锆负载交联壳聚糖树脂的制备及硫酸根吸附性能

以壳聚糖为原料,利用反相悬浮法制备甲醛-戊二醛交联壳聚糖树脂,后与Zr4+反应制备锆负载交联壳聚糖吸附剂,用于吸附废水中SO2-4.运用红外光谱对吸附剂结构进行表征,采用静态吸附法考察负载条件对吸附量的影响及吸附剂重复使用性能.结果表明,交联反应主要发生在壳聚糖的氨基(—NH2)和一级羟基(C6—OH)上;锆负载过程中锆离子可负载于交联壳聚糖的氨基(—NH2)和羟基(—OH)上;最优条件即当Zr4+初始浓度为500 mg·L-1,体系pH值为3,负载时间为4 h时,锆负载交联壳聚糖吸附剂对SO2-4的吸附量达到最大为55.65 mg·g-1;用NaOH可有效恢复吸附剂,再生后的吸附剂吸附性能良好.     

磁性Fe_3O_4/改性焦炭的制备及其对罗丹明B的吸附性能

以焦炭为原料、KOH为活化剂制备改性焦炭,采用原位氧化沉淀法制备纳米Fe_3O_4负载于改性焦炭表面上,制备出磁性复合材料,利用N2等温吸附(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶交换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)等对其进行了表征,并研究了其对罗丹明B的吸附性能,系统考察了吸附动力学、吸附等温线、pH、吸附剂投加量对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,改性焦炭微孔结构发达,利于Fe_3O_4分散负载其表面上.Fe_3O_4/改性焦炭具有良好的磁性能和吸附性能,在2 h内对罗丹明B达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学方程,等温吸附数据符合Langmuir模型,吸附是自发行为且为吸热反应.吸附剂在较宽的pH范围内有较高的吸附量,罗丹明B去除率可达98.32%.     

改性柚子皮吸附剂对模拟废水中pb2+的吸附性能

以废柚子皮为原料,经ZnCl2浸泡-加热的化学改性手段制备改性柚子皮生物吸附剂,并通过模拟试验研究该吸附剂对废水中pb2+的去除.考察了模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和pb2+初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂去除pb2+的影响,并研究柚子皮吸附剂对pb2+的吸附动力学及吸附特征.结果表明,模拟废水的pH、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和pb2+初始浓度、温度等因素对柚子皮吸附剂吸附废水中pb2+均有显著影响.适宜的吸附条件为pH5.3～6.5,吸附时间1.5h,吸附剂用量10g· L-1,pb2初始质量浓度100 mg·L-1,温度30℃.在该条件下,废水中pb2+去除率在90％以上.柚子皮吸附剂对废水中pb2+的吸附符合动力学二级反应方程,等温吸附规律可用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型进行较好的描述.     

活性炭纤维对水中罗丹明B的吸附性能

研究了活性炭纤维对水中罗丹明B的吸附.结果表明,pH=2时,罗丹明B的吸附量最大,并随着pH的增高吸附量随之降低;离子强度对吸附的影响不大;Langmuir等温线更适合于描述罗丹明B的吸附行为;活性炭纤维对罗丹明B的吸附量随着温度的升高逐渐增加;热力学数据表明,较高温度下,活性炭纤维对罗丹明B的吸附是自发行为,且为吸热反应;吸附动力学符合假二级动力学模型;吸附过程可以很好地用内扩散模型来说明.     

花生壳活性炭对反渗透(RO)浓水的吸附特性

以花生壳活性炭对RO浓水进行吸附处理,利用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和荧光光谱(EEM)研究花生壳活性炭对不同pH的RO浓水的吸附特性.结果表明,花生壳活性炭对溶解性有机碳(DOC)的吸附遵循准二级吸附动力学方程,特别是碱性条件下,DOC的吸附量随着pH的升高而降低.而且pH越高,达到吸附平衡的时间越长.通过FTIR光谱分析发现,活性炭的芳香结构吸收峰在吸附后红移至1630 cm-1,表明被吸附的有机物在该处有明显的特征吸收峰,而C—O和O—H官能团的吸收峰则因为钙离子等物质的吸附而显著降低.由EEM光谱分析可知,RO浓水的荧光物质主要由腐殖酸类腐殖质和富里酸类腐殖质组成,其荧光强度与DOC之间具有较好的线性相关性.     

