雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物时空变化特征研究

以雷州半岛为研究区，利用2000-2003年问南渡河与九洲江，以及赤坎水库与鹤地水库的4年常规监测数据，结合实地调查，利用数理统计分析，对雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物及其时空变化规律进行了初步研究。研究发现，河流与水库的水质均是以氮污染为主，水体有富营养化现象发生，同时，两河流在雨季都不同程度受到了非点源污染的影响，而只有赤坎水库明显受到了非点源污染的影响。究其原因，主要是由于土地利用方式的不同在一定程度上决定了雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物质量浓度的时空变化特征。因此，只有合理调整流域和库区的土地利用方式、加强区域的水土流失治理工作，才能有效降低非点源污染所带来的地表水体环境污染问题。     

GWLF模型的原理、结构及应用

GWLF(Generalized Watershed Loading Function)模型是一个半分布式、半经验式的流域负荷模型。它能够利用GIS及RS提供的空间数据,在中型尺度流域的范围内进行非点源污染负荷估算,模型比较适合于数据量少,参数相对缺乏的地区。重点介绍了GWLF模型的污染物负荷估算的原理,同时将GWLF模型应用于天津市于桥水库流域,利用沙河流域1999年水量、水质数据进行校准,初步估算出于桥水库上游流域的非点源负荷。     

密云水库潮白河流域非点源污染负荷

利用密云水库两大入库河流一潮河和白河的常规监测数据，引用平均浓度法，估算流域非点源污染负荷，结果表明，73％COD、71％COD、94％NH3—N、75％T—N及94％T—P来自非点源污染，非点源污染是造成水库污染的主要原因。流域非点源污染的发生具有明显的地域分异特征。CODmn、BOD5等有机物主要来自白河流域，这可能与白河流域水土流失严重有关。而NH3—N、T—N及T—P等营养物质主要来自潮河流域。     

耦合流域模型及在中国环境规划与管理中的应用进展

流域水环境模型是研究流域水体黑臭、水体富营养化和水质超标问题的重要工具,流域水环境模型从概念上可以分为(半)机理模型和经验型模型,前者通过方程式和函数关系来刻画流域水动力和迁移转化规律,并通过实测数据校准获取本土化的参数系数,后者力图寻求大数据量间的统计学规律。按照模拟对象的不同,流域水环境模型还可以划分为陆域的污染负荷模拟模型、水域的受纳水体模拟模型,以及水-陆耦合模拟模型。模型对整个流域系统及其内部发生的复杂地球化学过程进行定量化描述,污染负荷模型一般用来估算点源及非点源产生的污染负荷量,并计算出进入河道的污染负荷量,作为受纳水体模型的污染源边界输入条件;受纳水体模型一般用来模拟沉积物或污染物在河流、湖泊、水库、河口、沿海等水体中的运动和衰减转化过程,是水质预测、评价、分析的重要工具。传统的流域模型多用评价自然活动以及人类活动对水环境造成的影响,而当前越来越多的学者将水环境模型与经济学模型进行耦合,开展基于水环境模型的环境政策设计和优化研究。文章从系统控制的视角,主要总结了水量水质耦合流域模型在水资源管理政策、水环境管理政策中的应用,例如水资源有效分配、排污交易产生的水环境影响、基于成本-效益的水污染控制策略优化等。在此基础上文章对流域水环境模型的发展方向和应用前景进行了的展望,流域水环境容量控制策略、目标总量控制策略的水环境影响比较分析以及水环境模型的不确定性研究将是未来关注的重点所在,尤其不确定性问题经常存在于水污染物产排放预测和水环境质量模拟预测过程中,对于提升环境规划与管理的科学性、有效性具有十分重要的现实意义。     

苯酚、苯胺及其衍生物对斜生栅列藻的急性毒性及QSAR研究

本文应用ＯＥＣＤ标准方法测定了１８种酚类胺类化合物对斜生栅列藻的４８ｈ－ＥＣ６０值,选择参数ＥＬＵＭＯ和ｌｇＫｏｗ进行了ＱＳＡＲ分析,得到下列回归方程：－１ｇＥＣ５０＝２．５４１－０．６４９ＥＬＵＭＯ＋０．２９９ＬｇＫｏｗ,ｎ＝１８,ｒ＝０．９０３,ＳＥ＝０．３１４应用所得方程计算了化合物的毒性,探讨了毒机理。     

