环草隆对城市绿地重金属污染土壤有机氮矿化、基础呼吸及相关酶活性的影响

城市土壤重金属和有机污染物复合污染广泛存在,而城市草坪除草剂的应用使城市绿地土壤的农药污染问题成为了新的关注点。为了准确评价城市绿地重金属污染土壤的农药污染生态风险,选择不同重金属污染程度的土壤为研究对象,以土壤有机氮矿化量、基础呼吸以及土壤酶活性为指标,采用室内模拟试验方法,探讨了草坪除草剂环草隆污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应。结果表明:(1)土壤有机氮矿化、基础呼吸、芳基硫酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酶对重金属和环草隆污染响应较为敏感,脲酶和蔗糖酶对重金属和环草隆污染不敏感。(2)环草隆浓度为0~1 000 mg·kg~(-1)范围内,和污染较轻的样点N土壤的碱性磷酸酶活性抑制(激活)率的线性相关关系显著,和污染较为严重的样点D和G土壤的芳基硫酸酯酶活性抑制(激活)率的线性关系显著。(3)土壤中环草隆对样点D和G土壤芳香硫酸酯酶活性、对样点N土壤碱性磷酸酶活性抑制(激活)率的EC10分别为568 mg·kg~(-1)、1 306 mg·kg~(-1)(抑制值)和56 mg·kg~(-1)(激活值)、99 mg·kg~(-1),EC50分别为1 901 mg·kg~(-1)、3 806 mg·kg~(-1)、2 321 mg·kg~(-1)。以上研究结果能够为城市土壤重金属和农药复合污染生态风险评价提供基础数据和技术方法。     

环草隆与重金属复合污染对黄瓜及小麦的毒性效应评估

为探究草坪除草剂与重金属复合污染对高等植物的生态毒性效应,以小麦与黄瓜为敏感受试植物,采用滤纸发芽试验法,研究了典型草坪除草剂环草隆与4种重金属(Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd)单一及复合污染条件下,对2种植物种子萌发与幼苗生长的毒性效应并进行评估。在此基础上采用评估因子法外推环草隆在土壤中的预测无效应浓度(PNECsoil)。结果表明,2种植物的根长及小麦的芽长对环草隆与重金属非常敏感(P<0.01),且存在明显的剂量-效应关系。黄瓜根长对环草隆最敏感,根长半抑制浓度(RI50)为0.281 mg·L-1。小麦根长对Cu、Pb、Cd比黄瓜根长更敏感。环草隆与重金属复合污染时,黄瓜根长表现得最为敏感,可作为敏感生物标记物。环草隆与重金属复合污染对小麦及黄瓜根长抑制具有协同作用,并且随着重金属浓度的增大,黄瓜和小麦根生长对环草隆的敏感性增加。环草隆与重金属复合污染对小麦芽长的联合效应主要与重金属种类及其暴露浓度有关。以黄瓜的根伸长抑制率为急性毒性终点,利用外推法计算得环草隆在土壤中的PNECsoil为1.90μg·kg~(-1),远远低于环草隆田间推荐使用量1.5~9 mg·kg~(-1)。与重金属复合污染时,环草隆的PNECsoil明显降低,导致其生态风险提高。上述研究结果能够为草坪除草剂环草隆与重金属复合污染的生态风险评价提供数据支持。     

