植物化感作用机理的研究进展

对国内外近年有关植物化感作用机理方面的研究进行了介绍、归纳和总结 ,提出了今后的研究方向。     

Biodiversity and Conservation of Plants in Brazil

Abstract:  With more than 56,000 species (excluding fungi), Brazil has one of the richest floras in the world—nearly 19% of the world flora. Our knowledge of the diversity and status of nonvascular plants in Brazil is still fragmentary, although localized studies on algae have revealed loss of species resulting from environmental pollution. Emphasis on local floral surveys, rather than wider taxonomic studies, has obscured estimates of national totals for most taxonomic groups. Knowledge of angiosperms, especially monocotyledons (of which 45% of the species are endemic), is more complete than most. For this group figures are more reliable, with some distribution patterns, endemism levels, and centers of diversity identified. Much, however, still awaits discovery. Coordinated efforts to catalog Brazil's flora are in progress and include projects such as the conservation priority-setting workshops of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, which have identified key conservation areas in the major biomes; development of threatened species lists for plants; and the assembly of type data on species of northeastern Brazil through the Darwin Initiative—all of which greatly assist in increasing our knowledge. These initiatives also underline the urgent need to expand the numbers and geographic spread of projects on plant systematics and taxonomy in Brazil, a measure that demands adequate provision of funding and training programs for plant specialists. Finally, Brazil's environmental agency (IBAMA) could play a proactive role in opening protected areas under its jurisdiction, thereby facilitating botanical research by university departments and research institutes.     

Planting State-Listed Endangered and Threatened Plants

The distribution and planting of state-listed endangered and threatened plants is outlawed in most states of the United States, yet listed species are commonly used in landscaping and restorations. There is a need to re-examine policy regarding planting and propagation of endangered and threatened plants outside of planned recovery efforts. Potential advantages associated with increased outplanting of rare species include (1) improved public education and relations; (2) demographic security derived from creation of new populations; (3) provision of new, appropriate gene-flow opportunities; (4) applied research opportunities; and (5) ability to regulate a currently uncontrolled activity. Potential disadvantages are (1) confusion of natural and planted populations; (2) bureaucratic problems with protection of planted populations; (3) potential far inappropriate gene flow between natural and planted populations causing outbreeding depression and loss of genetic purity of natural populations; and (4) extension of the natural geographic and ecological range of the species. Policies, regulations, and nursery practices exist that would maximize the potential advantages and minimize the risks associated with the distribution of endangered and threatened plants. Policy considerations discussed include selection of appropriate species, production of appropriate and high-quality genetic stock, and regulation of outplanting programs. I weigh the risks and benefits of a program that would allow the general public access to some state-listed plants for natural landscaping. I conclude that a less restrictive but enforceable set of policies and regulations may be preferable to the status quo.     

Behaviour of Chemical Elements in Plants and Soils

Neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of the elemental composition of different plants and soils. Variations in concentrations of elements during the day were found. Mean concentrations, standard deviations and relationships between elements in soils and different parts of plants were studied. It was shown that the behaviour of chemical elements in samples from urban and unpolluted areas have significant differences.     

电镀污染区植物对复合重金属的富集、转移和对污染土壤的修复潜力

采用野外采样室内分析方法,对重庆市3个电镀厂污染区自然定居的23种优势植物和相应土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni 4种重金属含量进行测定,揭示了优势植物对复合污染重金属的富集和转移特征。结果表明,电镀污染区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr和Ni平均含量分别为560.0、722.6、1 364.3和735.7 mg·kg-1,分别为GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》中三级标准限值的1.40、1.45、3.90和3.68倍。植物对重金属的吸收、富集和转移特性因植物种类、植株部位、污染地及重金属种类的不同而不同,污染地植物吸收的重金属富集滞留在根部较多,扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)和野薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx)表现出超富集Cr的潜力,其地上部分Cr平均含量分别为1 559.2和1 914.6 mg.kg-1,生物转运系数分别为1.29和1.58,生物富集系数分别为1.58和1.79,其他植物地上部分Cr含量超过正常植物百倍以上的有14种,平均富集量为376.4 mg·kg-1,变化范围为121.2～694.3 mg·kg-1,地上部分Ni含量超过正常植物百倍以上的有8种,平均富集量为344.1 mg·kg-1,变化范围为220.3～532.1 mg·kg-1。它们是修复电镀重金属Cr和Ni复合污染土壤的理想植物。     

植物NAC转录因子的种类、特征及功能

综述了NAC转录因子的发现及其家族成员、结构特点和生物学功能.NAC类蛋白是近年来发现的一类植物特有、数量众多的转录因子家族,其成员广泛分布于陆生植物中.NAC家族成员的N端具有一个保守的约150个氨基酸组成的NAC结构域,含有A、B、C、D、E 5个亚结构域,C端具有一个高度变异的转录激活区.分析表明,NAC蛋白结构与其功能密切相关.NAC转录因子具有诸多方面的功能,如参与植物次生生长,在细胞分裂和植株衰老中发挥作用,参与激素调控和信号转导,参与矿质元素营养和农作物品质改良等.同时,NACs还参与生物胁迫中植物的防御反应以及在非生物逆境中发挥作用.目前对NAC基因的研究主要集中于模式植物拟南芥和水稻,对于NAC蛋白涉及的调控途径及其组成因子知之甚少,因此NAC基因的功能还有待深入研究;同时,利用基因工程手段导入或改良关键的NAC转录因子,使作物综合品质的提高已成为可能.图2表2参87     

