从武汉印染厂废水淤泥中分离出的趋磁细菌的生长与磁小体形成过程

对从武汉印染厂污泥中分离出的趋磁细菌YN-1,分别进行了5 d,10 d,20 d,25 d和30 d的纯培养与透射电镜的观察,并对30 d释放出的磁小体进行了能谱分析.结果表明:培养5 d的趋磁细菌,其体内的细胞质相对均匀,可见到铁质在细胞内输送的痕迹.随后细胞质变为不均匀,菌体内泡状物和磁小体增多;20 d后菌体膜出现自溶,可见磁小体从破裂的菌膜排出体外的现象,25 d后可见到具有鞭毛、细胞质分布均匀的“营养体”.培养30 d,菌膜基本自溶,除见有营养体外,残存大量的细胞膜碎片和磁小体,对它们的能谱分析显示,磁小体的主要无机成分为Fe.由此判断,25 d可能为该菌在培养条件下的趋磁细菌生长与磁小体形成周期.图3表1参15     

趋磁细菌磁小体形成机制研究进展

磁小体(Magnetosome)是由趋磁细菌(Magnetotactic bacteria,MTB)体内合成并有生物膜包裹的纳米级磁性晶体,其形成过程是一个包括多种基因和蛋白参与并且受基因表达调控的酶催化过程.本文主要从铁离子吸收、磁小体膜形成、铁离子转运、生物矿化和磁小体链组装等5个方面来详细阐述磁小体的形成过程,重点介绍近年来分离和鉴定的相关基因和蛋白,并分析其在磁小体形成过程中的作用机制,同时还介绍了氧气、铁源和培养基成分等环境因素对磁小体形成的影响.尽管已经鉴别了大部分磁小体形成的相关基因,但是运用遗传学和生化分析手段阐明其作用机理仍然是一个挑战.磁小体形成机制的进一步研究和阐明将为其在生物技术领域的应用奠定基础.     

三乙烯四胺(TETA)抑制磁黄铁矿氧化的机理研究

本文分别对三乙烯四胺（TETA）抑制磁黄铁矿在空气和Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 细菌作用下的氧化过程进行了研究．结果表明：TETA不但能有效防止磁黄铁矿在85—90％湿度空气中的氧化,还能显著阻止Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 对样品的生物氧化．与对照样品相比,在空气中氧化90d和被细菌氧化42d后,经TETA简单包膜处理样品的氧化程度分别降低了54．7％和82．07％．TETA通过在样品表面形成一层致密的膜来隔绝样品与氧气的接触,从而抑制了磁黄铁矿的空气氧化;碱性TETA还能通过提高反应体系的pH值、恶化嗜酸细菌Thiobacillus ferrooxidans的生存环境来阻止样品的生物氧化．     

大气污染控制中高梯度磁分离技术的研究与应用

本文概述了高梯度磁分离技术在燃煤脱硫除灰、烟气除尘方面的应用与研究进展以及超导磁分离技术在燃煤脱硫方面的研究，并展望了超导磁分离技术在环境保护中的应用前景。     

环境重金属污染的细菌修复与检测

日益严重的环境重金属污染引起政府和科技工作者的广泛关注,以细菌为研究对象的生物修复与检测技术已成为环境科学领域中一大研究热点.细菌可通过对重金属的吸附富集、氧化还原、成矿沉淀、淋滤、协同植物吸收等作用修复环境重金属污染.在重金属污染环境中,细菌为响应重金属的胁迫而产生的种群结构、生物量和生理代谢活性的变化信息可用于重金属生物有效性的检测.本文从细菌对重金属的耐性、环境重金属污染的细菌修复和检测等方面综述该领域近10年的研究进展,并就目前存在的问题提出今后亟待开展的研究.参86     

原子力显微镜技术在固相表面细菌吸附研究中的应用

原子力显微镜技术(Atomic force microscopy,AFM)可用于定量研究微生物细胞的表面形貌及与固相表面间的相互作用,并允许在近生理条件下直接测定细菌与固相表面间纳米水平的吸附力.简述AFM基本操作原理,综述近年来AFM在细菌吸附研究方面的细菌固定技术进展与挑战,非特异性相互作用如范德华力、静电力、疏水力、空间位阻及表面粗糙度等及细胞表面聚合物如多糖、蛋白质、脂多糖等对细菌吸附的贡献,并提出该领域今后研究的特点及应关注的问题.参90     

磁载纳米TiO2复合光催化材料的研究进展

磁载纳米TiO2复合光催化剂是一种无污染,制备成本低,催化活性高,在外加磁场下可迅速分离回收和重复使用的光催化材料,在废水的光催化降解中有着诱人的应用前景.本文综述了不同类型磁载纳米TiO2复合光催化材料的制备方法和光催化性能,总结了其在染料、农药、芳香烃及其衍生物、有害无机离子和有毒气体等各种环境污染物处理中的应用,并展望了磁载纳米TiO2复合光催化剂的发展方向.     