场地土壤重金属镉和铅复合污染毒性阈值的推导及其应用

镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)是生物体非必要元素,具有毒性大、迁移性强等特点,二者在场地土壤中通常存在复合污染的现象.土壤污染物预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration,PNEC)是污染物自身毒性与不确定性系数共同决定的参数,其中土壤污染物的生物有效性是PNEC值不确定性的重要来源.本研究选择湖南常宁某铜矿冶炼厂和江苏靖江某电镀厂2个不同类型的污染场地及周边土壤,基于土壤理化性质及重金属的有效性浓度,采用经验模型估算出Cd和Pb单一污染对植物根系生长的半效应浓度(median effect concentration,EC50)及其土壤中的PNEC,通过浓度加和(concentration addition,CA)模型,结合外推因子法,估算获得场地土壤实际Cd和Pb复合污染的预测无效应浓度(PNEC面x).结果 表明,2个场地土壤中Cd的平均含量分别为背景值的102倍和37.6倍,Pb平均含量分别为背景值的15.1倍和3.86倍,Cd和Pb复合污染现象明显.由于2个场地土壤性质差异较大,Cd和Pb的EC50存在较大差异,EC50(Cd)分别为19.1 ～36.2 mg·kg-1和20.1 ～ 35.4 mg· kg-1,而EC50(Pb)分别为366～1891 mg·kg-1和682～1575 mg·kg-1.同时由于场地实际污染土壤的理化性质及Pb/Cd含量比不同,所推导的PNECmix也存在明显差异,Cd含量及其在Cd和Pb总量中的占比较高的土壤样点的PNECmix较低,2个场地的PNECmix分别为0.933～37.9 mg·kg-1和32.9 ～ 744 mg· kg-1.2个场地调查样点中Cd和Pb含量的实测值均在一定程度上高于相应的PNECmix,对植物生长存在一定的生态风险.因此,进行复合污染生态风险基准值制定和生态风险评价时,需要考虑影响污染物的生物有效性和关键场地特异性(site-specific)因素,如土壤理化性质及不同污染物浓度比等.     

太原市土壤重金属污染空间分布及评价

以太原市土壤作为研究对象,系统研究了太原市城市土壤及工业区土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的污染水平和分布,并对污染状况进行了评价.研究表明,太原市土壤中重金属的含量分别为Cr:35.35—848.80mg·kg-1,Ni:4.00—99.57 mg·kg-1,Cu:4.89—266.99 mg·kg-1,Zn:45.16—677.01 mg·kg-1,As:0.66—35.46 mg·kg-1,Cd:nd—1.00 mg·kg-1,Pb:15.61—1240.41 mg·kg-1.其中城市土壤重金属含量较低,工业区土壤重金属含量较高,受到多种重金属的复合污染.以土壤环境质量国家二级标准值作为评价标准,用单项污染指数和综合污染指数对太原市土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示太原市大部分城市土壤未受7种重金属污染,只有6.7%的地区处于轻污染水平;工业区土壤污染严重,污染程度从高至低为化工厂(重污染)热电厂(重污染)化肥厂(重污染)第一电厂(中度污染)建筑工地(中度污染)焦化厂(轻污染).7种重金属在太原市土壤中的空间分布规律不同,且均与工业区分布相关,工业区是太原城市土壤重金属污染的重要来源.     

冬氨酸二丁二酸醚(AES)诱导黑麦草提取污染土壤重金属的效应

采用盆栽试验,研究新型生物可降解螯合剂冬氨酸二丁二酸醚(AES)和非降解螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)调控下黑麦草修复重金属污染土壤的效应.黑麦草于含2500 mg Pb·kg-1,500 mg Cu·kg-1,1000 mg Zn·kg-1 和15 mg Cd·kg-1 的土壤中生长45d后,分别施加5 mmol·kg-1 土的AES或EDTA.结果表明,AES和EDTA可以显著提高土壤溶液和黑麦草植株地上部Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的浓度.EDTA对土壤中Pb的溶解能力和对黑麦草积累重金属的促进作用显著强于AES,前者处理的土壤中水提取态Pb浓度和黑麦草地上部Pb浓度分别达到了15.9 mg·kg-1 和174.1 mg·kg-1,显著高于AES处理的2.6 mg·kg-1 和44.0 mg·kg-1.但AES对黑麦草积累Zn和Cd的促进作用较EDTA明显增强,黑麦草地上部Zn浓度达到了1081.8 mg·kg-1,显著高于EDTA的776.7 mg·kg-1 和对照的389.6 mg·kg-1;地上部Cd浓度为1.57mg·kg-1,高于EDTA的1.06 mg·kg-1 和对照的0.69 mg·kg-1.与对照相比,AES和EDTA对Cu在土壤中的溶解和黑麦草植株中的积累亦有显著的促进作用,但二者处理无极显著差异.结果表明,生物可降解螯合剂AES在诱导植物修复重金属污染土壤尤其是Zn、Cd污染土壤中有很大的应用潜力,且与EDTA相比,环境风险大大降低.     

