人血淋巴细胞检测浊漳河地表水的遗传毒性

为评价浊漳河水体中有机污染物的致突变性,采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术,研究了浊漳河水体3个不同样点的有机提取物对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤效应。结果显示,各水样中的有机提取物均能引起DNA损伤,且随剂量的增高,有机物对DNA的损伤加重;细胞DNA损伤与对照组相比均有显著性差异(p<0.01)。这表明人外周血淋巴细胞对水体有机污染物的毒作用非常敏感。细胞彗星尾部DNA含量(%DNAT)和染毒剂量呈极显著正相关(R2>0.8547,p<0.01)。以上结果表明,浊漳河水体受到一定程度的有机物污染,这些有机污染物可诱导淋巴细胞DNA损伤,具有遗传毒性。SCGE技术作为一种简便、快速和灵敏的检测方法在水环境遗传毒性监测方面具有较大的应用价值。     

土壤铬（VI）污染及微生物修复研究进展（Progress on Microbial Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil）

在总结国内外相关研究基础上,介绍了土壤环境中铬(Cr)的污染来源、现状及其对生物的危害,阐述了Cr在土壤中的存在形态和转化机理,并重点综述了土壤重金属Cr(VI)污染的微生物修复机理:土壤中的Cr(VI)可以在微生物还原作用、生物吸附、富集等作用下降低其生物可利用性和毒性,从而达到Cr污染土壤修复的目的.此外,针对微生物修复过程中存在的问题,提出了提高微生物修复Cr污染土壤效果的措施,并对土壤Cr污染微生物修复的发展趋势进行了展望.     

浑河水环境健康风险特征研究

随着经济发展,水环境污染不断加剧,已经严重危害到人们的正常身体健康。水环境评价可以得到准确的水质状况及其污染程度,但却无法直观反映对人体健康危害的风险程度,因此需要对水环境健康风险进行评价。应用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的暴露计算方法和健康风险评价模型,以2009年和2010年11项水环境监测指标的数据为基础,首次对浑河河流中11项污染物的健康风险进行评价,对监测指标和健康风险的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:在监测的指标中,重金属和氰化物等未超标,挥发酚和氨氮超标,其中氨氮超标严重。对人体健康风险中,化学致癌物中Cr(VI)最大,非致癌物中氨氮的健康风险最大;与化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年风险相比,非致癌物由饮用途径所导致的健康危害较小。浑河干流总健康风险在丰水期最小,平水期最大。浑河干流从上游到下游各断面总健康风险总体上呈降低趋势,均高于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的最大可接受风险水平。结果证明水体中Cr(VI)为主要风险因子,应对含Cr(VI)废水进行控制和治理,加强农业面源和工业废水的治理。     

宁东基地不同工业园区周边土壤重金属污染特征及其评价

为了解宁东基地不同工业园区周边土壤重金属污染特征,采集并测定了土壤样品的重金属含量(Cr、Cd、Pb、As和Hg),进一步采用Tessier连续提取法对Cr、Cd、Pb和Hg含量超出背景值的土壤样品进行了重金属形态分析。采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数对研究区土壤重金属污染程度进行分析,并利用潜在生态风险指数法对其进行生态风险评价,旨在为宁东基地土壤环境保护及生态系统维护提供科学理论依据。结果表明:研究区土壤中上述5种重金属含量的平均值分别为63.26、0.13、21.11、8.77和0.17 mg?kg~(-1),均没有超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)二级标准(p H7.5)和《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准(暂行)》(HJ350—2007)A级标准限值,但Cr、Cd和Pb和Hg的平均值超过了宁夏土壤背景值,其中Cr、Cd和Pb的平均值与对应背景值相差不大,Hg的平均值是背景值的8.5倍。重金属形态分析表明,Cr和Hg主要以稳定的残余态形式存在,Cd和Pb主要以非残余态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态)形式存在,分别占对应总量的65.09%和66.05%。经单因子污染指数和综合污染指数评价,各重金属元素的污染等级均为清洁(安全)水平,研究区土壤表现为无重金属污染状态。潜在生态风险指数评价结果进一步表明,研究区土壤整体呈轻微生态风险。尽管宁东基地不同工业园区周边土壤目前受重金属污染影响较小,但Hg积累明显,Cd和Pb的非残余态含量和比例较高,这3种元素对土壤环境的影响应予以关注。     

