光助Fe/BiOCl活化过硫酸盐降解橙黄Ⅱ

为研究Fe/BiOCl在光照下活化过硫酸盐(PS)产生硫酸根自由基(·SO_4~-)降解偶氮染料橙黄Ⅱ的催化效果,采用一步水热合成法制备铁掺杂BiOCl纳米催化剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其形貌与组成成分进行表征.结果显示,铁元素成功掺杂进入BiOCl的结构中,呈现出纳米盘状形貌结构.在光照辐射下,考察Fe/BiOCl活化PS降解橙黄Ⅱ过程中初始pH、底物浓度、Fe/BiOCl催化剂投加量和PS投加量等影响因素对橙黄Ⅱ降解处理效果的影响.结果显示,橙黄Ⅱ降解效率随着pH值的降低而升高,Fe/BiOCl和PS投加量的增加对橙黄Ⅱ的去除率出现先增加后降低的趋势.Fe/BiOCl催化剂投加量为0.5 g·L~(-1),PS的投加量为1 mmol·L~(-1)的条件下时,溶液pH值为3.0,反应60 min后,橙黄Ⅱ降解的效果最佳,其降解速率符合拟一级反应动力学.通过对催化剂Fe/BiOCl稳定性研究,经5次连续循环使用后,脱色率仍然可以保持在79.6%,说明该催化剂具有良好的循环使用性能.通过投加叔丁醇(TBA),甲醇(MeOH),草酸铵(AO),对苯醌(BQ)等自由基猝灭剂,证明光助Fe/BiOCl/PS体系中具有光生空穴,硫酸根自由基,羟基自由基和超氧自由基,其中超氧自由基和光生空穴在反应体系中起重要作用.反应过程中橙黄Ⅱ的降解产物运用GC/MS进行检测,推导得出橙黄Ⅱ的降解路径.     

氧化铜活化过硫酸盐的界面反应机理

本文以苯酚为降解对象,系统性研究了氧化铜(CuO)活化过二硫酸盐(PDS)与过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解苯酚的界面反应机理.结果表明,CuO可高效活化PDS和PMS降解苯酚,电子顺磁共振(EPR)结果表明CuO/PDS体系中的活性物种有SO_4~(·-)、·OH和O_2~(·-),而CuO/PMS体系中主要存在O_~(·-)和~1O_2,猝灭实验结果表明CuO/PMS体系中O_2~(·-)起到了关键作用. CuO/PDS和CuO/PMS体系均可选择性降解具有给电子官能团的有机物.在CuO/PDS体系中,主要活化机理为富电子有机物通过取代表面羟基吸附于CuO表面,与CuO发生电子传递产生苯氧自由基,进一步可活化PDS和O_2产生SO_4~(·-)、·OH、O_2~(·-)等活性物种实现对有机物的降解.而在CuO/PMS体系中,PMS通过取代CuO表面羟基产生亚稳态中间体,与PMS及O_2~(·-)反应生成~1O_2实现对苯酚的降解,虽然体系中也存在与CuO/PDS体系中类似的苯氧自由基活化过程,但其对有机物降解的贡献较小.     

Fe3O4/MoS2强化过氧化单硫酸盐活化去除2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

以MoS₂为载体,通过水热法合成Fe₃O₄/MoS₂催化剂,采用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱分析对材料进行表征,研究了Fe₃O₄/MoS₂/PMS体系中2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸（2,4-D）的降解效率并探究了其反应机理.结果表明,以Fe₃O₄、MoS₂和Fe₃O₄/MoS₂为催化剂,30 min内2,4-D的去除率分别为31%、 20%和89%.表征结果发现,在MoS₂的存在下,Fe₃O₄表面的Fe（Ⅲ）还原为Fe（Ⅱ）,Mo（Ⅳ）被氧化为Mo（Ⅵ）,Fe₃O₄和MoS₂间的协同作用加强了PMS分解,提高了2,4-D去除效率.自由基淬灭实验表明,·OH、 SO<...     