Effects of Invasive Plants on Arthropods

Non‐native plants have invaded nearly all ecosystems and represent a major component of global ecological change. Plant invasions frequently change the composition and structure of vegetation communities, which can alter animal communities and ecosystem processes. We reviewed 87 articles published in the peer‐reviewed literature to evaluate responses of arthropod communities and functional groups to non‐native invasive plants. Total abundance of arthropods decreased in 62% of studies and increased in 15%. Taxonomic richness decreased in 48% of studies and increased in 13%. Herbivorous arthropods decreased in response to plant invasions in 48% of studies and increased in 17%, likely due to direct effects of decreased plant diversity. Predaceous arthropods decreased in response to invasive plants in 44% of studies, which may reflect indirect effects due to reductions in prey. Twenty‐two percent of studies documented increases in predators, which may reflect changes in vegetation structure that improved mobility, survival, or web‐building for these species. Detritivores increased in 67% of studies, likely in response to increased litter and decaying vegetation; no studies documented decreased abundance in this functional group. Although many researchers have examined effects of plant invasions on arthropods, sizeable information gaps remain, specifically regarding how invasive plants influence habitat and dietary requirements. Beyond this, the ability to predict changes in arthropod populations and communities associated with plant invasions could be improved by adopting a more functional and mechanistic approach. Understanding responses of arthropods to invasive plants will critically inform conservation of virtually all biodiversity and ecological processes because so many organisms depend on arthropods as prey or for their functional roles, including pollination, seed dispersal, and decomposition. Given their short generation times and ability to respond rapidly to ecological change, arthropods may be ideal targets for restoration and conservation activities. Efectos de las Plantas Invasoras sobre los Artrópodos     

Plants emit sulfate-, phosphate- and metal-containing nanoparticles

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The presence of engineered and natural nanoparticles in the atmosphere is of concern for health and climate. Actually there are few studies on the release of...     

氟化物对植物生理生化的影响

综述了氟化物对植物的光合作用、时吸作用、膜生理和有机物的代谢等生理过程，及异常衰老和遗传变异的影响，并提出了今后的研究方向。     

上海宝山钢铁厂绿化植物病虫害现状与治理对策

本文调查及分析了上海宝钢植物病虫害种类及发生情况与植物种类、植物群落配置，环境污染状况的关系，认为宝钢在植物保护工作中，应引入“IPM”病虫害综合治理技术，选择绿化树种时应考虑植物对病虫害的抗性及抗污染能力，增加群落物种组成的多样性，同时应用农业技术和生物技术控制病虫害发生程度，以减少因使用农药而造成的环境污染，维持生态平衡。     

石漠化地区豆科植物根瘤菌降解碳酸钙、镁能力研究

微生物对岩溶地区岩石风化、成土具有明显的促进作用,为了筛选出能够促进碳酸盐岩风化、加快成土速率的优势根瘤菌菌株,将其与豆科植物建立共生体系,进行石漠化地区修复与治理,实验以分离自云南石漠化地区的9株豆科植物根瘤菌为研究对象,将9株根瘤菌接种于加有难溶性碳酸钙或碳酸镁的液体培养液中,28.5℃、160 r·min-1摇床培养15 d,于0、1、3、6、10、15 d取样2 mL,每个样3个平行;将样品加入到10 mL体积比5∶1的硝酸高氯酸消化液中浸泡过夜,放在电热板上缓慢加热至溶液澄清透明,分别用含La3＋2%的盐酸溶液定容至10 mL,空白用同样方法处理;最后采用原子火焰吸收方法测定样品中Ca2＋和Mg2＋含量,筛选出对碳酸盐岩主要成分碳酸钙和碳酸镁具有强降解作用的根瘤菌菌株。结果表明：热带根瘤菌Rhizobium tropici （SWFU09）和根瘤菌Rhizobium sp.（SWFU02）对碳酸钙降解作用最强;对碳酸镁降解作用最好的菌株为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.（SWFU03）、热带根瘤菌Rhizobium tropici（SWFU05）和慢生根瘤菌Bradyrhizobium sp.（SWFU01）。溶液pH值对碳酸镁降解作用具重要的影响,对碳酸钙降解作用影响不大,说明根瘤菌代谢产生的酸性物质（有机酸、氨基酸）对碳酸钙和碳酸镁降解作用有一定影响,但不是唯一影响因素;也可能是微生物代谢产生的有机配体（基）吸附碳酸钙和碳酸镁表面,与水体中的成分形成复合物,改变溶解的平衡,置换出Ca2＋和Mg2＋。     