北固山芦苇湿地土壤对铜铬(VI)的吸附研究

北固山芦苇(Phragmites communis)湿地是长江中下游典型湿地类型之一,沿江工业化和城市化的快速发展使其面临严重的重金属污染威胁.然而,目前有关湿地重金属污染的吸附尤其竞争吸附的研究还少见报道.该文以北固山芦苇湿地为对象,采用平衡法对Cu2+、Cr(VI)在湿地土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究,旨在服务于湿地重金属污染的修复与生物学效应评价.研究结果表明(1)湿地土壤吸附Cu2+、Cr(VI)的过程符合Langmuir等温模型;二者的表观最大吸附量(xm)分别为36.10 g·kg-1和178.57 g·kg-1(初始液质量浓度c0＜500 g·m-3),平均吸附率分别达到99.82%± 0.35%和93.17%±1.14%.(2)无论单一吸附或竞争吸附体系,当c0(Cu2+)＞250 g·m-3时,平衡液Cu2+质量浓度快速升高.(3)c0相等的Cu2+、Cr(VI) 竞争吸附体系中,平衡液中Cu2+质量浓度升高,Cr(VI)质量浓度下降;但xm的变化表现为Cu2+增加了2.7倍,Cr(VI)降低了2.4倍.(4)Cu2+、Cr(VI) 的竞争吸附体系中,随Cr(VI)初始液质量浓度的变化(c0(Cu2+)恒定),Cr(VI)的xm下降至其单一吸附时的6%;而随Cu2+初始液质量浓度的变化(c0(Cr(VI))恒定),Cu2+的xm仅为其单一吸附时的1/3.     

长江三角洲典型地区土壤中重金属的污染评价

以长江三角洲典型地区张家港市为例,运用不同评价标准和方法评价土壤中Cd,Hg,Pb,Cu,As和Cr的污染现状,探讨了不同评价标准和方法评价结果的异同.结果表明,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为标准,Hg,Cu和Cd出现超标,但超标率都很小.以环境背景值为标准,六种元素超标的样点数明显增加.以环境背景值为标准,元素污染指数比地积累指数更能反映外源污染物导致的土壤中重金属的富集状况,而元素潜在生态风险指数则能反映Cd和Hg等对生态系统的危害风险.在六种元素综合污染评价上,内梅罗综合污染指数(P综)和多金属综合生态风险指数(RI)对土壤的污染评价总体趋势反映一致.     

北固山芦苇湿地土壤对铜铬（Ⅵ）的吸附研究

北固山芦苇(Phragmites communis)湿地是长江中下游典型湿地类型之一,沿江工业化和城市化的快速发展使其面临严重的重金属污染威胁。然而,目前有关湿地重金属污染的吸附尤其竞争吸附的研究还少见报道。该文以北固山芦苇湿地为对象,采用平衡法对Cu2 、Cr(VI)在湿地土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究,旨在服务于湿地重金属污染的修复与生物学效应评价。研究结果表明:(1)湿地土壤吸附Cu2 、Cr(VI)的过程符合Langmuir等温模型;二者的表观最大吸附量(xm)分别为36.10g·kg-1和178.57g·kg-1(初始液质量浓度c0<500g·m-3),平均吸附率分别达到99.82%±0.35%和93.17%±1.14%。(2)无论单一吸附或竞争吸附体系,当c0(Cu2 )>250g·m-3时,平衡液Cu2 质量浓度快速升高。(3)c0相等的Cu2 、Cr(VI)竞争吸附体系中,平衡液中Cu2 质量浓度升高,Cr(VI)质量浓度下降;但xm的变化表现为Cu2 增加了2.7倍,Cr(VI)降低了2.4倍。(4)Cu2 、Cr(VI)的竞争吸附体系中,随Cr(VI)初始液质量浓度的变化(c0(Cu2 )恒定),Cr(VI)的xm下降至其单一吸附时的6%;而随Cu2 初始液质量浓度的变化(c0(Cr(VI))恒定),Cu2 的xm仅为其单一吸附时的1/3。     