细菌趋化性研究进展

趋化性是细菌对多种化学物质的浓度梯度产生趋向或离避响应的行为,在许多研究领域中具有重要意义.本文综述了细菌趋化性的机制、细菌群体和个体的趋化行为及其相关实验方法的研究进展.参55     

磁载光催化剂TiO2/Al2O3/γ-Fe2O3的制备与降解染料的优化模型

采用共沉淀结合固体粒子混合法,在TiO2中引入三氧化二铝包膜磁性核,通过对催化剂的XRD,TEM和红外光谱分析,发现磁性核具有γ-Fe2O3的晶相,且被三氧化二铝及二氧化钛包裹,形成复合型磁载光催化剂.同时对影响磁载光催化剂氧化直接耐酸大红4BS染料废水的因素:初始pH值(5.3-5.7)、光强(12.35-18.455μW·cm-2)和TiO2浓度(0.45-1.45mg·l-1)进行研究,通过建立响应曲面模型可得到最佳的初始pH值、光强和磁载光催化剂浓度分别为5.45,19.49×102μW·cm-2和0.86mg·l-1,脱色率达到92.4%.     

化学品环境归趋模型及应用

环境归趋模型是化学品管控的重要工具.环境中化学品归趋模型的开发和应用逐渐增多,然而有关应用化学品归趋模拟的模型综述报道较少.本文汇总了目前已用于模拟化学品归趋的模型清单,结合模型结构特点,将化学品归趋模型分为四类:以源排放估算为基础的化学品归趋模型、以环境多介质模型为基础的化学品归趋模型、以水文水质模型为基础的化学品归趋模型及化学品综合管理模型.介绍了模型的基本原理和发展历程,概述了各种模型特点和不同环境条件下模型的应用情况,并进一步探讨化学品归趋模型的应用前景和发展趋势.文章以期为目前化学品归趋模拟研究提供更清晰的现状分析,为化学品归趋模型的选择提供参考.     

Magnetotactic bacteria: Characteristics and environmental applications

• Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize magnetic nanoparticle within magnetosomes. • The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were summarized. • Isolation and mass cultivation of MTB deserve extensive research for applications. • MTB can remove heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic pollutants from wastewater. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a group of Gram-negative prokaryotes that respond to the geomagnetic field. This unique property is attributed to the intracellular magnetosomes, which contains membrane-bound nanocrystals of magnetic iron minerals. This review summarizes the most recent advances in MTB, magnetosomes, and their potential applications especially the environmental pollutant control or remediation. The morphologic and phylogenetic diversity of MTB were first introduced, followed by a critical review of isolation and cultivation methods. Past research has devoted to optimize the factors, such as oxygen, carbon source, nitrogen source, nutrient broth, iron source, and mineral elements for the growth of MTB. Besides the applications of MTB in modern biological and medical fields, little attention was made on the environmental applications of MTB for wastewater treatment, which has been summarized in this review. For example, applications of MTB as adsorbents have resulted in a novel magnetic separation technology for removal of heavy metals or organic pollutants in wastewater. In addition, we summarized the current advance on pathogen removal and detection of endocrine disruptor which can inspire new insights toward sustainable engineering and practices. Finally, the new perspectives and possible directions for future studies are recommended, such as isolation of MTB, genetic modification of MTB for mass production and new environmental applications. The ultimate objective of this review is to promote the applications of MTB and magnetosomes in the environmental fields.     