改进USLE模型及其在于桥水库非点源污染敏感区划分中的应用

根据于桥水库周边流域非点源污染的特点,在充分考虑污染源与水库的距离以及库体自净作用因子的基础上,对饮用水源地非点源敏感区划分的通用土壤流失方程（USLE）方法进行了改进。结合2009年库区周边的ETM遥感影像、数字高程模型（DEM）和土地利用类型等数据,应用改进的USLE模型对库区周边非点源污染敏感区划分进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,库区西部的敏感性明显高于东部,库周的别山镇、五百户镇、渔阳镇、穿芳峪乡和马伸桥镇的水库沿岸是非点源污染敏感度较高的区域,是非点源污染的优先控制区。     

缺资料小流域非点源磷素输出关键源区识别方法初探

为控制水体污染,改善水质,最大效率地降低磷素污染,迫切需要寻找非点源磷素流失的关键源区。采用半定量、经验性的流域尺度磷素流失危险分级方案,通过分析确定以土地利用类型为源因子,以坡度和区域至河流的距离为迁移因子,最大限度地识别缺资料小流域非点源磷素输出关键源区,并以辽宁社河农业小流域为例,通过GIS技术探索小流域磷素流失的关键源区。结果表明,社河流域大部分区域地表径流磷素流失风险等级为低,该部分区域面积占流域总面积的80%;河流两侧大部分农田非点源磷素流失风险等级属于中,该部分区域面积占流域总面积的13%;非点源磷素输出高风险等级的区域占流域总面积的7%,主要分布在流域内坡度较大、与河流距离较近的山区旱地和丘陵旱地等区域。需要对磷素输出关键源区域加强土地管理,降低非点源磷素负荷输出。     

非点源污染模型研究进展

随着点源污染的有效控制,非点源污染已成为水体污染的主要因素,如何有效地控制和管理非点源污染已成为水环境整治的一项重要任务。而计算机模型是极其有效的流域非点源污染模拟和污染负荷估算的定量化工具,为非点源污染评价、管理和控制提供了可靠依据。文章综述了非点源污染模型的发展概况及其研究不足,并对模型的发展趋势进行了分析和预测。由于非点源污染随机性大、分布范围广、形成机理模糊、管理控制难度大等特点,未来非点源污染的量化模型研究及其与量化模型有关的相应参数研究、模型与GIS集成研究将成为未来研究的主流。     

农业非点源污染SWAT模型研究态势及研究前沿知识图谱

农业非点源污染已成为全球重要的环境问题,模型是当前非点源污染研究的核心内容.为全面了解农业非点源污染SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型研究概况,并获得学科发展趋势、研究力量与研究热点,利用引文分析工具进行数据挖掘与科学知识图谱呈现.自1994年第1篇SWAT模型研究论文发表以来,论文数量呈逐年上升趋势:美国处于绝对领先的地位;中国发文量407篇,排名第2位,其中中国科学院与北京师范大学研究表现突出.研究热点主要集中在SWAT模型特点、模型演化、运算法则以及在农业非点源污染方面的应用. SWAT模型应用于国外各大流域以及我国众多流域研究. SWAT模型在农业非点源污染、泥沙产量、农药输移等方面研究得到了大量应用.未来我国应积极开展SWAT模型基础研究,并开发出适用于我国各地河流水域特点的组件,为流域管理与污染控制提供有效决策支撑与科学依据.     

SO2和O3动态胁迫烟草致病的暴露试验

ＳＯ_２和Ｏ_３动态胁迫烟草致病的暴露试验陈锦云，兰志斌，苏珍山，曾军，王阳青（福建龙岩地区烟科所龙岩３６４０００）关键词Ｓ）_２和Ｏ_３；烟草；气候斑点病，动态胁迫暴露ＴＨＥＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＴＲＥＳＳＥＸＰＯＳＵＲＥＴＥＳＴＯＮＴＯＢＡＣＣＯＢＬＡＤＥ...     

Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

QUAL2E模型在大沽河干流青岛段水质模拟中的应用

采用QUAL2E模型对大沽河干流青岛段的水质进行了模拟和预测。针对大沽河的具体情况,选用BOD5、COD和氮作为模拟预测指标,用实验模拟方法、模型率定法并参考相关文献确定了BOD耗氧系数k1、BOD复氧系数k2、BOD沉降系数k3、COD耗氧系数和弥散系数等水质参数,并对模拟结果进行了验证,表明预测值和实测值的相关性较好;对BOD5、k1、k2和Q(流量)进行了灵敏度分析,结果表明对大沽河DO浓度影响敏感的参数依次是:Q、k2、BOD、k1,即流量Q是模型最敏感的参数,说明河流的水力学参数对DO影响较大。     

Eco-hydrological modelling in a highly regulated lowland catchment to find measures for improving water quality

Water quality modelling in the meso-scale Rhin catchment in the German federal state Brandenburg was done (1) to answer some specific questions concerning identification of point and diffuse sources of nutrient pollution in the catchment, (2) to assess the influences of possible climate and land use changes on water quantity and quality and (3) to evaluate potential measures to be done in order to achieve a “good ecological status” of the river and its lakes as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD).The Rhin catchment is a typical highly regulated lowland river basin in Northern Germany. The regulations complicate water quantity and quality modelling in the catchment. The research was done by using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which simulates water and nutrient fluxes in soil and vegetation, as well as transport of water and nutrients to and within the river network. The modelling period was from 1981 until 2005. After calibrating the hydrological processes at different gauges within the basin with satisfactory results, water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus) modelling was done taking into account the emissions of different point sources (sewage treatment plants, etc.) and identifying the amount of diffuse pollution caused mainly by agriculture.For suggesting some feasible measures to improve water quality and to reduce diffuse pollution considering possible climate and land use changes, different reasonable scenarios were applied in consultation with the Environmental Agency of Brandenburg (LUA). The study revealed that the amount of water discharge has significant influence on the concentration of nutrients in the river network, and that nitrogen pollution, caused mainly by diffuse sources, could be notably reduced by application of agricultural measures, whereas the pollution by phosphorus could be diminished most effectively by the reduction of point source emissions.     

电解锰产业集聚区河流锰污染演变趋势和时空分布特征

松桃河流域是我国锰产业最为集中的区域之一,资源开发和利用形成的污染严重。通过对松桃河电解锰产业集聚区流域2015—2019年的8个典型断面的总锰监测数据的分析,用秩相关系数法探究了河流锰污染总体变化趋势,并用系统聚类分析法分析了河流锰的时空分布特征,结合聚类结果对污染趋势做进一步分析。秩相关系数分析结果表明,近年来松桃河锰产业集聚区流域的上游水质较好且稳定,而中游污染严重,干流均值超过地表水环境质量标准值(0.1 mg·L^-1)3—7倍,下游水质有所恢复,流域主要断面锰浓度总体呈下降趋势;时间聚类分析表明,流域内河流锰污染的年内分布主要特征为丰水期(雨季)和枯水期(旱季)浓度较高而平水期相对较低;空间聚类结果显示,流域内河流锰污染呈现出中游支流>中游干流>下游和上游的特征,两条支流道水河和老卜茨小溪对中游相应区段的贡献率较大,分别为41.2%和23.5%;聚类结果分析显示,降雨、渣库分布和渗漏、水文地质条件和支流汇入是影响流域内河流锰浓度的重要因素;结合聚类结果的污染趋势分析得出,中游和下游的水质在枯水期和丰水期的年度变幅较大,但在2017年以后呈现明显的下降趋势,结果反映了期间政府进行综合整治的效果和流域污染源排放的随机性。     

九龙江流域经济发展与河流水质时空关联分析

以闽西南地区的九龙江流域为例,综合采用数理统计、GIS技术和环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）方法,对该流域1981—2009年经济发展与河流水质变化进行时空关联分析。结果表明,九龙江流域呈现＂第1产业缓增,第2、3产业产值增加较快＂的总体经济格局,农业污染突出;农业种植面积呈现先增加后减少趋势,流域氮、磷肥平均施用强度呈线性增加趋势;氮、磷肥平均折纯施用量之比从1981年的4∶1下降到2009年的2∶1,引起水化学改变并增加水华发生风险;各县（市、区）污染源结构存在明显差异,河流水质变化和沿程分布与流域社会经济布局有很好的空间相关性;北溪流域畜禽养殖业的过快发展、西溪流域以经济作物为主的农业种植结构和高强度施肥、低效率利用是导致河流水质从20世纪90年代开始富营养化的主要原因;EKC曲线尚未出现明显拐点,若农业污染不能得到有效控制,流域水环境将持续恶化;九龙江水质演变规律是流域社会经济布局、污染源排放强度和方式发生变化的综合作用结果。     

