固相萃取小柱净化-气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中有机氯和拟除虫菊酯农药残留

建立了毛细管气相色谱法测定土壤和沉积物中α-六六六,β-六六六,γ-六六六,δ-六六六,硫丹,p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,o,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDT,三氯杀螨醇,甲氰菊酯,氯氰菊酯,联苯菊酯,氟氯氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯,溴氰菊酯等16种农药残留量的方法.16种农药的残留组分在25min内能很好分离.标准加入回收率在81.2%-111.9%之间;方法变异系数2.9%-14.9%(0.01-0.1μg·ml-1,n= 6),检出下限在0.08-0.44μg·kg-1之间.     

环鄱阳湖区水稻-土壤有机氯农药污染及健康风险评价

针对环鄱阳湖区水稻和土壤中有机氯农药的污染状况,从环鄱阳湖区11个县市采集水稻及土壤样品,利用GC-ECD对有机氯残留进行测定,并利用健康风险评价模型对该地区水稻中有机氯残留所致风险进行评价.结果表明,环鄱阳湖区水稻及土壤中六六六、滴滴涕、七氯、六氯苯、氯丹均有检出,其中DDTs和HCHs含量较高,土壤中二者平均含量分别为6.25μg·kg~(-1)和10.64μg·kg~(-1),水稻中二者平均含量分别为4.65μg·kg~(-1)和9.16μg·kg~(-1),DDTs和HCHs是主要的有机氯污染物;土壤有机氯的来源主要是由于历史上农药防治害虫的大量使用残留和工业生产带来的新的有机污染源的输入,工农业发达地区有机氯农药残留高于工农业欠发达地区,土壤中有机氯对水稻中p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDE、o,p'-DDT、β-HCH、γ-HCH、环氧七氯、氯丹等有机氯含量的贡献很大,是水稻中有机氯残留的主要污染来源.健康风险评价结果显示,各类有机氯污染物对人体的健康风险较低,总风险为38.23×10~-(13)a~(-1),属于可接受水平.     

青岛近海生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和分布特征(Concentrations and Distribution Characteristic of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in the Marine Organisms of Qingdao Coastal Area)

为初步了解青岛近海生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和组成特征,于2007年10～11月采集了青岛近海13个站位的鱼、虾和软体类动物,分析了其肌肉中的多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和组成.结果表明,多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药更易在鱼类体内富集,其含量远大于软体类和虾类.高氯代联苯和高环芳烃在同系物中的比例在鱼类体内最小,这可能是由鱼类和虾类、软体类不同的生活习性造成的.有机氯农药中,滴滴涕的含量显著高于六六六.     

采用一台气相色谱系统检测水质标准中四类有机化合物

本文采用1台Agilent 7890B气相色谱系统完成水中4类有机化合物的检测.水中4类有机化合物分别为:7种苯系物(BETX)包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯;5种挥发性卤代烃包括三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三溴甲烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯;8种有机氯农药包括α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDT;7种有机磷农药包括敌敌畏、敌百虫、内吸磷、乐果、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、对硫磷.优化顶空进样条件,采用微板流路分流器一次顶空进样同时完成水中苯系物及卤代烃分析.其中,对添加挥发性卤代烃(添加浓度分别为三氯甲烷4.00μg·L-1,四氯化碳2.00μg·L-1)及苯系物(添加浓度为400μg·L-1)的水样进行测定,各目标化合物的相对标准偏差RSD均小于2.5%.同时,对水中有机氯、有机磷农药进行分析,得到有机氯的相对标准偏差RSD范围为0.97%—3.7%,回收率范围为89.5%—104.9%.有机磷的相对标准偏差RSD范围为1.45%—2.94%,回收率范围为90.4%—98.8%.     