磺胺类兽药对土壤微生物数量的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究磺胺类兽药(磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑)污染对土壤微生物数量(细菌、真菌、放线菌、固氮菌、兼气性固氮菌、硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌及氨化细菌)的影响.结果表明,磺胺类兽药对土壤细菌数量有一定的激活作用,其最大激活率在700%以上.兽药对土壤真菌数量的影响主要呈现抑制作用,其最高抑制率为92.9%.兽药对土壤放线菌数量有一定的抑制作用,对土壤固氮菌数量则有一定的激活作用.兽药对土壤兼气性固氮菌数量的影响表现为较低浓度时(10 mg.kg-1)抑制,而较高浓度时(50 mg.kg-1)则激活.兽药对土壤硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌及氨化细菌有一定的激活作用,其中对硝化细菌的最大激活率可达1000%以上.     

几株光合细菌的气体代谢及对产甲烷细菌甲烷生成的影响

三株分别属于光合细菌三个主要类群（紫无硫细菌、紫硫细菌和绿硫细菌）的菌种和两种产甲烷细菌进行了混合培养试验，结果表明，自养生长的光合细菌减少了产甲烷菌有ＣＨ４生成，而异养生长时紫无硫细菌Ｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｅｕｌｏｍｏｕｓ ｐａｌｕｓｔｒｉｓ能利用乙酸放出ＣＯ２供产甲烷菌利用。在光照厌氧条件下，三株光合细菌的生长培养物和静止细胞都能利用有机酸产氢，有时还伴随着ＣＯ２产出。同时试验了不同ｐＨ值、温度和光照     

Carbon substrate usage by zooplankton-associated bacteria,phytoplankton-associated bacteria,and free-living bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Mesozooplankton provide oxic and anoxic microhabitats for associated bacteria, whose carbon substrate usage activities complement those of the ambient bacteria. The metabolic profiles of bacterial communities associated with the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were examined in comparison with phytoplankton-associated bacteria. Carbon substrate usage by phytoplankton-associated bacteria was significantly different than that of copepod-associated bacteria in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Substrate utilization by copepod-associated bacteria was more dependent upon oxygen condition than whether the bacteria were located on the copepod exoskeleton or within the gut. Results suggest that gut bacteria were responsible for a large portion of anaerobic substrate usage by copepod-associated bacteria. The metabolic profiles of bacteria associated with six common zooplankton groups and free-living bacteria collected in July 2012 from the York River estuary, Virginia, (37°14′50.36″N, 76°29′58.03W) were also compared, and there were significant differences in their substrate utilization patterns between aerobic and anaerobic incubations, and among the different zooplankton groups. Through trophic interactions, phytoplankton-associated or free-living bacteria may be introduced to the anoxic zooplankton gut and its associated bacterial community. Inclusion of these anaerobic microenvironments and their microbial inhabitants increased the total number of substrates used by 57 % over what was used by aerobic phytoplankton-associated bacteria alone, and by 50 % over what was used by aerobic free-living bacteria in the York River. Therefore, the presence of zooplankton-associated microhabitats and their bacteria expanded the functionality of aquatic microbial communities and led to a more comprehensive substrate usage.     

柠檬酸对3种常见水产病原菌的抑菌作用

选用嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、荧光假单胞菌3种常见水产病原菌,用于测定柠檬酸的抑菌效果及最小抑菌浓度,并研究了柠檬酸抑菌作用的持续性。3种菌均为革兰氏阴性菌。试验结果表明,柠檬酸对3种菌都有不同程度的抑菌作用,并得到最小抑菌浓度,依次是:0.0011g/mL,0.0008g/mL,0.00125g/mL;在最小浓度下抑菌作用可达6d之久,柠檬酸抑菌效果有较好的持续性。     

烟区烟草根际与非根际土壤微生物的生态因子作用分析

烟草根际和非根际土壤的理化性质、微生物区系和土壤酶之间的相互关系尚缺乏系统研究。对南阳烟区6种土壤包括黄褐土和黄棕壤等共13个取样点的烟草根际和非根际土壤的分析表明,根际与非根际微生物之间没有对应相关关系。根际土壤真菌数与解钾菌数、硝化细菌数显著正相关;非根际土壤荧光假单胞菌数与细菌芽孢数极显著正相关,氨化细菌数与放线菌数显著负相关。与土壤容重和空隙度显著相关的仅有根际真菌数(正相关)。与土壤全氮呈显著正相关的分别有根际荧光假单胞菌、纤维素分解菌(正相关)以及根际解磷菌和非根际真菌(负相关)。土壤全C与根际细菌总数显著负相关。土壤pH与非根际纤维素分解菌显著正相关。速效P与非根际放线菌数呈显著正相关。根际土壤蛋白酶活性与根际细菌总数极显著负相关。非根际土壤蛋白酶活性则分别与非根际放线菌和解钾菌显著正相关。根际土壤脲酶活性分别与根际真菌、解磷菌显著正相关,非根际脲酶活性则与非根际纤维分解菌显著正相关。非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性与非根际细菌总数显著正相关。     

