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1.
从成都动物园健康大熊猫的肠道采集样品,富集分离获得一株典型的厌氧纤维素分解菌PD.分离菌是杆状,革兰氏阳性(G ),菌体大小为0.5μm×(3~5)μm,严格厌氧;生长温度为25~40℃,最适生长温度为38℃;pH范围5.0~9.0,最适pH7.2;在纤维素粉作碳源的琼脂培养基上菌落直径为1~3mm,白色透明斑;分离菌株不仅能利用纤维二糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉、松三糖、覃糖等多种可溶性碳源,而且可以利用纤维素粉等不溶性碳源.同时,对菌株PD进行了16SrDNA的PCR扩增,并对扩增产物测序.对16SrDNA部分序列进行了分析,并构建了系统发育树,表明菌株PD属于梭菌属,与Clostridiumlentocellum(T)的16SrDNA序列具有92.2%相似性.图5表1参18  相似文献   

2.
从四川海螺沟原始森林腐土中分离到一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶的真菌X-13,其主要特点是产纤维素酶的最适pH及其纤维素酶最适反应pH均为2.0.在PDA培养基上培养时菌落呈浅黄色至肉桂色,反面呈黄色至棕褐色,产黄色色素;菌丝体透明有隔膜,分生孢子呈球形或近球形.根据菌株的形态特征以及ITS序列同源性和系统发育分析结果,鉴定该菌株为土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus Thom).该菌最佳产酶培养时间为8~10 d;最适产酶温度为30℃,纤维素酶最适反应温度为50℃;最佳碳源、氮源分别为纤维素粉和硫酸铵.通过响应面法对菌株产纤维素酶条件进行优化,使菌株X-13纤维素酶活从1.39 IU/mL提高到2.94 IU/mL,提高了111.5%.  相似文献   

3.
3株高温蛋白酶产生菌的分离与鉴定   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
从云南温泉的污泥样品中分离到3株产蛋白酶的高温菌SB11、SB31和SC5,通过其形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列比对分析等,初步鉴定这3株菌都属于土芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus),其最适生长温度为60℃,最适pH为6.三者的蛋白酶活力分别可达35.6、26.1和26.6UmL-1,最适酶反应温度都在70℃以上,其中菌株SB31的蛋白酶其最适酶反应温度高达80℃,远高于一般动植物来源的蛋白酶.图4表1参11  相似文献   

4.
为探究大熊猫肠道微生物与消化的相互关系,利用果胶筛选培养基,从大熊猫新鲜粪便中分离具有产果胶酶活性的细菌,对获得的菌株采用生理生化特征和16S r DNA进行鉴定分类,探讨产果胶酶细菌多样性,并研究菌株的最适生长特性及产酶特性.共分离得到产果胶酶的细菌31株,属于志贺菌属(Shigella)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsilla)3个属,其中最高酶活为334.44 U/m L,最低酶活为15.6 U/m L.PF-4菌株具有最高的酶活,鉴定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌,生长温度范围为16-45℃,生长p H范围是5-8,最适产酶时间为24 h,最适产酶温度为37℃,最适产酶p H为6.结果为研究大熊猫消化系统中微生物果胶酶的来源及性质提供了参考.  相似文献   

5.
从矿山土样中分离到一株嗜酸的浸磷矿细菌HY-01,观察其形态并研究其培养特征.结果显示,该菌株为革兰氏阴性、短杆状运动细菌,菌体长1~2μm,宽0.5~0.7 μm,能在pH 1.5~8.0的范围内生长,最适生长温度为37℃,最适pH为1.5~3.0.该菌株可以KNO3、NH4NO3、(NH4)2CO3、NH4H2PO...  相似文献   

6.
一株产耐热纤维素酶菌株的筛选及酶学性质   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用纤维素刚果红平板法从大田蘑菇种植场建堆的稻草样中分离得到了1株能产具有较好温度耐受性和pH稳定性的纤维素酶的放线菌DY3.综合形态、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,将其初步鉴定为嗜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca).对该菌所产纤维素酶的性质研究表明:最适催化温度为65℃,在70℃保温60 min后仍有75%以上的活力;最适催化pH为7.5,在pH 5.5~10.0之间该酶的稳定性较好,pH 10.0的条件下仍有80%的活力;最适作用底物是羧甲基纤维素钠.研究可为木质纤维素的生物预处理提供一定参考价值.  相似文献   

