磺胺类抗生素污染现状及其环境行为的研究进展

抗生素广泛应用于医疗、畜牧业和水产养殖业,但过量使用可对环境产生危害.磺胺类抗生素是一类常用的兽用抗生素,具有成本低、抗菌谱广等特性,能预防动物疾病和促进机体生长,被广泛应用于世界各地.然而,磺胺类抗生素难被机体吸收,常随粪便和尿液排出体外,继而发生一系列的环境行为,并造成环境污染.本文介绍了抗生素的分类、来源及危害,重点阐述了磺胺类抗生素的国内外污染现状、环境行为和毒性效应,为后续治理抗生素污染提供基础资料.     

兽药抗生素对土壤微生物群落的影响

兽药抗生素广泛应用于畜禽养殖业,用于预防、治疗动物疾病及促进动物生长。然而,养殖过程中使用的抗生素不能被动物完全吸收,其中40%～90%以母体或其代谢物的形式排出动物体外并随畜禽粪便进入土壤环境,对土壤微生物群落结构和功能产生影响。在汇总了畜禽粪便和土壤中兽药抗生素的残留特征之后,概述了抗生素对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响以及微生物产生的污染诱导群落耐性。重点探讨了抗生素微生物毒性的影响因素和近年来对微生物共耐性方面的研究,并对未来的研究方向及目标提出了建议。     

兽药抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展

抗生素是环境中普遍存在的污染物,畜牧水产养殖是其主要来源之一.环境中可能同时存在多种抗生素残留,因此单一药物的毒性评价难以反映抗生素对生态环境的影响,应探究其混合物的毒性效应.本文在总结大量文献的基础上,介绍了兽用抗生素的残留现状,总结了兽用抗生素对生态环境的混合毒性研究进展,讨论了兽用抗生素残留对土壤生物和水生生物的生态毒性效应,最后对兽用抗生素的环境混合毒性研究进行了展望.     

抗生素环境行为及其环境效应研究进展

抗生素作为一类抗菌性药物广泛用于预防和治疗人类和动物疾病,并且在畜牧和水产养殖业中用于促进动物的生长.进入人和动物体内的抗生素不能被生物体完全吸收,大部分以原药或代谢物的形式经由尿液和粪便排出体外进入环境中.抗生素是环境中一类新型污染物,由于其使用量大和诱导产生抗生素耐药菌株,对人类健康和生态环境构成威胁,近年来受到日益广泛的关注.抗生素诱导产生的抗性基因(ARGs)也已经被定义为环境中一类新型污染物.本文介绍了抗生素的使用现状、环境来源以及不同环境介质中抗生素的分析方法和污染现状,并且对其吸附降解行为、毒性效应以及ARGs进行了讨论,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望.在今后,应该更加系统地研究环境中抗生素的污染现状及其迁移转化等行为;开展低剂量长期慢性毒性和复合毒性效应研究;加强对环境中ARGs的污染现状和环境行为研究.     

抗生素在土壤中的归趋及不可提取态残留

抗生素是近年来备受关注的一种新兴环境污染物,进入环境后会被降解或残留在环境介质和环境生物体内.在土壤中形成不可提取态残留(NERs)是抗生素重要的环境归趋,然而有关土壤中抗生素NERs形成机理和环境风险的研究尚处于起步阶段.NERs的形成能在一定程度上降低抗生素的环境危害,但当土壤环境条件改变时NERs仍有重新释放的潜...     

畜禽养殖业主要废弃物处理工艺消除抗生素研究进展

随着集约化畜牧养殖业的不断发展,抗生素被广泛用作饲料添加剂以控制畜禽疾病和促进畜禽生长.用于畜禽养殖业中的抗生素绝大部分都不能被动物体所完全吸收,而是以原形或代谢物的形式随动物的粪便排出体外,然后通过各种途径进入到土壤和水体中,给人类健康带来巨大威胁.本文综述了好氧堆肥、厌氧发酵、高级氧化和人工湿地对畜禽粪便和养殖废水中抗生素的去除效果,重点讨论了不同运行参数对处理工艺去除抗生素的影响,最后根据现行研究仍存在的问题提出今后的工作建议,为畜禽养殖业抗生素污染的控制提供参考.     