有机氯类农药在残留剂量下联合诱导乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖的机制研究

有机氯类农药为已确定的环境雌激素,易在体内蓄积产生慢性毒性危害人体健康。选择单一存在时无明显雌激素效应的残留剂量进行联合试验,观察联合作用后雌激素效应的增减。选取乳腺癌MCF-7细胞作为研究对象,对残留剂量下六氯苯(HCB)、β-六六六(β-BHC)和p,p’-滴滴涕(p,p’-DDT)联合后的雌激素效应机制进行了研究。首先,运用MTT法观察3种有机氯类农药残留剂量下单独和联合作用对MCF-7细胞生长的影响;然后,运用流式细胞仪测定有机氯类农药联合对MCF-7细胞周期的影响;之后,采用Western Blot法测定有机氯类农药联合后ERα、ERβ、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2、Ki67、c-Myc和Cyclin D1蛋白表达的变化。结果显示,β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组、HCB+β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组作用24 h后细胞增殖率为115.0%、120.1%,作用48 h后增殖率为121.2%、126.3%,其他联合组与对照相比未发生明显变化;β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组、HCB+β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组中MCF-7细胞的G1期细胞比例下降,S期细胞比例上升,细胞呈高增殖状态;β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组、HCB+β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组和雌二醇(E2)组作用48 h后,均降低ERα的蛋白表达,升高ERβ的蛋白表达,促进p-ERK1/2、Ki67、Cyclin D1和c-Myc的蛋白表达。研究表明,在单一作用时不具有雌激素效应的残留剂量下,仅β-BHC+p,p’-DDT联合组和HCB+β-BHC+p,p’-DDT联合组具有明显雌激素效应,其效应机制为经雌激素受体途径,激活ERβ蛋白表达,抑制ERα蛋白表达,促进p-ERK1/2、Ki67、c-Myc和Cyclin D1等相关蛋白的表达。     

珠江表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布

为研究珠江地区有机氯农药现阶段的污染水平,本研究于2009年采集珠江地区19个表层沉积物样品,利用高分辨气相色谱与高分辨质谱联用(HRGC-HRMS)检测了9种持久性有机污染物包括六六六、滴滴涕、六氯苯、灭蚁灵、七氯、异狄氏剂、九氯、氯丹和环氧七氯.其中六六六、滴滴涕和六氯苯的含量较高,分别为<0.001—1.98 ng.g-1(干重),<0.01—5.07 ng.g-1(干重)和<0.01—1.54 ng.g-1(干重).对六六六和滴滴涕组分研究发现,珠江地区的有机氯农药残留可能主要来自于历史残留.参照Long等给出的毒性评价标准对珠江采样区进行生态评价发现,滴滴涕类有机氯农药对该区生物可能仍存在生态风险.     

加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的有机氯农药

加速溶剂提取技术萃取蔬菜样品中的有机氯农药残留具有萃取速度快、溶剂用量少、选择性高等优点。用加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的有机氯农药残留,其结果与国标法(GB/T5009,19-1996)和美国EPA法(3545)进行比较。结果表明:加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法能够对蔬菜中多种有机氯农药残留的提取和测定达到很好的效果,蔬菜中12种有机氯农药在两种质量分数(25和100ng·g-1)的添加的回收率在80%和125%之间,高于国标法,而与美国EPA的方法相当。用此法对南京市郊蔬菜中有机氯农药残留状况进行分析表明:南京市郊蔬菜中有机氯农药的检出率在76%和100%之间,DDTs是蔬菜中的主要有机氯农药残留,其次为六六六,分别占残留总量的48.5%~74.6%和14.0%~27.9%。10种试验蔬菜体内DDT和六六六的残留量均不超标,但此类物质可在食物链中富集和放大,仍会对农产品质量和人体健康构成潜在威胁。     

吉林松花江沿岸土壤中有机氯农药残留特征及健康风险评价

选用GC/ECD分析吉林市松花江两岸土壤中17种有机氯农药（OCPs）残留情况,并探讨该区土壤中OCPs的残留特征及其可能的健康风险.研究结果表明,17种OCPs均有不同程度的检出,含量较高的组分为六六六（HCHs）、滴滴涕（DDTs）和七氯,总有机氯农药含量为133.15—1263.80 ng.g-1.研究区OCPs...     