Differing Effects of Cattle Grazing on Native and Alien Plants

Abstract:   Habitat managers use cattle grazing to reduce alien plant cover and promote native species in California grasslands and elsewhere in the western United States. We tested the effectiveness of grazing as a restoration method by examining the effects of herbivory on native and alien plants. At Carrizo Plain National Monument, California, we surveyed native and alien species cover in adjacent grazed and ungrazed areas. We also established experimental plots in which plants were clipped or mulch (dead biomass) was removed. In addition, we clipped plants grown in pots and plants in the field that grew with and without competitors. Native species were negatively affected by clipping in 1999, 2000, and 2001, whereas alien species were unaffected. In the experimental field plots, the European annual forb Erodium cicutarium compensated in growth and reproduction following simulated herbivory. In contrast, growth and reproduction of the native perennial bunchgrass Poa secunda were reduced 1 year after clipping. In pots, E. cicutarium overcompensated and grasses undercompensated. In the field, European grasses were unaffected by the removal of competitors. It is unclear by what mechanism E. cicutarium was able to compensate, but the ability may be related to its basal rosette growth form and indeterminately growing inflorescences. The native California grassland community assembled in the absence of grazing herds, whereas invasive European species have been exposed to grazing for centuries. It may be that these invaders have adaptations that better enable them to recover from grazing. In the grassland we studied, the strategy of livestock grazing for restoration is counterproductive. It harms native species and promotes alien plant growth.     

臭氧污染胁迫下植物的抗氧化系统调节机制

工业和农业的快速发展导致近地层O3浓度不断提高,这对陆地生态系统的动物、植物、微生物和人类健康造成伤害。O3对植物的影响尤其是对农作物的影响将关系到世界粮食的安全生产。O3污染胁迫可诱导植物产生活性氧物质,破坏植物的膜系统,影响植物的光合作用等正常生理功能。植物在自然适应过程中,可形成一套抗氧化机制来缓解O3胁迫伤害。综述了国内外近年来有关O3胁迫下植物抗氧化系统调节机制的研究进展,包括植物通过调节体内的抗氧化酶活性和非酶类物质含量来缓解O3对植物伤害的机制。O3污染胁迫下植物可调节其叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)等抗氧化酶的活性。抗坏血酸(AsA)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)等非酶类物质在清除O3胁迫产生活性氧方面具有重要的作用。另外,根据目前的研究进展,提出了一些需要继续深入探讨的问题。     

论沉水植物在园林景观中的应用

着眼于沉水植物在园林景观中的应用,通过分析其在现阶段景观应用中的不足与难点,总结沉水植物在应用及管理上相对其他植物种群较落后的原因,从而提出了沉水植物在园林水景中的配置原则与多种造景模式,为推进沉水植物在今后园林景观中的应用提供可行的参考依据.     

植物与微生物对石油污染土壤修复的影响

为了研究生物对石油污染土壤的修复效果,在从石油污染土壤中筛选石油降解微生物的基础上,采用盆栽试验,进一步研究了4种植物和筛选到的微生物对石油污染土壤修复的影响.选择中原油田地区的原油和潮土,采取人工污染方法,设计石油污染水平为15 g·kg-1.试验设置3类处理,即单独添加微生物、单独种植植物(分别为向日葵、狗牙根、棉花、高丹草)、微生物分别与4种植物(向日葵、狗牙根、棉花、高丹草)组合.结果表明:在石油污染土壤中单独添加石油降解微生物,120 d时,石油降解率达到67.0%;向日葵、狗牙根、棉花、高丹草对土壤中石油降解也具有一定效果,120 d时,石油降解率分别达到38.23%、36.57%、40.67%、38.67%;添加微生物和种植植物联合对石油降解能力大小顺序为棉花+微生物＞向日葵+微生物＞狗牙根+微生物＞高丹草+微生物.其中,棉花与微生物联合修复120 d可以使污染土壤石油降解率达到85.67%,在各种处理中对污染土壤中石油的降解效果最好.     

植物中的褪黑激素:含量、检测方法与功能

近年来发现褪黑激素不仅存在于动物中,而且在植物尤其是药用植物和食用植物中也普遍存在.目前国外对植物中的褪黑激素研究比较关注,国内仅有个别报道.本文综述了截止目前国内外对植物中褪黑激素含量与功能的研究进展,同时也介绍了褪黑激索的测量方法等.检测褪黑激素的方法有HPLC(高效液相法),RIA(放射免疫测定),LC-MS(液相色谱-质谱),GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱)等方法.褪黑激素在植物中有许多重要功能,如抗自由基抗氧化,促进植物生长和影响短日照植物开花,促进果实成熟以及抑制细胞程序性死亡等.因此研究褪黑激素在植物中的含量和功能对人们的生产生活具有较大的实际意义.最后讨论了植物中褪黑激素研究及其在农业生产中应用的前景.表1参41