氯氰菊酯与Cd2+对土壤微生物量及酶活性的联合效应

为了揭示氯氰菊酯与Cd2+复合污染对土壤环境质量的影响变化规律,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究氯氰菊酯(5、20和50 mg·kg-1)单一污染、Cd2+(5和20 mg·kg-1)单一污染及氯氰菊酯与Cd2+[(5+5)mg·kg-1和(20+20)mg·kg-1]复合污染对土壤微生物量碳(MC),微生物量氮(MN)及蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性的影响.结果表明,复合污染、Cd2+单一污染均可降低MC和MN值,表现为抑制效应;而氯氰菊酯单一污染则表现为激活效应,且该效应与氯氰菊酯浓度呈正相关.氯氰菊酯单一污染对土壤蛋白酶活性影响较小,对蔗糖酶活性影响呈现先抑制后激活再恢复的效应,对脲酶活性影响呈现先激活再恢复的效应.(5+5)mg·kg-1复合污染处理土壤酶活性与对照相比差异较小,而(20+20)mg·kg-1复合污染可有效激活蔗糖酶活性,抑制脲酶活性.以复合污染指标Pd判定氯氰菊酯与Cd2+的交互效应,结果表明,氯氰菊酯与Cd2+复合污染对土壤质量的影响表现为加和效应.     

天津公园土壤重金属污染评价及其空间分析

随着城市化和工业化进程的加快,我国城市及其周边目前已遭受到明显的重金属污染,本文着重研究了天津17个主要公园土壤重金属的污染特征。2007年10月采集公园土壤样品,利用ICP-MS分析土壤重金属的含量。研究结果表明：Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd和Pb的平均质量分数分别为36.57mg·kg-1,116.56mg·kg-1,30.15mg·kg-1,51.04mg·kg-1,0.25mg·kg-1和31.62mg·kg-1。以天津市土壤背景值为评价标准,天津公园土壤重金属污染属于中度污染和轻微生态风险。重金属主要污染因子为Cd,其次是Pb、Zn和Cu。天津中环线以内区域公园土壤重金属污染较中外环线之间相比较重。不同行政区划区域公园土壤重金属污染从综合污染指数来看,由重到轻的顺序为：红桥区〉河北区〉河东区〉南开区〉河西区〉和平区〉北辰区;从潜在生态指数评价来看,由重到轻的顺序为：红桥区〉河北区〉河东区〉南开区〉河西区〉北辰区〉和平区。     

土壤Cd污染对跳虫Folsomia candida的生态毒性

采矿及冶炼等行为造成了严重的土壤重金属污染,其中Cd污染及其带来的健康风险近年来引起人们的高度重视。利用弹尾目跳虫开展土壤Cd污染的生态毒理研究,对Cd污染土壤的生态风险评价具有重要意义。本研究将跳虫Folsomia candida(F.candida)暴露在不同Cd浓度污染的人工土壤中,利用跳虫存活数量、繁殖数量及回避行为实验来评价重金属Cd污染对跳虫的生态毒性。结果表明,Cd对F.candida的急性毒性LC50值为2 086.93 mg·kg~(-1),慢性毒性的繁殖抑制(28 d)EC50值为224.95 mg·kg~(-1)。此外,Cd对跳虫回避行为影响的EC50(48 h)为721.26 mg·kg~(-1)。可以看出,慢性毒性的EC50值与Cd对回避行为影响的EC50值近似,但远低于急性毒性LC50值。因此,跳虫F.candida的回避行为和繁殖率对Cd污染土壤有较高的灵敏度,可用来表征土壤中Cd的生态毒性。     

成都平原表层水稻土重金属污染健康风险分析

采样分析了成都平原表层水稻土(0—20 cm)中As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn含量,参照国家土壤环境质量标准和土壤背景值,并利用健康风险评价模型对土壤重金属环境质量状况和人体健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,成都平原水稻土表层7种重金属平均含量分别为As:9.69 mg·kg-1、Cd:0.12 mg·kg-1、Cr:79.5 mg·kg-1、Hg:0.04 mg·kg-1、Pb:47.5 mg·kg-1、Cu:29.3 mg·kg-1、Zn:81.7 mg·kg-1.与成都地区土壤背景值相比,As、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn在表层水稻土中有明显积累,部分样区土壤重金属超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)标准值的二级标准,存在外源污染输入,但污染程度较轻.人体健康风险分析结果表明,经土壤-口接触行为摄入是该区域人体重金属暴露风险的主要途径,重金属致癌风险AsCd,非致癌总风险CrCuHgPbZn,无论儿童还是成人,重金属致癌风险值和非致癌风险值均低于风险阈值,风险值均在可接受水平内,但儿童健康风险值高于成人,应加强监管.     