活性炭/过一硫酸盐降解水中金橙Ⅱ:活性炭的循环利用

研究了常温常压下颗粒状活性炭(GAC)与过一硫酸盐(PMS)联合体系降解水中金橙Ⅱ时GAC可循环利用的问题.实验发现,本体系中GAC可以重复使用,循环4次后GAC的催化活性只降低了4.6%.说明该体系具有较好的GAC再生能力,氧化剂的用量越大再生能力越强.在GAC催化PMS降解金橙Ⅱ的过程中,PMS可能会氧化GAC的表面,使得GAC的催化能力得以加强.同时发现该体系中仅是GAC的催化能力得到很好的再生,而吸附能力并没有得到再生.当GAC几乎失去吸附能力时,催化能力仍几乎能保持不变.当PMS与金橙Ⅱ的物质的量之比为20∶1时,连续流实验进行10 d,GAC的催化活性仍未减弱,GAC的使用寿命较长.该体系具有很好的实际应用潜力.     

表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)辅助合成Bi2MoO6光催化剂协同PMS降解AO7

采用CTAB辅助水热法合成钼酸铋(Bi₂MoO₆,BMO)微球，并将其用于活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)，在可见光下降解废水中的偶氮染料金橙Ⅱ(AO7).利用X射线衍射(XRD)，傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)，扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线能谱(XPS)，透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis)对催化剂进行了表征，并通过降解实验测试其催化性能.结果表明，合成的催化剂具有良好的吸附、催化降解AO7的性能.在中性条件下，催化剂投加量0.3 g·L^-1,AO7浓度0.1 mmol·L^-1,PMS浓度1 mmol·L^-1，可以在30 min内完全降解AO7.研究了催化剂含量、pH、共存阴离子等对AO7降解效果的影响.通过自由基消除实验，探索了0.10CTAB-BMO/光/PMS体系中存在的活性物种(h⁺、·O₂^-、¹O₂、·OH和SO₄...     

不同活化过硫酸盐体系的机理分析及不同无机阴离子的作用:以两种有机染料为例

高级氧化技术（AOPs）广泛应用于不同的废水处理,并目前此类技术多以羟基自由基（OH·）的产生为主.近年来,基于硫酸根自由基（SO ₄^-·）的AOPs因其对有机污染物的高反应活性和对复杂环境基质的高选择性而备受关注.但是,在对各种活化方式的系统比较方面还存在一些不足,对降解途径和不同阴离子对体系的影响也缺乏研究.本文通过两种染料的降解对3种活化过硫酸盐体系进行了系统性的比较,并结合自由基捕获实验（甲醇,叔丁醇）和产物分析,研究了体系降解机制及路径.研究了4种阴离子（HCO₃^-、N O₃^-、Cl-、Br-）对3种不同活化过硫酸盐体系降解染料的影响.结果表明,SO ₄^-·与OH·在3种活化体系中对染料降解均有贡献.在热活化体系（heat-Na₂S₂O₈）中,对染料降解起到主导作用的活性物种为S O₄^-·;在光...     

常温下过硫酸盐氧化降解水中对氯苯胺

研究了常温下初始pH值对过硫酸盐氧化降解水中对氯苯胺(PCA)动力学过程的影响,并探讨了PCA降解的机理.结果表明,室温下,PCA的降解符合准一级动力学方程;pH值为3、5、7、9和11时,其一级动力学常数k分别为0.03×10-4、0.12×10-4、0.28×10-4、0.26×10-4和0.27×10-4s-1;酸性体系不利于PCA的降解,pH 7时PCA的降解速率最大,半衰期为6.88 h.通过LC/MS和GC/MS鉴定得到PCA降解的4种主要中间产物,分别为对氯硝基苯、对苯醌、1-(4氯苯)-3苯基脲和5-氯-2-(4氯苯二氮烯)苯酚,并在此基础上探讨了过硫酸盐氧化降解PCA的可能途径.     

Fe2+耦合热活化过硫酸盐降解土壤中四溴双酚A

有效降解和去除土壤中四溴双酚A(TBBPA)是土壤环境化学研究热点.本文研究了Fe²⁺耦合热活化过硫酸盐体系(Fe²⁺/热/PS)对土壤中TBBPA的降解,并考察温度、Fe²⁺始浓度、PS浓度、初始pH值、无机阴离子(Cl^-、HCO₃^-)浓度以及金属离子(Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺)浓度的影响.结果表明,Fe²⁺/热/PS降解TBBPA的效果远高于同等条件下单一热活化和Fe²⁺活化的情况;提高温度和PS浓度能够促进土壤TBBPA的降解;而过量的亚铁离子会导致TBBPA去除率下降,Fe²⁺与PS的最佳摩尔比为0.5:1;Fe²⁺耦合热活化PS体系具有较宽的pH应用范围,在酸性条件下更有利于降解;温度55℃、Fe²⁺浓度25 mmol·L^-1、PS浓度50 mmo...     

UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐降解麻黄碱的影响因素和机理

采用UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐高级氧化技术去除水中污染物麻黄碱(EPH),并研究了其降解动力学过程和降解机理.考察了过硫酸盐(PS)投加量、EPH的初始浓度、不同pH值及不同离子(HCO~-_3、NO~-_3、Cl~-)对降解效果的影响.结果表明,UV-254 nm活化过硫酸盐工艺能有效去除实验条件下的EPH,其氧化降解反应符合二级动力学方程.EPH去除率随着PS投加量的增加而增大.pH对降解反应有较大的影响,在pH=7的条件下,反应速率最快,表观反应动力学常数(k_(obs))为0.467 min~(-1).进一步研究表明,HCO~-_3、NO~-_3和Cl~-对EPH的降解都存在抑制作用,在相同浓度下,其抑制程度依次为Cl~- NO~-_3 HCO~-_3.通过UPLC-MS/MS鉴定了麻黄碱降解的中间体,并提出了可能的降解机理和转化途径.     

Chemical poison and regeneration of SCR catalysts for NOx removal from stationary sources

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ is an effective technique to remove NO_x from stationary sources, such as coal-fired power plant and industrial boilers. Some of elements in the fly ash deactivate the catalyst due to strong chemisorptions on the active sites. The poisons may act by simply blocking active sites or alter the adsorption behaviors of reactants and products by an electronic interaction. This review is mainly focused on the chemical poisoning on V₂O₅-based catalysts, environmental-benign catalysts and low temperature catalysts. Several common poisons including alkali/alkaline earth metals, SO₂ and heavy metals etc. are referred and their poisoning mechanisms on catalysts are discussed. The regeneration methods of poisoned catalysts and the development of poison-resistance catalysts are also compared and analyzed. Finally, future research directions in developing poisoning resistance catalysts and facile efficient regeneration methods for SCR catalysts are proposed.     

大气CO2、CH4、CO高精度观测混合标气配制方法

高精度、高准确度的大气CO2、CH4、CO浓度观测需使用以干洁大气为底气的标气.标气中水汽含量及CO2的δ13C对基于光学原理的观测系统有不可忽视的影响.本研究利用自组装的混合标气配制系统,以环境大气为底气,并通过添加高浓度气体或利用吸附剂吸附,调节目标物种浓度.CO2和CO吸附效率分别达99.7%和99.8%,标气水汽含量小于3.7×10-6(物质的量分数,下同),可配制不同浓度范围的CO2、CH4、CO混合标气.在青海瓦里关全球大气本底站配制环境大气浓度范围的标气,CO2、CH4、CO实际配制浓度同目标浓度的偏差小于10×10-6、30×10-9、30×10-9,CO2中δ13C同实际大气接近.本方法配制的标气已应用于我国本底站大气CO2、CH4、CO高精度观测,符合世界气象组织/全球大气观测(WMO/GAW)质量要求.     

食蚊鱼(Gambusia afinis)cat、gapdh和gst基因的克隆及其在生态毒理学中的应用

根据Ensembl、Genbank登录的鱼类cat、gapdh和gst基因的CDS序列设计普通PCR扩增引物,寻找食蚊鱼的cat、gapdh和gst基因的c DNA片段,并根据定量引物设计要求设计出相应的SYBR Green I荧光定量RT-q PCR引物,建立了食蚊鱼cat、gapdh和gst基因的SYBR Green I荧光定量RT-q PCR方法。该方法在104~108数量级范围内有良好线性关系(R=0.999~1.000);熔解曲线显示扩增产物特异性良好,均为单一峰值;质粒标准品最高浓度与最低浓度的批内试验变异系数与批间试验变异系数均低于2%。利用该方法监测和评价环境污染物对水生生物的影响,选择了水体中常见典型药物污染物——双氯芬酸,研究其对食蚊鱼抗氧化基因表达的影响。结果表明,雌性食蚊鱼暴露在不同浓度双氯芬酸钠(0.005、0.05、0.5和5 mg·L-1)24 h后,其肝脏cat、gapdh和gst的mRNA呈现显著变化,相对于对照组,在低浓度0.005 mg·L-1时,cat与gst mRNA的表达量均有极显著上升(p0.01),而其它浓度均极显著下降(p0.01)。试验表明该方法具有快速、精确、灵敏度高的优点,可为利用该类小型鱼类的原位污染物的生物监测和生态毒理评价提供有力的技术支持。     