生物炭添加对土壤中抗生素和抗性基因的环境行为影响研究进展

近年来,土壤抗生素和抗性基因污染已成为我国新兴的环境问题,生物炭作为土壤改良剂施用到土壤后会影响抗生素和抗性基因的环境行为.本文从我国土壤中抗生素和抗性基因污染现状和潜在风险出发,概述了生物炭添加土壤对抗生素的吸附、解吸及老化的影响,分析了生物炭特性、土壤类型、抗生素种类,和温度、pH值、共存物质等吸附条件对生物炭添加土壤吸附抗生素的影响,阐述了生物炭添加对土壤中抗生素和抗性基因迁移、消散、生物有效性,以及酶和微生物的影响,并对生物炭控制土壤中抗生素和抗性基因的研究前景进行了展望,拟为土壤中生物炭调控技术的发展提供参考.     

抗生素的环境残留、生态毒性及抗性基因污染

抗生素的环境污染与生态毒害问题近年来引起了极大的关注.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,对环境中几种典型抗生素(四环素、土霉素、氯四环素和磺胺类等)的污染源以及在水和土壤环境中的残留与污染水平进行了分析;对抗生素的污染生态毒性最新研究进展给予了评述;对抗生素抗性基因在环境中可能的暴露途径进行了探讨,指出应将抗生素抗性基因作为一类新的环境污染物.鉴于我国抗生素污染的严峻事实,建议应从国家层面上尽快开展有关抗生素环境污染和生态毒害机理的系统研究.     

土壤环境中四环素类抗生素残留及抗性基因污染的研究进展(Tetracycline Residues and Tetracycline Resistance Gene Pollution in Soil: A Review)

近年来,致病菌耐药性的增加和扩散已成为全世界关注的热点问题,而人类医疗和畜禽养殖业抗生素的滥用正不断加剧这一问题.众多研究表明土壤环境作为一个巨大的抗性基因储存库,在抗性微生物和抗性基因的传播中起重要的作用,具有潜在的生态与健康风险.在总结国内外最新研究基础上,对土壤环境中典型抗生素-四环素类抗生素的主要污染源以及其在土壤中的基本环境行为等进行了分析,并探讨了土壤中四环素类抗性基因的来源、迁移和扩散及分子检测手段等问题.我国作为抗生素的生产和消费大国,抗生素污染问题较其他国家更为严重,而国内相关研究才刚刚起步,迫切需要开展有关环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因污染的系统研究.     

生物炭的土壤环境效应及其机制研究

近年来,随着土壤污染的逐渐加重以及食品安全问题的频出,生物炭作为重要的土壤改良剂以及对污染土壤修复表现出的巨大潜力引起人们的广泛关注.本文首先对国内外生物炭的土壤环境效应方面的研究以及成果进行分析总结.生物炭具有疏松多孔的性质以及巨大的表面积和阳离子交换量(CEC),可以改善土壤理化性质,能强烈吸附土壤中的污染物,降低其生物有效性和迁移转化能力;生物炭的碱性对于改良酸性土壤降低土壤中污染物的生物毒性具有很大的潜力;生物炭还可以为微生物提供生长繁殖的场所,有利于微生物对污染物的降解,但同时又可以保护被吸附的有机物免受微生物的降解,对不同的微生物影响不同;生物炭可以对蚯蚓等土壤动物的生存产生影响.在此基础上,依据生物炭的基本理化性质,对其土壤环境效应机制进行了分析.最后,从当前工作中存在的不足对今后的研究重点和方向进行了展望.     