江西省市售草鱼重金属含量分析及食用安全性评价

为探究江西省市售草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)重金属元素蓄积水平及食用安全性,利用原子吸收光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析了草鱼肌肉中的Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb共12种重金属元素的含量.采用营养质量指数法、单项污染指数法、均值型综合污染指数法、目标危害系数法及每周可耐受摄入量对其营养价值、污染程度、健康风险与食用安全性进行评估.结果表明,样品中Mg、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量均低于我国《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)中的标准.营养质量评价结果显示,草鱼是人体必需元素Mg和Cu的良好食物源.污染程度分析表明,有小部分样品中Zn(3.17%)和As (4.76%)处于微污染水平,As(1.59%)处于轻污染水平,其余重金属均处于无污染水平.健康风险评估结果显示,江西省市售草鱼中重金属对当地居民无明显的健康风险;但As、Zn和Cu对复合重金属目标危害系数的贡献率达到60.85%,是草鱼重金属污染中主要的风险因子; As、Cd和Cr致癌风险处于可接受水平,Pb无致癌风险;食用安全性结果显示,每周实际摄入重金属的量(EWI)占每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)比值小于10%,表明江西省草鱼食用安全性较高.     

某污灌区土壤与蔬菜重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

对安徽蚌埠某污灌区的土壤及蔬菜进行取样调查,分别测定其重金属As、Pb、Cr、Cd和Hg含量,利用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价污灌区土壤及蔬菜的污染状况,并结合EPA MMSOILS模型评价了当地食用蔬菜对人体造成的健康风险。结果表明,研究区土壤中As、Pb、Cr、Cd和Hg含量平均值分别为4.182、3.685、1.397、0.381和0.151 mg·kg-1,与GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》中的Ⅱ级标准(pH值为6.5~7.5)相比,Cd含量超标,其单因子污染指数为1.27。土壤内梅罗综合污染指数为0.931,表明土壤污染情况已处于警戒范围内,主要因素是Cd污染。蔬菜中各重金属含量符合GB 2762—2012《食品中污染物限量》,各重金属含量由高到低分别为Pb、As、Cr、Cd和Hg。食用蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Hg和Cr对人体造成的健康风险均较低,风险指数分别为0.40、0.07、0.12和0.06,而As的风险指数达1.12,暴露风险较大。     

铁(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解引发水中铬(Ⅵ)还原

初步研究了含有Fe(III)及丙酮酸盐的溶液在高压汞灯照射下对铬(VI)的光还原反应.考察了溶液pH值、Fe(III)浓度、丙酮酸钠浓度、Cr(VI)浓度对反应的影响.分析了光还原反应的动力学及反应机制.结果表明:铁丙酮酸盐体系能光还原Cr(VI);最佳pH为3.0;Cr(VI)光还原的初始速率随着加入的铁(III)、丙酮酸盐、Cr(VI)初始浓度的增加而增加;实验条件下的表观动力学方程为:-dCCr(VI)/dt=0.021[Cr(VI)]0.39[Fe(III)]1.05[CH3COCOONa]0.39;Fe(III)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解产生的Fe(II)是Cr(VI)的主要还原剂.     

