WTO框架下重构农村公共服务体系的探讨

我国已经加入WTO后,由于在谈判过程中我国在农业方面的让步比较大,如果不利用“绿箱政策”加强农村公共服务体系建设,农业和农村经济的竞争力必然大大下降．“绿箱”政策是一种问接式的保护政策,不在《农业协议》限制之列,而且“绿箱”政策中许多条款都涉及到保护本国农业的可持续发展能力,得到了各国的一致赞同．因此,我国有必要对农村公共服务体系的改革与发展历程进行一次系统清理,在此基础上认真总结正反两方面的经验和教训,重新构筑农村公共服务体系。     

日本里山环境管理模式及对我国新农村建设的启示

由日本发起的"里山倡议",强调人类活动对于自然环境的积极影响,主张通过对农村这类社会-生态-生产性景观的有效管理,实现以"人与自然共生"为愿景的农村发展。日本通过因地制宜地实践"里山倡议",各地农村在实现传统农业复兴的同时,也有效地保护了农村次生自然环境,实现了农业的多功能性,为各国农村发展起到了良好的示范作用。针对我国国情,提出通过适度干扰农村发展,一方面积极发展环境友好型农业,构建农村生态产业体系,另一方面加强农村自然和文化双重保护,构建农村生态文明体系;同时,通过推动社会参与和城乡一体化,构建新的共同体,共同促进可持续农业和农村发展。     

发展农业生产与保护生态环境

我国是以农业为基础的大国,农业生产对整个国民经济发展有着举足轻重的作用,而发展农业生产与保护农村生态环境关系又极为密切。因此,在实现农村四化建设的进程中,保护好农村生态环境,防止乡镇企业的污染,改善环境质量,是促进农业生产发展的一项长期战略任务。     

中国生态农业建设成就与展望

中国生态农业是把农业生产、农村经济发展和生态环境治理与保护、资源培育和高效利用融为一体的新型综合农业体系.它是解决人口、资源、环境之间矛盾的有效途径,也是农业和农村经济可持续发展的必然选择.本文全面总结了我国生态农业的成功经验和基本模式,分析了生态农业未来的发展方向和趋势,并提出了今后一段时期我国生态农业发展的基本思路和对策措施.     

中国生态农业建设成就与展望

中国生态农业是把农业生产、农村经济发展和生态环境治理与保护、资源培育和高效利用融为一体的新型综合农业体系.它是解决人口、资源、环境之间矛盾的有效途径,也是农业和农村经济可持续发展的必然选择.本文全面总结了我国生态农业的成功经验和基本模式,分析了生态农业未来的发展方向和趋势,并提出了今后一段时期我国生态农业发展的基本思路和对策措施.     

农村庭院开发利用与村镇庭院生态系统

一、农村庭院开发利用的现实意义 为了完成“到本世纪末,我国工农业总产值翻两番”这一战略任务,除了培育新品种和提高单项农业技术以外,重点是不是从以下两方面进行:1.农业生态结构调整与生态工程设计建造;2.潜在资源开发利用。 耕地少而人口多是我国农业突出特点之一,农业的土地资源潜力在平原高产地区已不太多。从另一方面来说,由于我国十多亿人口中80％以上居住在农村和小城镇,这就造成了     

发刊词

农村是我国八亿农民生活的环境,也是进行农业生产、发展乡镇工业的基地。在这一广阔地域范围内,研究运用生态学原理和生态平衡规律来指导农业和工业生产建设,防治乡镇工业的污染,保护农村生态环境,促进农业和工业生产持续稳步地向前发展,为我国人民特别是八亿农民创造一个良好的生存环境条件,是摆在我们面前的一项重要的新课题。     

失地农民土地权益流失的经济学分析

城市扩张速度的加快带来越来越多的农民丧失土地,从而引发的农民土地权益流失．这与我国“一切与农业为本,一切为农民着想”的扶农政策想违背,为解决这一问题,笔者从经济学角度探讨失地农民土地权益流失的原因,图1,参5．     

关于农业生态旅游的几点看法

农业生态旅游已逐渐成为普通大众的一种新的旅游消费方式,近年来国内外正在不断兴起。农业生态旅游是农业生产与旅游活动的有机结合,它已日益成为农业的一个新的经济增长点。发展农业生态旅游需要加强旅游地的“软件”(生态旅游规划、广告策划等)和“硬件”(基础配套设施等)的建设,特别是健康优美的农村生态环境的建设与保护,要本着大农业、大生态、大旅游的思想,推动农业生态旅游的产业化进程及其可持续发展。     