SO2-4/TiO2对SO2-C7H16-TiO2复相光化学反应的影响

研究了TiO2与SO2,C7H16复相光化学反应的光催化活性.在SO2-C7H16-O2-TiO2光催化反应过程中,TiO2表面可形成SO2-4/TiO2结构,它的存在可提高庚烷的光催化氧化速率,利用IR和XPS研究了反应过程中TiO2表面形成的SO2-4/TiO2结构.     

Simultaneous removal of NOx and chlorobenzene on V2O5/TiO2 granular catalyst: Kinetic study and performance prediction

• A V₂O₅/TiO₂ granular catalyst for simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene. • Catalyst synthesized by vanadyl acetylacetonate showed good activity and stability. • The kinetic model was established and the synergetic activity was predicted. • Both chlorobenzene oxidation and SCR of NO follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. • The work is of much value to design of multi-pollutants emission control system. The synergetic abatement of multi-pollutants is one of the development trends of flue gas pollution control technology, which is still in the initial stage and facing many challenges. We developed a V₂O₅/TiO₂ granular catalyst and established the kinetic model for the simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene (i.e., an important precursor of dioxins). The granular catalyst synthesized using vanadyl acetylacetonate precursor showed good synergistic catalytic performance and stability. Although the SCR reaction of NO and the oxidation reaction of chlorobenzene mutually inhibited, the reaction order of each reaction was not considerably affected, and the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics was still followed. The performance prediction of this work is of much value to the understanding and reasonable design of a catalytic system for multi-pollutants (i.e., NO and dioxins) emission control.     

六铝酸盐负载CuO催化还原NO性能

采用共沉淀法制备了LaAl12O19六铝酸盐载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同负载量的CuO/LaAl12O19催化剂,并对其进行了XRD、H2-TPR和BET表征,考察了催化剂对CH4选择催化还原NO的性能.结果表明,CuO的负载并未改变六铝酸盐载体的结构,Cu在载体上以Cu2+的形式存在,活性组分CuO与载体LaAl12O19之间存在协同作用;CuO/LaAl12O19催化剂对CH4选择催化还原NO表现出良好活性,所制备的催化剂均能使NO的转化率达到99%;其中负载量为1.0 wt%的CuO/LaAl12O19催化剂的活性最好,完全反应温度T99%为560℃,且在80 h稳定性试验中表现出了良好的高温活性和热稳定性.     

One-pot hydrothermal fabrication of BiVO4/Fe3O4/rGO composite photocatalyst for the simulated solar light-driven degradation of Rhodamine B

• BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO has excellent photocatalytic activity under solar light radiation. • It can be easily separated and collected from water in an external magnetic field. • BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/0.5% rGO exhibited the highest RhB removal efficiency of over 99%. • Hole (h⁺) and superoxide radical (O₂^•−) dominate RhB photo-decomposition process. • The reusability of this composite was confirmed by five successive recycling runs. Fabrication of easily recyclable photocatalyst with excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater is highly desirable for practical application. In this study, a novel ternary magnetic photocatalyst BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/reduced graphene oxide (BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO) was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal strategy. The BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄ with 0.5 wt% of rGO (BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/0.5% rGO) exhibited superior activity, degrading greater than 99% Rhodamine B (RhB) after 120 min solar light radiation. The surface morphology and chemical composition of BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The free radicals scavenging experiments demonstrated that hole (h⁺) and superoxide radical (O₂^•−) were the dominant species for RhB degradation over BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO under solar light. The reusability of this composite catalyst was also investigated after five successive runs under an external magnetic field. The BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO composite was easily separated, and the recycled catalyst retained high photocatalytic activity. This study demonstrates that catalyst BiVO₄/Fe₃O₄/rGO possessed high dye removal efficiency in water treatment with excellent recyclability from water after use. The current study provides a possibility for more practical and sustainable photocatalytic process.     