7.
采用改进的亨盖特(Hungate)厌氧技术,从西藏林芝厌氧消化系统中分离到一株产甲烷菌菌株LZ-6.该菌株为革兰氏阴性,不运动,球形,直径约0.3~0.6μm.该菌株利用H2/CO2,微利用甲酸生长,不利用乙酸、甲醇、甲醇/H2、三甲胺、甲胺,最适生长pH为6.8~7.2,最适生长温度25℃,最适Na+浓度0.2mol/L.菌株LZ-6的16SrRNA基因序列与小甲烷粒菌(Methanocorpusculum parvum)相似性为99%.生理、形态结构特征等生物学特性研究表明此株产甲烷古菌为兼性嗜冷产甲烷古菌.  相似文献   

8.
用分离获得的嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌 Clostridium sp . E V A4 菌株进行了直接转化纤维素产生乙醇的动力学、发酵最适条件及其影响因子的研究.结果表明, E V A4 菌株在p H6 .2 ~8 .9 ,θ45 ℃~60 ℃的范围内能直接转化纤维素滤纸产生乙醇,最适p H 为7 .5 ~8 .0 ,最适θ为55 ~60 ℃. E V A4 菌株能利用纤维素滤纸,纤维素粉 Whatman C F I I,微晶纤维素,纤维素粉 M N300 和未经处理的玉米秆芯,甘蔗渣,水稻秸秆产生乙醇.乙醇浓度 ,纤维素降解率和培养基还原糖浓度均随培养时间延长而增大.不同的纤维素材料、p H、θ、底物浓度、酵母粉含量、振荡、培养气相、外加 O2 和乙醇等条件均能影响 E V A4 菌株转化纤维素为乙醇的能力.最适条件下 E V A4 菌株利用1 % 纤维素滤纸培养120 h 产乙醇浓度为1 123 mg/ L,纤维素降解率为59 %  相似文献   

9.
一株产酸性α-淀粉酶菌株的筛选、纯化及酶学性质   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
从南宁酒厂附近土壤中筛选到一株产淀粉酶的野生菌株GXBA-4,经革兰氏染色、芽孢染色以及16SrDNA鉴定,初步确定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefacien).将该菌株发酵液经过硫酸铵沉淀和凝胶过滤纯化出一种α-淀粉酶,该酶相对分子质量约为57×103;反应最适温度为40~45℃,适应温度范围广,30℃时仍具有80%以上的相对活力;最适pH为5.0,为低温酸性淀粉酶.该酶水解可溶性淀粉的产物,经HPLC检测主要是以葡萄糖,麦芽糖以及麦芽三糖为主的低聚糖,分别以α-环糊精、β-环糊精、可溶性淀粉、玉米生淀粉为底物,还原糖产物比为0:0:99:3.4,表明该酶为典型的α-淀粉酶.  相似文献   

10.
从厌氧发酵污泥中筛选到一组高效、传代稳定的厌氧纤维素降解复合菌系L-3.该复合菌系的内切葡聚糖酶活(Cx)、滤纸酶活(FPA)、外切葡聚糖酶活(C1)、β-葡聚糖苷酶活(β-glucodase)分别为0.216、0.101、0.132、0.002U/mL;该复合菌系可使滤纸在42h内溃烂,并能在降解纤维素的同时产生氢气,气体中氢气含量最高可达70.2%,d13时滤纸失重率为70.6%.DGGE结果表明,该复合菌系主要由14种菌组成.在所选实验条件内,该复合菌系产纤维素降解酶的最适条件为:最佳碳源为滤纸,最佳氮源为硫酸铵,温度36℃,pH6.5~7.0,接种量5%.  相似文献   

11.
A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.  相似文献   

12.
Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación  相似文献   

13.
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.  相似文献   

14.
15.
Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.  相似文献   

16.
An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.  相似文献   

17.
Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras  相似文献   

18.
The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.  相似文献   

19.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).  相似文献   

20.
Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.  相似文献   

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