中国农业生物多样性保护主要政策、措施回顾及2020年后展望

农业生物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,可提供人类可持续发展所需的多种生态服务,但公众对于其重要性的认识远不及自然保护。作为全球生物多样性最为丰富之一、最早加入《生物多样性公约》及重要的农业国家,中国进一步加强农业生物多样性保护,对履行公约及推动农业可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究回顾了过去几十年中国农业生物多样性保护政策的发展过程、具体措施及成效,指出中国农业生物多样性的保护程度逐年加强,在种质资源保护、渔业资源保护、牧业资源保护、外来物种入侵防治方面开展了很多工作,并取得一定成效,但是仍然面临生境退化和破坏、外来物种入侵、遗传资源锐减、环境污染、气候变化等威胁。鉴于2020年后农业生物多样性保护在全球生物多样性保护中的受重视程度增加,笔者对于中国如何进一步加强农业生物多样性保护提出了6个方面的建议,包括:建立农业生物多样性调查和监测体系;建立农区生物多样性保护的国家计划,整合农业多样性保护、生态修复和农业可续发展,推动多目标的协同实现;推动建立完善的农业生物多样性保护政策、法律和生态补偿措施;完善针对外来物种防控的法律和政策;加强农业生物多样性保护利用的方法和技术研究;加强科普教育和推动公众参与。     

农村面源污染治理的政策与管理服务体系优化——以上海郊区农村为例

农村面源污染控制不仅是技术问题,也是管理体制与机制问题,探讨并完善农村面源污染治理的政策、管理与服务体系已成为当前研究的热点与难点。以上海郊区农村为例,梳理总结农村面源污染及其控制现状;在肯定当前治理效果的同时,识别其局限性,指出农业政策与环境保护政策的不协调、农村发展模式转变下制度与服务体系的相对滞后是根本原因;针对当前农村面源污染重要的贡献者——化肥、农药、畜禽粪便以及农村生活污水,分别从改革农业补贴制度、重构实现农村多重价值的制度以及完善农业生产服务体系等方面给出了治理的对策与建议。     

Policy relevance of three integrated assessment tools—A comparison with specific reference to agricultural policies

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), a system of market support instruments, direct income transfers, and rural development measures, has been put through an ongoing reform process in recent decades. This paper introduces three policy impact assessment tools (SIAT, SEAMLESS-IF, MEA-Scope tool) and analyses how these tools have responded to a number of challenges for integrated assessment modelling as reported in the international literature. Significant progress has been made with regard to modelling linkages whereas other challenges, particularly those related to issues of scale and uncertainty management, require further efforts. It is also analysed which CAP instruments are represented and what kinds of effects can be analysed at different scales. Market instruments and direct payments are comparatively well represented, while the ability to model rural development measures is mostly beyond the scope of these tools. Because each tool has found a different solution for coping with the common challenges of integrated assessment modelling, the choice of one of the tools for a particular application depends strongly on the policy questions being asked. The SIAT provides the big picture via its ability to represent broad changes in policy instruments with EU-wide cross-sector impacts. The most comprehensive analysis of agricultural policy instruments can be obtained with SEAMLESS-IF. The MEA-Scope tool complements the other two approaches with detailed regional profiles.     

Integrated assessment of agricultural policies with dynamic land use change modelling

With about half of its territory being farmed, agriculture is the main land use in the European Union (EU). As over 10% of the total EU manufacturing output comes from the agri-food sector, it also is an economic factor of great importance. Moreover, EU policy in this sector has far-reaching consequences ranging from the EU's status as a global trade partner to landscape preservation and development. The LUMOCAP Policy Support System is targeted towards policy makers in the European Commission (EC) and its Member States (MS) and aims to provide support in the field of sustainable agricultural and rural development. To this end it incorporates an integrated model with socio-economic and bio-physical processes, operating at different spatial scales. For supporting integrated assessment, a large number of policy levers is included as inputs for these models and outputs are transformed into policy-relevant social, economic and environmental indicators. The whole system is framed in a flexible, modular and easy to use software package that is useable for process experts and policy-analysts alike.This paper describes the integrated model, the individual models and a first calibration of the system. It demonstrates the system's behaviour for typical scenario runs and concludes with a reflection on the current status of the system and some recommendations for further development.     