Catalytic ozonation of organic compounds in water over the catalyst of RuO2/ZrO2-CeO2

This research investigates the performances of RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ in catalytic ozonation for water treatment. The results show that RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ was active for the catalytic ozonation of oxalic acid and possessed higher stability than RuO₂/Al₂O₃ and Ru/AC. In the catalytic ozonation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ did not enhance the DMP degradation rate but significantly improved the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate. The TOC removal in catalytic ozonation was 56% more than that in noncatalytic ozonation. However this does not mean the catalyst was very active because the contribution of catalysis to the overall TOC removal was only 30%. The adsorption of the intermediates on RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ played an important role on the overall TOC removal while the adsorption of DMP on it was negligible. This adsorption difference was due to their different ozonation rates. In the catalytic ozonation of disinfection byproduct precursors with RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂, the reductions of the haloacetic acid and trihalomethane formation potentials (HAAFPs and THMFPs) for the natural water samples were 38%–57% and 50%–64%, respectively. The catalyst significantly promoted the reduction of HAAFPs but insignificantly improved the reduction of THMFPs as ozone reacts fast with the THMs precursors. These results illustrate the good promise of RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ in catalytic ozonation for water treatment.     

Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms in a simulated Al2O3-Fe2O3-Cr2O3-CuO waste system

• Cu and Cr can be mostly incorporated into CuFe_xAl_yCr_2−x−yO₄ with a spinel structure. • Spinel phase is the most crucial structure for Cu and Cr co-stabilization. • Compared to Al, Fe and Cr are easier to be incorporated into the spinel structure. • ‘Waste-to-resource’ by thermal process at attainable temperatures can be achieved. Chromium slag usually contains various heavy metals, making its safe treatment difficult. Glass-ceramic sintering has been applied to resolve this issue and emerged as an effective method for metal immobilization by incorporating heavy metals into stable crystal structures. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the reaction pathways adopted by multiple heavy metals and the co-stabilization functions of the crystal structure. To study the Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms during thermal treatment, a simulated system was prepared using a mixture with a molar ratio of Al₂O₃:Fe₂O₃:Cr₂O₃:CuO= 1:1:1:3. The samples were sintered at temperatures 600–1300°C followed by intensive analysis of phase constitutions and microstructure development. A spinel phase (CuFe_xAl_yCr_2−x−yO₄) started to generate at 700°C and the incorporation of Cu/Cr into the spinel largely complete at 900°C, although the spinel peak intensity continued increasing slightly at temperatures above 900°C. Fe₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ was more easily incorporated into the spinel at lower temperatures, while more Al₂O₃ was gradually incorporated into the spinel at higher temperatures. Additionally, sintered sample microstructures became more condensed and smoother with increased sintering temperature. Cu / Cr leachability substantially decreased after Cu/Cr incorporation into the spinel phase at elevated temperatures. At 600°C, the leached ratios for Cu and Cr were 6.28% and 0.65%, respectively. When sintering temperature was increased to 1300°C, the leached ratios for all metal components in the system were below 0.2%. This study proposes a sustainable method for managing Cu/Cr co-exist slag at reasonable temperatures.     

ZnO-MgO/Al2O3吸附-臭氧催化氧化处理难降解有机废水

以活性氧化铝为载体,采用浸渍法制备催化剂,对甲基橙及草酸模拟废水进行处理.在中性条件下,臭氧催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化能提前30 min使得甲基橙溶液褪色,反应105 min时,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率高达96.53%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对甲基橙TOC去除率提高了47.19%,在处理草酸废水时臭氧催化氧化对TOC去除率高达80.59%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对草酸TOC去除率提高了59.14%.在处理甲基橙及草酸的小试实验中催化剂对有机污染物的吸附作用起到了加快反应进行的作用.在对垃圾渗滤液超滤出水时,O₃与COD质量比为1:1时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率为49.09%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高36.37%,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独使用臭氧氧化的2.54倍,在处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓水时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率高达88.72%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高37.60%,并且臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独臭氧氧化的1.6倍.臭氧催化氧化反应过程中产生的羟基自由基对有机物更快的反应速率.