶酚的矿化,增加了儿茶酚残留物在黄棕壤腐殖酸（HA）中的总量,并使残留物在HA中偏向于同大分子结合。O3含量升高对灰潮土中儿茶酚的矿化有抑制作用,但对儿茶酚残留在HA内总量及分布没有显著影响。O3含量升高对儿茶酚在土壤中的稳定性及归趋的影响可能是O3对于微生物活性的抑制作用和O3的直接氧化作用的共同结果。后续工作中应研究土壤腐殖质中其它组份的稳定性及转化对近地面大气O3含量升高的响应,以全面考察O3含量升高对土壤碳库的影响。     

On the role of physical modelling in atmospheric and oceanic forecast

We discuss how physical modelling can be used to reproduce atmospheric or oceanic flows in the laboratory. The similarity conditions for the effects of density stratification and Earth rotation are first presented. Then examples of results obtained on the large ‘Coriolis’ platform in Grenoble are described. These include topographic wakes in a stratified fluid and gravity currents. Physical modelling is not used to get direct results of practical relevance, but rather to test numerical models on specific processes of environmental flows. Therefore it must be performed in close relationship with theory and numerical modelling, using advanced measurement and data assimilation techniques.     

MicroRNAs and their role in environmental chemical carcinogenesis

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, noncoding RNA species that play crucial roles across many biological processes and in the pathogenesis of major...     

Absorption of atmospheric phenol by various tree species and their tolerance to phenol

To assess the effect of tree planting on atmospheric phenol, a study was made on the absorption of phenol by various tree species and the tolerance of these species to phenol. The absorption rates ranged from 21.3 (camellia) to 129 ng dm^‐2h^‐1 ppb^‐1 (Japanese elm) at 1000 μmol of photons m^‐2 s^‐1, and the absorption rate increased in the following order: coniferous tree species ? evergreen broad‐leaved tree species < deciduous broad‐leaved tree species. When the light intensity was varied, a linear relationship between the phenol absorption rate and the transpiration rate was observed for three tree species. In comparison with the absorption rate estimated from a simplified gas diffusive resistance model, we conclude that phenol is absorbed through the stomata and is metabolized fairly rapidly within the leaf tissue, although the absorption rate is less than the estimated potential absorption rate. At phenol concentrations below 200 ppb, the tree can absorb atmospheric phenol for at least 8 h without any visible foliar injury. Trees in general could act as an important sink for atmospheric phenol at phenol concentrations less than 200 ppb, a concentration about twenty times higher than normal ambient levels.     

Age,stages, and the role of generation time in matrix models

The earliest matrix models, proposed in the 1940s, consider age classes, and were later proved to be equivalent to the discrete time version of the stable population theory. In this theory and models, besides the asymptotic growth rate, a very important characteristic is the turnover of individuals, measured in various ways by generation time. Models considering stages, on the contrary, do not take into account the age of individuals and seem largely preferable to age-structured models for many populations in which demographic characteristics are related to biological stages (such a seed, rosette, flowering plant, etc.) rather than to age per itself. These two kinds of models can be embedded as particular cases of stage by age models or multistate models. Theses general models can be used to develop a multistate stable population theory with many advantages. This general theory is reviewed with emphasis on general rules for sensitivity analyses in which generation time plays a central role.     

广州市饮用水中挥发性有机物的研究

饮用水中的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）来源于水源水受到的环境污染或是在净化消毒工艺处理工程中反应产生的副产物,可对人体健康造成极大的危害。改革开放以来,广州人口和经济得到突飞猛进的发展,也带来了包括饮用水安全在内的诸多严重的社会和环境问题。虽然饮用水中VOCs的研究已经得到越来越多的重视,但是目前对广州市饮用水中挥发性有机物的研究还鲜有报道。本文在广州市中心城区选取15个不同位置的采样点进行了自来水水样采集,并利用吹扫-捕集-气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用系统分析技术测定水中 VOCs 的种类和三卤甲烷的质量浓度。结果表明,广州市中心城区的自来水中VOCs有20种,以三卤甲烷（THMs）和芳香烃类为主,占了所检出的物质总量的78%以上。THMs中四种化合物（氯仿、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、溴仿）的检出率达100%,总三卤甲烷的平均质量浓度为46.46μg· L-1,最大值为53.31μg· L-1,最小值39.91μg· L-1。根据2006版国家饮用水标准,四种三卤甲烷质量浓度均低于标准限值,符合标准要求。对市面上一般的瓶装水的研究发现,瓶装水中三卤甲烷的质量浓度非常低,总三卤甲烷平均质量浓度仅为1.47μg·L-1,约是自来水中质量浓度的1/30。为了解温度及煮沸对自来水中 THMs 质量浓度的影响,本研究设计了实验进行探究。结果发现加热至沸腾过程中,THMs质量浓度随温度升高而升高,而沸腾后THMs骤降,煮沸5 min可降低水中约95%的THMs,接近瓶装水中THMs质量浓度。     