农业技术推广的进展研究

分析了国内外农业技术推广的模式，介绍了我国农业技术推广体系的发展情况和运行机制的研究情况，并指出在新时期我国农业技术推广的方向．     

The systems approach for sustainable development at catchment and parish group levels

SUMMARY

Sustainable development considers the development of urban and rural areas, and agriculture is an important element in reaching that aim. After decades of using synthetic pesticides, fertilisers and growth hormones in agriculture, farmers as well as the public, policy and decision makers require options to minimise the negative impacts of agricultural practices on the environment and humans consistent with so called sustainable development. Such options are possible, but require time and a range of approaches. Agricultural production systems in Kent belong to a system and so the systems approach becomes useful to solve their problems. Agricultural activities are interrelated, considering their hierarchical levels and their interactions. Hence, agroecology as a discipline using a systems approach suggests the catchment level as an appropriate unit for the analysis, design, development and evaluation of the ecological and socioeconomic interactions that take place within it. This kind of analysis ideally requires a multidisciplinary team, using disciplinary tools such as GIs and many sources of data. The combination of such a wide range of types of data in a systems approach to sustainability is described as a way to support the public, researchers, policy and decision makers.     

环境保护中的退耕还林(草)工程与可持续发展

环境保护是我国的一项基本国策,退耕还林(草)是保护环境的有效措施．加强环境教育,完善环境法制,加强现代科技管理,发展生态经济,通过退耕还林(草)工程贯彻可持续发展战略,最终达到环境与经济、社会“共赢”的目的。     

对我国生态补偿的立法构想

分析了以往生态补偿的定义,并从法律的角度给出了生态补偿应有的涵义,即是指为了恢复、维持和增强生态系统的生态功能,国家对导致生态功能减损的自然资源开发或利用者收费(税)以及国家或生态受益者对为改善、维持或增强生态服务功能为目的而作出特别牺牲者给予经济和非经济形式的补偿。回顾了我国有关生态补偿的政策与法律的规定,并探讨了其缺陷:我国有关生态补偿的政策与法律虽然较多,规定得较早,但这些规定很不规范和系统,而且过于原则、缺乏可操作性,对负外部性行为的生态补偿存在政策与法律的缺位,即使是对正外部性行为也并非真正意义上的补偿,而只是一种补助或补贴。对我国生态补偿的立法构建提出了初步设想:一要补偿政策应当法律化,使生态补偿成为一项名副其实的法律制度;二要要构建合理的生态补偿法律体系。     

岷江上游典型村落资源利用与影响动因分析

从耕地占有数量及利用效率、土地资源构成、村落农业生产技术以及村落布局4个方面,研究岷江上游4个典型村落农业资源利用变化特点,认为农业资源禀赋条件、科技进步程度、民族文化和历史因素、制度政策、市场因子以及生态环境状况是形成村落资源利用的基本动因。     

Opportunities and challenges for Common Agricultural Policy reform to support the European Green Deal

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the European Union's main instrument for agricultural planning, with a new reform approved for 2023–2027. The CAP intends to align with the European Green Deal (EGD), a set of policy initiatives underpinning sustainable development and climate neutrality in the European Union (EU), but several flaws cast doubts about the compatibility of the objectives of these 2 policies. We reviewed recent literature on the potential of CAP environmental objectives for integration with the EGD: protection of biodiversity, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable management of natural resources. The CAP lacks appropriate planning measures, furthering instead risks to biodiversity and ecosystem services driven by landscape and biotic homogenization. Funding allocation mechanisms are not tailored to mitigate agricultural emissions, decreasing the efficiency of climate mitigation actions. The legislation subsidies farmers making extensive use of synthetic inputs without adequately supporting organic production, hindering the transition toward sustainable practices. We recommend proper control mechanisms be introduced in CAP Strategic Plans from each member state to ensure the EU is set on a sustainable production and consumption path. These include proportional assignment of funds to each CAP objective, quantitative targets to set goals and evidence-based interventions, and relevant indicators to facilitate effective monitoring of environmental performance. Both the CAP and the EGD should maintain ambitious environmental commitments in the face of crisis to avoid further degradation of the natural resources on which production systems stand.