17α-甲基睾酮对稀有鮈鲫幼鱼性腺发育与血清卵黄蛋白原水平的影响

17α-甲基睾酮是一种人工合成雄激素,在水产养殖以及医药行业中广泛使用,其对鱼类的内分泌干扰效应研究工作相对较少.通过甲基睾酮对稀有鲫幼鱼的42天流水暴露,观察了其性腺发育和生物标记物变化.在500ng·L-1甲基睾酮暴露组中幼鱼生长受到抑制(p≤0.05),在50ng·L-1以上暴露组中性腺指数显著增加(p≤0.05),雄性个体比率明显升高.通过组织学观察发现,50ng·L-1以上浓度甲基睾酮暴露后卵巢组织切片中出现了精子细胞,且精子细胞数量随剂量的增加而增加.通过生物标记物卵黄蛋白原测定发现,在50ng·L-1以上浓度甲基睾酮暴露后,稀有鲫幼鱼血清中的卵黄蛋白原水平显著增加(p≤0.05).综合分析,17α-甲基睾酮主要表现出雄激素效应,而其在稀有鲫体内的代谢物则能够应激卵黄蛋白原,对稀有鲫幼鱼的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为50ng·L-1.因此,仅依靠体内卵黄蛋白原应激单项指标不能准确判定化学品是否是环境类雌激素.     

有机氯农药在太湖水体-沉积物中的交换特征

有机氯农药(OCPs)是一类重要的持久性有机污染物(POPs),具有半挥发性、持久性和高毒性,并能通过食物链富集,危害生态系统和人体健康。有机氯农药可以在不同的环境介质间迁移,并能在大气环境中进行远程输送,导致大范围乃至全球性的环境污染。最近的研究发现太湖地区的有机氯农药含量仍然非常高,为了了解太湖有机氯农药的来源以及环境行为,采用气相色谱质谱法对太湖竺山湾水体和沉积物样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量进行了测定,探讨了太湖水体和沉积物中有机氯农药的可能来源以及水体-沉积物之间的交换通量。研究结果表明:沉积物样品中的六氯苯的含量最高,为2.33ng·g-1(干质量,下同),其次为p,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDE和β-HCH,含量分别为0.67、0.64和0.37 ng·g-1。从水体中OCPs的组成来看,p,p’-DDT的含量最高为426.26 pg·L-1,其次是α-HCH和硫丹Ⅰ,含量分别为289.99和215.20 pg·L-1。采用α-HCH/γ-HCH比值对HCHs的来源进行分析,发现太湖水体中的γ-HCH污染来源于工业品六六六和林丹的使用,由交换模型得出HCHs的净交换通量为释放通量,表明HCHs的迁移方向是由沉积物到水中,沉积物的释放已成为太湖水体中HCHs的主要来源之一。水体中的p,p’-DDT/p,p’-DDE比值远大于1,而且由交换模型得出p,p’-DDT的净交换通量为沉降通量,说明了近期可能有新的污染源的输入。值得注意的是,硫丹Ⅰ的净交换通量同样为沉降通量,反映出太湖水体中硫丹Ⅰ可能存在新源的输入。     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices

Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Estimating freshwater turtle mortality rates and population declines following hook ingestion

Freshwater turtle populations are susceptible to declines following small increases in the mortality of adults, making it essential to identify and understand potential threats. Freshwater turtles ingest fish hooks associated with recreational angling, and this is likely a problem because hook ingestion is a source of additive mortality for sea turtles. We used a Bayesian‐modeling framework, observed rates of hook ingestion by freshwater turtles, and mortality of sea turtles from hook ingestion to examine the probability that a freshwater turtle in a given population ingests a hook and subsequently dies from it. We used the results of these analyses and previously published life‐history data to simulate the effects of hook ingestion on population growth for 3 species of freshwater turtle. In our simulation, the probability that an individual turtle ingests a hook and dies as a result was 1.2–11%. Our simulation results suggest that this rate of mortality from hook ingestion is sufficient to cause population declines. We believe we have identified fish‐hook ingestion as a serious yet generally overlooked threat to the viability of freshwater turtle populations.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.