River water quality management model using genetic algorithm

Conventional mathematical programming methods, such as linear programming, non linear programming, dynamic programming and integer programming have been used to solve the cost optimization problem for regional wastewater treatment systems. In this study, a river water quality management model was developed through the integration of a genetic algorithm (GA). This model was applied to a river system contaminated by three determined discharge sources to achieve the water quality goals and wastewater treatment cost optimization in the river basin. The genetic algorithm solution, described the treatment plant efficiency, such that the cost of wastewater treatment for the entire river basin is minimized while the water quality constraints in each reach are satisfied. This study showed that genetic algorithm can be applied for river water quality modeling studies as an alternative to the present methods.     

我国水污染防治的战略与政策的探讨

我国大部分城市污水的95%未经处理排放入水体,城市地区的水质有继续恶化的趋势,甚至许多城镇的下水管网尚不完善.随着城市化和工业化的发展,城市污水将继续增加.我国在污水处理中投资不足和水污染规模大这一不相适应的矛盾将会在相当长的一个时期内存在.解决我国水污染的根本原则是供求最大的费用—有效性.未来水污染防治的政策要点是:1.集中力量于源头削减污染产生量;2.建立按总量控制的流域级水污染防治的方法和示范工程;3.在投资和管理体制上建立以城市污水集中处理的市场经济刺激机制.     

Assessment of non-point source pollution using a spatial multicriteria analysis approach

Eutrophication caused by the enrichment of nutrients from diffusing sources is degrading surface water quality throughout the world. Assessing the potential contributions of different land areas in diffuse nutrient export has become an important task in non-point source (NPS) pollution control. Existing methods were often limited by the availability of local data and the complexity of model formulation. This study developed a spatial multicriteria method to evaluate the nitrogen loss potential at the basin level. Four criteria were formulated to characterize the source capacity of nitrogen export, the flow path to water body, the efficiency of runoff generation and the climatic driving force. The proposed method is a low-effort approach since the required data is either already available in a global context or easily produced with limited inputs. Being implemented in GIS environment, this method generates maps that can be easily interpreted to provide decision support. The method was applied to the Huai River Basin, China. The results were validated based on the correlation between the nitrogen loss potential of sub-basin and the water quality class of river. The maps of nitrogen loss potential were helpful for examining the regional pattern of diffuse nitrogen loss, and could facilitate the decisions of NPS pollution management at the provincial or basin level.     

System engineering for water pollution control at the watershed level in China

The present water pollution situation at watershed level in China has been systematically analyzed. The causes of water pollution are attributed to the extensive economic developmental pattern, poor wastewater treatment, and a lack of nonpoint pollution control. The problems of water pollution control at watershed level include a lack of thought and approach, developmental delay in the environmental standard system, an inadequate monitoring ability, and an inefficient implementation of laws and regulations. From 2006 to 2020, water pollution control and governance will be a national key specific project of science and technology in China. The strategies of this project include establishing a water pollution control system at watershed level, orienting a healthy aquatic ecosystem, conducting risk management, and using comprehensive methods. The goal is to establish and complete a technological system of pollution control and management in three five-year phases. The main tasks are to develop common technologies, management systems, and mechanisms for lake eutrophication control, river pollution control, urban water environmental pollution control, potable water safety, and water environmental management. The bottlenecks of water pollution control and management in China could be systematically removed, and the demonstration of the system engineering approach will be conducted at selected key watersheds.     

Impact of population growth and land-use change on water resources and ecosystems of the arid Tarim River Basin in Western China

Time series data on population change, economic development, climate change, water volume and quality and oasis land-use change were collected to study the interactions between these factors in the arid Tarim River Basin, China. The study reveals that precipitation and stream flow in headwater streams increased, but stream flow in the main Tarim River had reduced significantly over the past three decades. This implies that human activity, rather than climate change, dominated the recent environmental changes in the river basin. As a result of population growth and cultivated land expansion in the upper and middle reaches of the river, severe problems of water shortage, water pollution, death of natural vegetation, soil salinization, desertification and sand-dust storms have occurred, particularly in downstream areas of the river basin. These problems have had serious negative effects on the health of local people and sustainable social economic development in the region. Some development strategies are proposed to deal with these problems.