磁性Fe3O4@Mg(OH)2去除水中络合态三价铬

本实验采用一步水热法合成了Fe_3O_4@Mg(OH)_2材料,并将其用于吸附水中络合态的Cr(Ⅲ)-EDTA,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、比表面积(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重(TGA)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等来表征材料的结构和表面特性.结果表明,Mg(OH)_2已经成功的负载到了Fe_3O_4的表面,对水中络合态Cr(Ⅲ)-EDTA有较好的吸附能力,最大吸附量为15.52 mg·g~(-1),吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温线,吸附动力学可用拟二级动力学拟合,随着pH的增加吸附量不断减少,水中高浓度的阳离子对吸附产生促进作用,并且脱附实验证明材料有很好的可循环利用能力.     

生物可降解络合剂[S,S]-乙二胺二琥珀酸改性蛭石和活性炭及其对Fe(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

提出将Fe(Ⅱ)离子吸附络合稳定于活性炭、蛭石表面,再与H2O2组成新的非均相Fenton反应体系,通过加热、煮沸、干燥等简单的物理方法成功地将螯合剂EDDS([S,S]-乙二胺二琥珀酸)修饰到蛭石和活性炭表面,对蛭石和活性炭进行改性.主要研究了包括pH、温度、初始浓度、反应时间对材料吸附性能的影响.研究表明,在相同条件下EDDS改性可以提高活性炭和蛭石对Fe(Ⅱ)离子的吸附容量,溶液pH、温度、初始浓度对吸附有较大影响.吸附等温线的拟合结果表明,Fe(Ⅱ)离子在EDDS修饰的活性炭和蛭石上吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附,其饱和吸附量都有所提高,且具有较大的吸附系数,这是由于修饰在活性炭和蛭石表面的EDDS和金属离子形成强烈的络合作用所致.     

微波诱导改性活性炭催化处理低浓度抗生素废水

通过采用负载FeSO4活性炭、CuSO4活性炭和一般活性炭作为微波催化剂处理抗生素废水的对比实验,研究不同负载方法对抗生素制药废水COD去除的差别,结果表明,负载FeSO4的活性炭作为催化剂的微波处理系统对COD的去除率最高.以微波诱导负载FeSO4的活性炭为催化剂对抗生素制药废水进行处理,结果表明,增大负载FeSO4活性炭质量,微波辐射时间和微波功率,均有利于抗生素废水中COD的去除,但各影响因素的取值并不是越大越好.对微波诱导负载FeSO4活性炭催化工艺处理抗生素废水进行反应动力学分析,结果显示,过程近似一级反应,其动力学方程为:lnC0/C=0.1413t+5.4121,r=0.9876.反应动力学常数为0.1413 min-1.     

微波辅助HNO3改性竹炭对Cu2+的吸附性能

以竹炭为原料,采用HNO3(NA)作为改性药剂,通过微波辅助加热的方法对竹炭进行改性;运用Boehm滴定、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子能谱(EDAX)和红外光谱(FTIR)对改性竹炭进行了表征;考察了pH、时间、温度和离子强度等对改性竹炭吸附Cu2+的影响.研究结果表明,微波辅助硝酸改性使得竹炭表面的羧基、酚羟基、内酯基等酸性含氧官能团的数量有所增加;改性竹炭对Cu2+吸附更符合Langmuir等温方程,吸附为自发的吸热过程;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程;溶液离子强度增大不利于其对Cu2+的吸附.     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu2+的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明:溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2+的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2+的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2+在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices

Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Estimating freshwater turtle mortality rates and population declines following hook ingestion

Freshwater turtle populations are susceptible to declines following small increases in the mortality of adults, making it essential to identify and understand potential threats. Freshwater turtles ingest fish hooks associated with recreational angling, and this is likely a problem because hook ingestion is a source of additive mortality for sea turtles. We used a Bayesian‐modeling framework, observed rates of hook ingestion by freshwater turtles, and mortality of sea turtles from hook ingestion to examine the probability that a freshwater turtle in a given population ingests a hook and subsequently dies from it. We used the results of these analyses and previously published life‐history data to simulate the effects of hook ingestion on population growth for 3 species of freshwater turtle. In our simulation, the probability that an individual turtle ingests a hook and dies as a result was 1.2–11%. Our simulation results suggest that this rate of mortality from hook ingestion is sufficient to cause population declines. We believe we have identified fish‐hook ingestion as a serious yet generally overlooked threat to the viability of freshwater turtle populations.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.