大宝山排土场植物稳定修复对模拟酸雨重金属淋溶的响应

以广东省韶关市大宝山排土场多金属重度污染土壤为研究对象,通过模拟酸雨淋溶实验,探究淋溶对植物稳定修复(土壤改良+种植红麻/苎麻)后土壤重金属迁移的影响.结果表明,在土柱上层(0-10 cm)土壤中施加0.4%石灰+0.2%有机肥,能显著提高淋出液pH值,并大幅度降低0-10 cm土壤中的重金属有效态含量;种植红麻和苎麻处理后,淋出液pH值较空白组显著提高,淋溶液淋失量相较于空白处理分别减少了32.5%和12.4%,淋出液中铅、锌、铜、镉重金属含量分别降低了65.2%和71.3%、81.6%和78.5%、79.4%和71.7%以及86.7%和85.3%;且种植红麻、苎麻后,土柱下层(21-30 cm)的土壤铅、锌、铜、镉重金属有效态含量相较于空白处理分别降低了16.3%和22.9%、30.5%和17.9%、18.8%和32.5%以及38.1%和29.7%.因此,种植红麻、苎麻不仅能显著降低径流淋溶失量,而且降低了淋出液中重金属含量,减轻了淋出液对地下水造成的污染;在模拟酸性降雨条件下,种植红麻、苎麻并施用改良剂处理重金属污染土壤的模式在植物稳定修复方面具有较好的应用潜力.(图7表6参42)     

动物粪便堆肥的养分淋溶特征模拟研究

通过室内土柱模拟实验,研究了自然条件下土壤施用不同量的动物粪便堆肥对氮、磷和钾的淋失的影响,结果表明:氮、磷和钾的淋出量都与堆肥用量呈正相关关系,总氮的淋出主要集中在土壤下层,随着施肥量的增加,淋出液总氮浓度最高达到300mg·l-1,可能对地下水造成污染,总磷主要聚集在土壤的上层,最高达到8.5mg·l-1,磷向下迁移较为缓慢,随淋溶次数的变化不显著.土柱上层渗滤液中钾的含量远大于下层,各施肥量处理都在前三次淋溶中随淋溶次数的增加而有一定程度减小,随后趋于稳定.     

呋喃丹和阿特拉津在土柱中的淋溶及其影响因素

通过室内柱淋溶试验研究呋喃丹与阿特拉津在河南潮土及2种太湖水稻土中的淋溶作用及其影响因素。结果表明:2种农药在河南潮土中的淋溶作用比在太湖水稻土中弱。在表土中添加2 mg农药、模拟1次降水200mm条件下,呋喃丹最大淋溶量峰值可达25—30 cm深处,阿特拉津最大淋溶量峰值可达15—20 cm。表明呋喃丹、阿特拉津2种农药在供试土柱中均表现出较强淋溶特性。土壤和农药性质对淋溶作用均有很大影响。土壤有机质和粘粒含量越高,对农药的吸附性越强,土壤中农药越不容易随水下移;土壤大孔隙越多,农药在土壤中淋溶作用也越强,且相邻大孔隙对农药淋溶存在协同作用。土柱中插入4根直形多孔玻璃管后,土壤淋出液中农药量比插入2根的高2.7倍,比不插玻璃管对照高10倍。土柱中插入扭曲(60°)形玻璃管与插入直形玻璃管相比,农药在土壤中持留性增强,淋溶作用减弱。同一土柱中农药水溶性越大,淋溶作用也越强。     

模拟酸雨淋溶条件下紫壤淋出液中溶解性有机质的三维荧光特性

运用三维荧光技术分析了模拟酸雨淋溶紫壤淋出液中溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter,DOM）的组分与酸度及淋溶量的关系.研究结果表明,模拟酸雨淋溶紫壤淋出液中DOM荧光峰主要为类胡敏酸和类富里酸,荧光峰的中心位于Ex/Em=305—370 nm/420—450 nm和Ex/Em=260—270...     