Exposure to Selected Heavy Metals Through Water Ingestion in an Area Under the Influence of Tanneries

This study evaluated the potential toxicological risk posed to human health due to the exposure to heavy metals by water ingestion in an area affected by tanneries – the Cadeia-Feitoria hydrographic basin (Brazil). River water was collected at 10 sites, every 3 months, from July 1999 to April 2000. After acid digestion, total metal concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn), flame atomic absorption (Al, Fe, Pb, Mn), or cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (Hg). Cr(VI) was complexed with diphenyl-carbazide and detected by UV–vis spectrometry. In order to quantify the risk of exposure, the risk assessment methodology employed by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States was applied at a screening level. The assumed scenarios included extreme exposure patterns (ingestion of untreated water, conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), temporal peaks of pollution). Fe, Al, Cd, Hg, and Pb were not included in the risk analysis, since they showed a low toxicity potential or were undetected in the samples. The selected metals presented Hazard Quotients < 1, in the following order of increasing risk: Cu < Cr(III) < Zn < Ni < Mn < Cr(VI). Hazard indexes, representing the additive effect of contaminants, were also low in the basin (< 1), but comparatively increased in the lower reach of Feitoria and Cadeia Rivers. Although noncarcinogenic risk levels did not suggest possible adverse toxicological effects to the human population, a considerable deviation from background conditions was observed downstream the area where tanneries are mainly located.     

水体和沉积物中毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法体系研究进展

人类活动导致大量毒害污染物进入水体和沉积物,从而对水生生物产生诸多不利影响.开展毒害污染物的生态风险评价,筛选高风险毒害污染物,是毒害污染物风险管控和生态系统保护的基础.对美国和欧盟等发达国家和地区毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法进行了综述.水体和沉积物中毒害污染物风险评价的基本方法首先是采用预测或测定环境浓度(PEC或M...     

彗星试验检测地下水有机污染物的遗传毒性效应

应用人外周血淋巴细胞和小鼠淋巴细胞彗星试验,对长治市5个样点的地下水有机浓集物进行了遗传毒性研究。结果表明,各水样中有机浓集物在3个染毒剂量50,200,800 m L·管-1条件下均可对人外周血淋巴细胞和小鼠淋巴细胞DNA产生不同程度的遗传损伤,并且随着浓度的升高,DNA损伤程度明显增加,各实验组与溶剂对照组相比有P<0.05或P<0.01显著差异。研究表明,上述2种淋巴细胞彗星试验可有效地检测地下水体有机污染物的遗传毒性。     

对单项污染评价中污染分界线问题的讨论

根据数理统计的原理，将环境质量标准，平均值，标准偏差以及样本容量综合进行考虑，提出了污染分界线的计算公式，并以表格形式给出了不同显著性水平下，不同的相对标准偏差和样本容量所对应的污染分界线，对污染分界线与样本容量及相对标准的偏差的关系进行了讨论，指出提高监测精度和适当增加监测数据个数，可以使污染分界线接近评价标准。     

Gentoxische Substanzen in Wässern

The contamination of waste waters with genotoxic compounds has raised concern about the toxicological impact on man and ecosystems. Some epidemiological studies showed a correlation between contamination of water with genotoxic compounds and incidence of cancer in man, fish, and mussels. This review of published literature summarizes results of the mutagenic potential of waste water from various industries. The Ames assay is frequently used as test system for mutagenicity of organic and inorganic compounds. Some investigations tried to identify the sources of mutagenic contamination. A variety of organic (e.g. nitroaromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azo-dyes, chlorinated hydroxyfuranes) and inorganic (e.g. heavy metals) mutagenes were identified but it was not possible to attribute the whole mutagenic potential to analytically identified compounds. Due to the lack of data it is presently not possible to perform a risk assessment for humans.     