CO2和O3体积分数升高对银杏希尔反应活力和叶绿体ATP酶活性的影响

近年来,随着温室气体体积分数不断上升,研究CO2和O3体积分数升高对植物的影响已取得一定进展,但二者对植物的复合作用及生理研究不够深入。文章利用开顶式气室研究了大气CO2和O3体积分数升高对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)光合特性的影响。结果表明,在整个生长季内,与对照相比,在大气CO2体积分数为700×10-6条件下,银杏叶片净光合速率显著增加(P<0.05),希尔反应活力增大,Ca2 /Mg2 -ATPase活性增强,光合产物可溶性糖和淀粉含量增多;而在O3体积分数为80×10-9的情况下,银杏叶片净光合速率下降,希尔反应活力减小,Ca2 /Mg2 -ATPase活性减弱,光合产物可溶性糖和淀粉含量减少;在CO2和O3复合作用(700×10-6 80×10-9)条件下,银杏叶片净光合速率、希尔反应活力、可溶性糖和淀粉均有所增加,且淀粉含量增加极显著(P<0.01),而Ca2 -ATPase活性先增强后减弱,Mg2 -ATPase活性先减弱后增强。说明CO2可缓解O3对银杏的负效应,而O3亦对CO2的正效应有削弱作用。     

Neutral lipids in macroalgal spores and their role in swimming

We followed changes in the neutral lipid content of actively swimming zoospores of the palm kelp Pterygophora californica in a laboratory experiment to investigate the degree to which spore swimming is fueled by endogenous lipid reserves. The neutral lipid content of individual zoospores during the experiment was measured by flow cytometry using Nile Red, a fluorescent stain that is specific for neutral lipid. Results showed that photosynthesis greatly influenced lipid consumption during zoospore swimming. We found no detectable change in the neutral lipid content of zoospores after 30 h of swimming under conditions where light was near the optimum for photosynthesis. By contrast, neutral lipid declined by ≃43% over 30 h in zoospores kept in the dark. To evaluate whether lipid reserves are generally related to spore motility in macroalgae, we surveyed spore lipid-content and composition in species with motile spores and non-motile spores using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and flame-ionization detection (FID). We observed substantial differences in lipid content and composition among the 20 species examined. Spores high in total lipid (as estimated by the ratio of lipid:carbon) generally had a large amount of neutral lipid; motile spores had significantly more lipid and a significantly larger neutral lipid fraction than non-motile spores. The kelps as a group had the highest total lipid content and the largest neutral lipid fraction, while non-motile spores of red algae were generally low in total lipid and in the proportional abundance of neutral lipid. Phospholipids accounted for more than half of all lipid in 14 of the 20 species examined, while neutral lipid accounted for the majority of lipid in all five species of kelp examined. Triacylglycerols, which function primarily in energy storage, were the primary form of neutral lipid in all but one species of kelp (Agarum fimbriatum), whereas free fatty acids were the dominant form of neutral lipid in most red algae and in brown algae that had a small neutral lipid fraction. Our results are largely consistent with the hypothesis that macroalgae use endogenous lipid reserves to fuel spore-swimming. The small amounts of triacylglycerols observed in the motile spores of several species of brown and green algae, however, indicate that the amount of lipid reserves needed to fuel spore-swimming may be influenced by a variety of factors including swimming behavior, photosynthetic efficiency, and the light environment inhabited by spores. Received: 8 September 1998 / Accepted: 8 January 1999