噻虫嗪在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

采用振荡平衡法、土壤薄层层析法和土柱淋溶法研究了噻虫嗪在砂土、粉砂壤土和砂姜黑土等3种不同理化性质土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性,探讨了农药的吸附与淋溶特性与土壤理化性质的关系以及剂型对农药淋溶特性的影响.结果表明,噻虫嗪在3种土壤中的吸附较好地符合Freundlich方程,Kd值分别为砂土1.25、粉砂壤土2.95、砂姜黑土5.10,其大小顺序与Koc值一致.黏粒含量是影响噻虫嗪在土壤中吸附性的最主要因素,有机质含量为次要因素.土壤薄层层析实验和土柱淋溶实验均表明噻虫嗪在3种土壤中的淋溶速率顺序为砂土粉砂壤土砂姜黑土,且油悬浮剂、水悬浮剂淋溶量较高,水分散粒剂次之,颗粒剂最低.噻虫嗪存在对地下水污染的潜在风险,特别是在黏粒和有机质含量低的环境下使用时,其风险应该引起足够的重视.     

降雨条件下纳米零价铁镍对污染土壤中六价铬迁移的影响

通过模拟降雨进行土柱淋溶实验来研究降雨条件下纳米零价铁镍(nZVI/Ni)对污染土壤六价铬迁移的影响,并测定淋溶液的Cr(Ⅵ)浓度、pH、电导率和累积释放量.使用改进BCR连续提取法测定淋溶后各层土壤的铬形态分布,分析施加nZVI/Ni对土壤中铬形态的影响.结果表明,降雨条件下六价铬的释放过程主要分为快速和慢速释放两个阶段.随着淋溶体积的增加,土壤淋溶液的pH逐渐升高后最后趋于平稳,电导率和Cr(Ⅵ)浓度迅速下降后趋于平稳.模拟降雨条件下,土壤中投加nZVI/Ni显著降低了淋溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的累积释放量.投加0.10%nZVI/Ni土壤淋溶液的Cr(VI)累积释放量低于空白对照57.53%.在nZVI/Ni投加量相同时,模拟降雨的pH值越低nZVI/Ni的修复效果越好;降雨的淋溶次数对修复效果基本无影响;采用均匀混合的方式投加nZVI/Ni有着更好的修复效果.在土壤中nZVI/Ni对Cr(Ⅵ)修复过程中,纳米铁材料起主要作用,Fe(Ⅱ)的贡献很小.土壤经nZVI/Ni修复后,可还原态铬含量减少,可氧化态铬含量增加,表明纳米零价铁镍可以降低土壤中铬的迁移性,降雨条件下对六价铬污染土壤具有一定的修复效果.     

模拟降雨条件下22种典型土壤镉的淋溶特征及影响因子分析

搞清模拟降雨条件下重金属在农田土壤中的淋溶特性,有利于阐释重金属的保蓄性能与迁移转化机制.本研究选取了全国22种典型土壤,通过室内土柱试验,探讨雨水作用下土壤镉的淋溶和释放特征,并对影响土壤镉淋溶特性的因子进行分析.结果表明,22种土壤Cd的释放过程大致分为两类,第1类包括吉林黑土、吉林暗棕壤、吉林黑钙土等7种土壤,此类土壤在整个淋溶过程中淋出液Cd2+浓度极低,未超过地下水水质Ⅲ级标准.第2类包括天津潮土、江西红壤、河北褐土等剩余15种土壤,其Cd释放分为两个阶段,淋溶量未超出4 L时,淋出液中Cd2+浓度较高,对地下水及环境威胁较大;超出4 L后,Cd释放速率明显变缓,浓度降低至Ⅲ级标准以下.逐步回归分析的结果显示,土壤中Cd含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、游离氧化铁含量及pH对降雨作用下土壤Cd释放有重要作用,四者累计的决定系数达到了0.9609,其中土壤中Cd含量所占权重最高,且对累计释放量作用为正,其次为CEC,作用为负.游离铁和pH合计所占权重较低,作用也为负.     