Using T-RFLP technology to analyze bacterial diversity in the rhizospheric soils of tea tree at different ages北大核心CSCD

The rhizospheric soils of Tieguanyin at different ages were used as the study materials, and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to analyze the changes in bacterial diversity. The results showed that the number of T-RFs, Simpson index, and Shannon index decreased significantly with the age of the tea tree. Results of correlation analysis showed that 9 T-RFs from the bacterial community were significantly and positively correlated with the age of the tea tree, and included 34 species of microbes belonging to 10 classes. The 34 microbes were divided into 6 types according to their functional attributes, and included pathogenic bacteria, bacteria that improved soil texture or inhibited pathogenic bacteria, and bacteria associated with the carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur cycles, in which the percentage of pathogenic bacteria was 58.82%. Seventeen T-RFs were significantly and negatively correlated with the age of the tea tree, and included 38 species of bacteria belonging to 12 classes. The 38 bacterial species were divided into 5 types according to their functional attributes, and included pathogenic bacteria, bacteria that improved soil quality or inhibited pathogenic bacteria, and bacteria associated with the carbon cycle or nitrogen cycle, in which all the others, barring the pathogenic bacteria, accounted for 78.95% of the bacterial population. In brief, the diversity and function of bacteria in the rhizospheric soil of tea tree changed significantly with the age of the tea tree, which provides a theoretical basis for studying the interactions of bacterial communities. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Morphological evidence for vertical transmission of symbiotic bacteria in the viviparous sponge<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Halisarca dujardini</Emphasis> Johnston (Porifera,Demospongiae, Halisarcida)

All stages of vertical transmission of symbiotic bacteria, from the penetration into oocytes to the formation of rhagon, were investigated in the White Sea (Arctic) representatives of Halisarca dujardini Johnston (Demospongiae). Small populations of free-living specific symbiotic bacteria inhabit the mesohyl of H. dujardini. They are represented by a single morphotype of small spiral gram-positive bacteria. Vertical transmission of symbiotic bacteria between generations in sponges may occur in different ways. In the case of H. dujardini the bacteria penetrate into growing oocytes by endocytosis. A part of the bacteria plays a trophic role for oocytes and the other part remains undigested in membrane-bound vacuoles within the cytoplasm. In cleaving embryos bacteria are situated between the blastomeres or in the vacuoles. In the blastula all bacteria are disposed in the blastocoel. The symbionts are situated in intercellular spaces in free-swimming larvae and during metamorphosis. Symbiotic bacteria do not play any trophic role in the period of embryonic and postembryonic development of H. dujardini. No signs of destruction and digestion of bacteria were revealed at any stage of development.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

紫外辐射对灯盏花附生、内生细菌数量的影响及机理

采用大田研究方法,模拟5.0kJ·m~(-2)紫外辐射(UV-B,280～315nm)增强对灯盏花Erigeronbreviscapus附生、内生细菌数量、优势种群以及类黄酮、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的影响.UV-B辐射极显著减少灯盏花苗期叶和花期根与叶附生细菌数量(p<0.01),显著减少灯盏花果熟期根与叶附生细菌数量(p<0.05).极显著减少灯盏花苗期根与叶和花期叶与茎及果熟期茎内生细菌的数量,果熟期根内生细菌数量显著增加.灯盏花附生细菌优势种群为芽孢杆菌Bacillus和欧文氏菌Erwinia,内生细菌优势种群为芽孢杆菌;UV-B辐射可导致灯盏花附生和内生细菌优势种群数目减少.UV-B辐射还会使灯盏花生理指标发生变化,直接导致灯盏花附生细菌数量的减少,可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量与附生细菌数量呈显著正相关(p<0.05).UV-B辐射增加灯盏花各部位类黄酮含量,间接影响灯盏花内生细菌数量,根类黄酮含量与内生细菌数量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01).