龙葵、大叶井口边草和短萼灰叶对Pb、Cd和As污染农田的修复研究

以云南省个旧市重金属污染农田为研究对象,通过野外田间试验研究7种配置种植方式下龙葵(Solanum nigrum)、大叶井口边草(Pteris cretica var.nervosa)和短萼灰叶(Tephrosia candida)对Pb、Cd和As的吸收特征,探讨3种植物不同配置方式对Pb、Cd和As复合污染农田的修复潜力.结果表明:供试农田土壤Cd和As含量均超出GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》中的三级标准.所有不同植物配置种植方式中,龙葵地上部对Cd的吸收量最大,为(6.99±0.25) mg·kg-1,大叶井口边草地上部对As的吸收量最大,为(326.98±93.99) mg·kg-1,短萼灰叶地上部对Pb的吸收量最大,为(32.96±5.65) mg· kg-1,均低于超富集植物的临界阈值(Cd 100 mg· kg-1,As1 000 mg·kg-1,Pb 1 000mg· kg-1).比较7种种植方式对污染土壤中重金属的提取效率发现,单作龙葵条件下,龙葵地上部对Pb、Cd和As的吸收量最大,年吸收量分别为1 004.97、152.04和1 534.47g· hm-2,若将Cd和As污染农田土壤修复达到GB 15618-1995中的三级标准,提取效率分别为2.811 6％和1.413％.这说明单作龙葵对Pb、Cd和As复合污染农田具有一定修复潜力,但不适用于修复高浓度重金属污染农田.     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

Instream and offstream environmental conditions and stream biotic integrity: Importance of scale and site similarities for learning and prediction

Two different methods to predict biotic integrity were tested and compared in the present paper. The first one tries to predict the fish indices of biotic integrity (IBI) at the state or regional scale based on the most similar observations to a specific target site of interest using the simple to implement k-nearest neighbors (or kNN) method. Two different distance functions were considered to find the k-nearest neighbors: the Euclidean and the Mahalanobis. The second method was applied on the same datasets and consisted of a step-wise multiple regression. The two modeling approaches yielded similar results but kNN proved to be more time-efficient and very fast computationally for the given dataset sizes, which allowed applying a leave-one-out cross validation.In an attempt to reveal the importance of scale in the prediction of IBI, regression models were constructed at the state (or regional) scale and at the more refined cluster of sampling sites scale. Clusters of sites were extracted using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM) followed by k-means clustering of the SOM neurons. Cluster-level regression models, constructed after site patterning, performed better in IBI prediction than global regression models constructed without any previous site patterning. The importance of identifying groups of sites with similar environmental characteristics affecting the IBI was revealed. The combined use of site patterning and regression modeling for IBI prediction also helped identifying important variables acting at the local scale which remain latent at the global scale.     

湿解产物与堆肥在土壤中的稳定性和腐熟度比较分析

研究了不同培养阶段湿解产物与土壤混合物(HTS)的物质变化特征、稳定性和腐熟度,并与堆肥和土壤混合物(CS)及自然土壤进行了对比。结果表明:在培养过程中,所有HTS和CS的参数变化趋势相似,HTS的温度变化接近于CS的温度变化,稍高于自然土壤的温度,低于环境温度;pH值变化不大,基本稳定在7.6左右;在培养初期,水溶性有机碳比有机态氮w(WSC)/w(Norg)小于0.55,种子发芽系数(GI)高于80%;培养14d后,w(C)/w(N)降低至小于20,w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)渐渐趋于稳定至小于0.16,GI基本高于100%;49d后,HTS的CO2释放率接近CS和自然土壤的CO2释放率;种子发芽系数的变化表明,湿解产物中含有更丰富的营养元素,可以促进植物根系的生长;相关性分析显示,w(WSC)/w(Norg)、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和GI可以作为湿解产物腐熟度的评价指标。综合各项参数表明,湿解产物在土壤中会很快达到稳定,可以安全应用。     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.