抗生素类兽药对植物和土壤微生物的生态毒理学效应研究进展

规模化养殖快速发展,常使用兽药来防治各种禽畜病害,导致大量兽药随动物粪便排出体外.含有残留兽药的粪便作为有机肥施入农田而造成土壤污染,对人类健康和生态系统产生潜在危害.养殖业使用的主要兽药种类为抗生素类药物,且用量逐年增加,目前土壤中兽药残留浓度范围为μg·kg-1级到g·kg-1级.在总结国内外及本课题组相关研究的基础上,论文较为系统地概述了兽药对植物生长和土壤微生物群落功能和结构的影响,探讨了今后兽药生态毒理学研究的主要方向.抗生素类兽药对植物和土壤微生物群落的影响受兽药种类、土壤因子(如有机质含量、矿物类型等)的影响.植物吸收抗生素类兽药可能是主动吸收过程,且大量在植物根系内累积,同时也可在植物地上部累积.抗生素类兽药极易诱导产生大量抗药菌,并可能诱导产生群落抗性(Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance,PICT),将对包括人类在内的生态系统健康产生深远影响.     

土壤有机碳对磺胺甲噁唑吸附的影响

以从云南元阳采集的1个水稻土和1个非耕作土,按颗粒大小分组作为模型吸附剂,探讨磺胺甲噁唑在土壤上的吸附行为与土壤有机质的关系.结果表明,梯田水稻土对磺胺甲噁唑的吸附(Kd:1.33—5.08)明显高于非耕作土(Kd:0.27—1.53).吸附强度与土壤C含量和O+N+S含量呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.953、0.917和0.769、0.809,说明土壤有机碳可能控制了磺胺甲噁唑的吸附,以有机碳为代表的憎水性吸附点位对吸附有较高的影响,憎水性作用为主导机理.     

Biodiversity of urban soils for sustainable cities

The last century was marked by a high demographic revolution and the fast development of urban environments. Now, more than 50% of the world’s 7.5 billion humans live in cities. This change has often induced the degradation of environmental quality in urban areas. As a consequence, management policies are now fostering the ‘return of nature’ in cities, which, in turn, is requiring a better understanding of the ecology of urban environments. In particular, there is a need for a better knowledge on soil management because soils provide many functions in cities such as urban agriculture. Optimizing the diversity of soil-living organisms is essential to many environmental functions such as water depollution, biochemical cycles, fertility and carbon storage. However, few studies on the biological quality of urban soils have been performed so far. This article reviews actual knowledge on soil biological quality for urban management. The definition of urban soils is discussed, and we present services provided by soils. We also review modern methods and techniques to assess the biological quality of urban soils. Last, we suggest communication means to improve the consideration of soil quality in urban planning policies aimed at sustainable cities.     

外源铅铜镉在长三角和珠三角农业土壤中的转化

选择了我国经济发达地区的长江三角洲和珠江三角洲10个代表性农业土壤，采用室内培养和化学分级方法研究了加入外源铅、铜、镉在土壤中的动态变化及转化趋势，探讨了碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等土壤改良剂对土壤重金属形态的影响。结果表明，随着土壤重金属负荷的提高，土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大，残余态比例下降，有效性提高，对环境威胁增大。当重金属加入最较低时，重金属优先向氧化物结合态、有机质结合态转化；而当加入最较高时，向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例明皿增加。pH和土壤组分对重金属在土壤中的转化有显著的影响，土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd、Cu、Pb的比例递增。加入碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等改良剂可显著地降低土壤中交换态重金属比例，增加其它形态的重金属比例。     