除草剂毒草胺在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

为研究毒草胺在土壤中的迁移特性,分别利用振荡平衡法和土柱淋溶法测定了毒草胺在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性,并讨论了其影响因素.结果表明,毒草胺在3种供试土壤上的吸附特性能较好地用Freundlich吸附等温线拟合,吸附常数Kd为0.34—2.96 mg1-.nL.nkg-1,很难被土壤吸附,吸附与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关.毒草胺在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性,淋溶速率：江西红壤〉太湖水稻土〉东北黑土,淋溶性强弱与毒草胺在土壤中的吸附性以及土壤粒径分布有关.     

微胶囊EDTA对2种土壤中铅释放的影响

选用不同铅污染程度及pH值的土壤,采用连续批浸提实验和土柱淋溶实验,比较研究微胶囊EDTA（Cap-EDTA）和未微胶囊化EDTA（Ncap-EDTA）对不同土壤溶液中pH值和铅离子浓度动态变化影响,以及土壤渗滤液中铅离子淋失特征。结果表明：施加2种不同形式的EDTA,可极显著地增加土壤溶液中铅离子浓度,Cap-EDTA能控制土壤溶液中铅浓度的突增幅度,且使土壤溶液中的铅持续保持在适度浓度的时间更长。同一种土壤不同处理间土壤pH值的变化趋势基本一致,无显著差异。施用2种不同形式EDTA可极显著地增加土壤渗滤液中铅离子含量,土壤铅累积淋失量呈对数曲线上升,但施用Cap-EDTA处理能显著降低土壤中铅的初始淋失量和淋失总量。在相同浓度及形式的EDTA下,高铅浓度和高pH值的土壤铅更易活化和淋失。因此,在进行污染土壤植物修复的EDTA调控时,采用微胶囊化EDTA,能降低其带来的污染地下水风险。     

异菌脲在土壤中的降解和移动性研究

为明确异菌脲在土壤中的迁移和归趋特征,采用室内模拟方法研究异菌脲在4种不同类型土壤中的降解和移动性以及不同因素对异菌脲降解的影响。结果表明,异菌脲在不同类型土壤中的降解顺序为东北黑土青海草甸土南京黄棕壤江西红壤,降解半衰期分别为7.2、8.6、12.7和16.9 d,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于易降解农药。土壤湿度越大,异菌脲降解越快,渍水条件下降解速率加快,说明厌氧微生物对异菌脲降解起重要作用。微生物和有机质对异菌脲在土壤降解过程中有一定的促进作用,在微生物、有机质存在的条件下异菌脲降解速率分别提高1.8倍、3.7倍。薄层层析试验表明,异菌脲在南京黄棕壤、东北黑土、江西红壤和青海草甸土的比移值(R_f)分别为0.19、0.17、0.29和0.17,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于不易移动,土柱淋溶试验结果表明,异菌脲在4种土壤中均属于难淋溶,不易通过淋溶作用造成地下水污染。     

磷石膏改善苏打碱土理化性质效果分析

分析了磷石膏对苏打碱土团聚体稳定性、饱和导水率和盐分淋洗效果的影响.结果表明:水稳定大团聚体质量分数和饱和导水率均随磷石膏施用量的逐渐增加而不断提高,磷石膏施用量达到100%GR时,水稳性大团聚体质量分数从对照的0.03%增加到33.31%,饱和导水率从对照的0.13 mm·d~(-1)提高到3.14 mm·d~(-1);出流液电导率和pH均随磷石膏施用量的增加而降低,磷石膏施用量达到100%GR时,出流液电导率和pH分别从对照的8.85 mS·cm~(-1)和10.26降低到3.46mS·cm~(-1)和9.83.因此,磷石膏对苏打碱土理化性质的改良效果十分显著.     