Printed in great Britain Cr(VI) and other metallic mutagens in fly ash and welding fumes†

Particulate samples taken from both the indoor (working) and outdoor (community) environments contain a wide range of metallic trace elements most of which are mutagenic in at least one of the short term tests for genotoxicity currently in use. Because of the demonstrated presence of a short lived biologically active species (Cr(VI)), and the uncertainty with which the results of the screening of metallic compounds in short term tests can be interpreted in terms of human risk, great care must be taken to assure the appropriate collection, storage, and chemical and biological assay of such material. The sensitivity of the results for fly ash and welding fumes to variations in these protocols is demonstrated and discussed.     

Hexavalent chromium in drinking water: Chemistry,challenges and future outlook on Sn(II)- and photocatalyst-based treatment

• Wide occurrence of Cr(VI) in US source drinking water. • A strong dependence of occurrence on groundwater sources. • Elucidate Redox and equilibrium chemistry of Cr(VI). • Sn(II)-based and TiO₂-based reductive treatments hold extreme promise. • Key challenges include residual waste, Cr(VI) re-generation and socioeconomic drivers. Chromium (Cr) typically exists in either trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states in drinking water, i.e., Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(VI) of particular concern in recent years due to its high toxicity and new regulatory standards. This Account presented a critical analysis of the sources and occurrence of Cr(VI) in drinking water in the United States, analyzed the equilibrium chemistry of Cr(VI) species, summarized important redox reaction relevant to the fate of Cr(VI) in drinking water, and critically reviewed emerging Cr(VI) treatment technologies. There is a wide occurrence of Cr(VI) in US source drinking water, with a strong dependence on groundwater sources, mainly due to naturally weathering of chromium-containing aquifers. Challenges regarding traditional Cr(VI) treatment include chemical cost, generation of secondary waste and inadvertent re-generation of Cr(VI) after treatment. To overcome these challenges, reductive Cr(VI) treatment technologies based on the application of stannous tin or electron-releasing titanium dioxide photocatalyst hold extreme promise in the future. To moving forward in the right direction, three key questions need further exploration for the technology implementation, including effective management of residual waste, minimizing the risks of Cr(VI) re-occurrence downstream of drinking water treatment plant, and promote the socioeconomic drivers for Cr(VI) control in the future.     

纳米Fe0对Cr（VI）的还原及其影响因素

采用纳米Fe0还原水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）,考察纳米Fe0投加量、Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度、溶液pH值和有机酸等因素对cr（Ⅵ）还原的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe。对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原效果明显,其对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率分别是铁粉和铁屑的7和13倍。Cr（Ⅵ）溶液初始质量浓度为20mg·L-1、Fe。投加量为5g·L“条件下,反应24h时纳米Fe0对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率达82．7％。溶液低pH值可以促进Fe。的腐蚀速度,提高反应速率,当pH值为3．0时还原效果最好。草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸对纳米Fe。还原Cr（Ⅵ）均有明显的促进作用,3种有机酸对Cr（Ⅵ）还原率的提高幅度由高到低依次为草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸。     

Enhancement of UV and chromate mutagenesis by nickel ions in the Chinese hamster HGPRT Assay †

1. The HGPRT (Hypoxanthine‐Guanine‐Phospho‐Ribosyl‐Transferase) assay with Chinese Hamster V79 cells was used to measure the mutagenic effects of UV irradiation, potassium dichromate and nickel chloride. The agents were tested separately and in the combinations of UV plus nickel and dichromate plus nickel.

2. UV, Cr(VI) and Ni(II) were confirmed to be mutagenic in the V79 cell assay. The combination of UV(5J/m²) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) caused a mutation rate 11.2 times above that corresponding to the sum of the individual mutation rates of these agents. The combined action of Cr(VI) (0.1 mM) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) produced a mutation rate 2.8 fold above that corresponding to the sum of the individual rates of the separate agents.

3. The enhancing effect of nickel chloride on the mutagenicity of UV or Cr(VI) is interpreted by an interference of Ni(II) with the repair of DNA lesions.