Soils and geomedicine

Geomedicine is the science dealing with the influence of natural factors on the geographical distribution of problems in human and veterinary medicine. Discussions on potential harmful impacts on human and animal health related to soil chemistry are frequently focused on soil pollution. However, problems related to natural excess or deficiency of chemical substances may be even more important in a global perspective. Particularly problems related to trace element deficiencies in soils have been frequently reported in agricultural crops as well as in livestock. Deficiencies in plants are often observed for boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. In animals deficiency problems related to cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese, and selenium are well known. Toxicity problems in animals exposed to excess intake have also been reported, e.g., for copper, fluorine, and selenium. Humans are similar to mammals in their relations to trace elements and thus likely to develop corresponding problems as observed in domestic animals if their supply of food is local and dependent on soils providing trace element imbalances in food crops. In large parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, people depend on locally grown food, and geomedical problems are common in these parts of the world. Well-known examples are Keshan disease in China associated with selenium deficiency, large-scale arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh and adjacent parts of India, and iodine deficiency disorders in many countries. Not all essential elements are derived only from the soil minerals. Some trace elements such as boron, iodine, and selenium are supplied in significant amounts to soils by atmospheric transport from the marine environment, and deficiency problems associated with these elements are therefore generally less common in coastal areas than farther inland. For example, iodine deficiency disorders in humans are most common in areas situated far from the ocean. There is still a great need for further research on geomedical problems.     

Adsorption behavior of antibiotic in soil environment: a critical review

Antibiotics are used widely in human and veterinary medicine, and are ubiquitous in environment matrices worldwide. Due to their consumption, excretion, and persistence, antibiotics are disseminated mostly via direct and indirect emissions such as excrements, sewage irrigation, and sludge compost and enter the soil and impact negatively the natural ecosystem of soil. Most antibiotics are amphiphilic or amphoteric and ionize. A non-polar core combined with polar functional moieties makes up numerous antibiotic molecules. Because of various molecule structures, physicochemical properties vary widely among antibiotic compounds. Sorption is an important process for the environment behaviors and fate of antibiotics in soil environment. The adsorption process has decisive role for the environmental behaviors and the ultimate fates of antibiotics in soil. Multiply physicochemical properties of antibiotics induce the large variations of their adsorption behaviors. In addition, factors of soil environment such as the pH, ionic strength, metal ions, and organic matter content also strongly impact the adsorption processes of antibiotics. Review about adsorption of antibiotics on soil can provide a fresh insight into understanding the antibiotic-soil interactions. Therefore, literatures about the adsorption mechanisms of antibiotics in soil environment and the effects of environment factors on adsorption behaviors of antibiotics in soil are reviewed and discussed systematically in this review.     

Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture V. Behaviour of atrazine in the soils of the south Australian Riverland

The transport of the s‐triazine herbicide, atrazine, through the red, calcareous earth soils of the South Australian Riverland was investigated. Small, undisturbed soil cores were extracted from the inter‐row topsoil of a vineyard adjacent to the River Murray, approximately 10 km south‐west of Overland Corner, South Australia. The vines were grown in a deep (1–4 m) reddish brown, strongly alkaline, sandy loam with a low organic carbon content (<2%). Atrazine concentrations in the leachate were dependent on application rate and soil type. High application rates on subsoil gave high rates of leaching for a longer time compared to the same application rate on topsoil and/or lower application rates on either topsoil or subsoil. Overall, 37–65% of the applied atrazine was detected in the leachate from subsoil cores, 14–25% in topsoil core leachates. Small amounts of atrazine (< 10% of applied dose) were found only in the top 2 cm of the core profiles. The results suggest that this herbicide is somewhat mobile in such strongly alkaline, sandy loam soils and that the irrigated soils of this region are likely to be prone to leaching of atrazine, and therefore that groundwater supplies in this area may be at risk of contamination through use of triazine herbicides.     

土壤中抗生素的生态毒性及其分子生物标志物技术的研究进展

抗生素作为抑菌或杀菌药物被广泛应用于畜禽养殖中。不能完全被机体吸收的抗生素经由畜禽排泄物直接进入环境。随着耐药基因和超级病菌的出现,抗生素产生的环境问题引起了广泛关注。土壤是环境中抗生素最主要的累积场所之一,对土壤中抗生素的生态毒性及其分子生物指示指标的研究具有重要意义。本文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,阐述了抗生素对土壤中微生物、动物和植物所产生的毒性以及分子生物标志物在土壤抗生素污染研究中的应用,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。