溶解性有机物对土壤中重金属环境行为的影响

为揭示在溶解性有机物（DOM）作用下土壤中重金属的吸附和迁移规律并确定迁移数学模型,通过不同条件下的等温吸附实验和土柱淋滤实验,研究了溶解性有机物对重金属Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn在褐土中吸附和迁移行为的影响。结果表明DOM对Cu和Cd在土壤中的吸附促进作用较明显,对Pb有微弱的促进作用,对Zn的吸附影响不明显;随着pH的改变,25℃下Cu在土壤中的吸附高于15℃和35℃条件下。DOM质量浓度越高,Cd、Zn溶出的促进效果越明显,Cu、Pb则恰好相反。DOM对土壤中Cd、Zn的垂直迁移起着促进作用,而对Cu、Pb迁移起着一定的抑制作用;DOM对土壤重金属的平均迁移量随时间的延长而减少。此迁移模型能够定量计算并预测重金属质量浓度的时空分布。     

Is there a relationship between soil and groundwater toxicity?

Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 requires environmental regulators to assess the risk of contaminants leaching from soils into groundwater (DETR, 1999). This newly introduced legislation assumes a link between soil and groundwater chemistry, in which rainwater leaches contaminants from soil into the saturated zone. As the toxicity of both groundwater and overlying soils is dependent upon the chemicals present, their partitioning and their bioavailability, similar patterns of soil, leachates and groundwater toxicity should be observed at contaminated sites. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from different contaminated land sites in an urban area, and used to determine relationships between soil chemistry and toxicity, mobility of contaminants, and groundwater chemistry and toxicity. Soils were leached using water to mimic rainfall, and both the soils and leachates tested using bioassays. Soil bioassays were carried out using Eisenia fetida, whilst groundwater and leachates were tested using the Microtox test system and Daphnia magna 48 h acute tests. Analysis of the bioassay responses demonstrated that a number of the samples were toxic to test organisms, however, there were no significant statistical relationships between soil, groundwater and leachate toxicity. Nor were there significant correlations between soil, leachates and groundwater chemistry.     

包膜控释和常用氮肥氮素淋溶特征及其对土水质量的影响

大量施用氮素化肥所引起的氮素损失和环境污染正日益受到重视。通过土柱模拟氮素养分的淋洗试验,探讨包膜控释氮肥和常用氮肥的氮素淋失特点及其对土壤和地下水质量的影响。研究结果表明,不同氮肥施入土壤后氮素的淋失率有着显著的差异,其中硝酸钾中氮素淋失率最高,其次为尿素,硫酸铵和碳铵的氮素淋失量明显较小。然而控释氮肥因其控制释放的特点,在氮素释放的高峰期,其模拟淋失量较高,但如果在田间条件下此释放高峰期与作物吸肥高峰期相吻合,则会显著地降低其淋失率。除尿素外,被淋失的氮素均以硝态氮为主,尿素则以酰胺分子态被淋溶。大量速效化肥的施入会形成土壤中的肥料"微域点",引起交换性Ca2+、Mg2+离子的淋失,从长远来看可引起土壤结构的破坏,而施用控释肥则很少形成这种"微域点",有利于土壤结构和肥力的维持。不同氮肥处理淋洗后对土壤pH值和有效氮含量变化的影响差异较大,其中以控释肥对土壤pH值变化的影响较小。大多数氮肥处理在淋洗后,土壤中各层速效氮含量较淋洗前有所降低,然而两种控释氮肥处理的土壤表层却能持续保持较高的有效氮含量。     

模拟酸雨对土柱中稀土元素迁移的影响

模拟研究酸雨对土柱中稀土元素迁移的影响.结果表明,在雨水、酸雨淋溶下,对照组红壤土柱中所含稀土元素有向下迁移的趋势,并且随淋溶液pH值的降低,稀土元素向下迁移的能力增加.外源稀土迁移量的大小顺序为;Ce>La>Nd>Pr,其顺序与各稀土元素在稀土微肥中含量大小的顺序相同.表明外源稀土的迁移性与外源稀土的总量密切相关.外源稀土在土柱中的含量随着红壤深度的增加而减少,稀土元素主要在土柱中第一、二层持留;随着淋溶液酸度的下降,稀土元素向下迁移的能力增加.     

Dissolved Organic Matter in Forest Soils: Sources, Complexing Properties and Action On Herbaceous Plants

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of plant-soil systems. Its essential role in soil solution chemistry, soil-forming processes and its effects on biota, including soil fauna, bacteria, fungi and plants, is extensively documented in literature. in this contribution several forest leaf litter types are compared as sources of DOM and the released organics are subjected to gel permeation chromatography to reveal their molecular-size distribution. Moreover, complexing properties, as an indication for the podzolization potential of the litter leachates, were established. the occurrence and properties of DOM in different soil horizons were monitored beneath a stand of Scots pine. the effects of the different groups of soluble organics including phenolic, fulvic and humic acids, and of water-extractable humic substances on the performance of herbaceous plants of the forest floor are briefly reviewed.     

Influence of dissolved organic matter from corn straw on Zn andCusorption to Chinese loess

The interaction of Zn and Cu with dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a significant physicochemical process affecting their sorption as well as mobility in soil. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of DOM from corn straw on the sorption of Zn and Cu by loess through batch adsorption technique. The sorption isotherms of Zn and Cu could be well described by the Freundlich equation, and the partition distribution coefficient (k) in the presence of DOM was reduced by 86% for Zn and 58% for Cu, as compared to the control receiving no DOM, suggesting that DOM had a stronger inhibitory effect on Zn sorption than that of Cu. In addition, the sorption of metal increased with an increase in pH for loess, with maximum inhibition on metal sorption observed at pH > 7.6 for Zn and pH > 5.5 for Cu in the absence ofDOM but Cu sorption of DOM was suddenly decreased with an increase of pH at pH > 7.9 in the presence of DOM. At a DOM concentration of <200 mg L^?1, sorption of Zn and Cu was reduced by 46% for Zn and 32% for Cu with an increase in DOM concentration.     

Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture V. Behaviour of atrazine in the soils of the south Australian Riverland

The transport of the s‐triazine herbicide, atrazine, through the red, calcareous earth soils of the South Australian Riverland was investigated. Small, undisturbed soil cores were extracted from the inter‐row topsoil of a vineyard adjacent to the River Murray, approximately 10 km south‐west of Overland Corner, South Australia. The vines were grown in a deep (1–4 m) reddish brown, strongly alkaline, sandy loam with a low organic carbon content (<2%). Atrazine concentrations in the leachate were dependent on application rate and soil type. High application rates on subsoil gave high rates of leaching for a longer time compared to the same application rate on topsoil and/or lower application rates on either topsoil or subsoil. Overall, 37–65% of the applied atrazine was detected in the leachate from subsoil cores, 14–25% in topsoil core leachates. Small amounts of atrazine (< 10% of applied dose) were found only in the top 2 cm of the core profiles. The results suggest that this herbicide is somewhat mobile in such strongly alkaline, sandy loam soils and that the irrigated soils of this region are likely to be prone to leaching of atrazine, and therefore that groundwater supplies in this area may be at risk of contamination through use of triazine herbicides.     

Acute and long-term effects of sucralose on the water flea Daphnia magna on mobility,survival and reproduction at different temperature regimes

Sucralose is a food additive used as a substitute for sugar. Although the risk of negative effects in organisms exposed to sucralose in the natural environment is low, it is expected that the water concentrations of sucralose will continue to increase in the near future. Temperature in the aquatic ecosystem is also expected to increase, and this needs to be considered in ecotoxicological studies. Herein, we investigated if the water flea Daphnia magna could be affected by sucralose exposure both at optimal and elevated temperatures. No increased mortality or effects on mobility and fecundity were observed after sucralose exposure at any exposure temperature during the course of the experiment. An increase in temperature to 26°С reduced the time required to produce four generations of offspring. However, this result was observed across treatments; hence speeding up of life processes was caused by an increased temperature only and not sucralose exposure. A lack of deleterious effects on the acute and chronic endpoints, even at elevated temperatures, suggests a relative robustness of this species to sucralose. However, due to the extensive use of sucralose in combination with rising water temperatures, further investigations on possible long-term effects should be studied to evaluate potential early warning signals.