油田含油污泥热解产物分析及性能评价

选择高含油的孤岛采油厂联合站堆放场含油污泥进行热解处理研究,采用正交实验对热解工艺进行了优化;采用ICP-MS、元素分析仪、气相色谱仪、EPS-MS对热解气体产物和残渣进行分析;热解残渣经过后续处理进行了烟气脱硫性能评价.正交实验结果表明热解最佳工艺条件为:N2保护下,热解温度600℃,热解时间4h,升温速率5℃.min-1,此时苯吸附值为47.04mg.g-1,热解残渣含油量为0.21%.最佳工艺条件下,热解油产率可达11%左右,回收率约75%,热解油的品质较好,产生的不凝气体可以作为洁净燃料气或合成气原料;热解残渣经过处理后可用于脱除烟气中的SO2,吸附脱硫能力较好,并具有进一步改进和提高的潜力.     

污泥热解残渣催化市政破膜污泥的热解作用

本文通过原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)对污泥热解残渣中金属化合物含量测定和扫描电镜(SEM)对污泥热解残渣的表面形态进行表征,采用热重分析(TGA)对印染污泥和市政污泥的热解残渣催化污泥热解作用进行了初步探讨.结果表明,两种污泥热解残渣对污泥热解均有催化作用,且印染污泥热解残渣催化效果优于市政污泥热解残渣;热解残渣中金属化合物种类和含量对其催化效果有一定影响,尤其是污泥热解残渣中铝、铁、锌化合物在污泥催化热解过程中起了重要作用.     

活化因素对蔗渣基生物质炭中孔结构的影响

设计了有无交互作用的2种不同类型正交实验,分析了浸渍比、活化功率等合成参数对微波辅助磷酸活化蔗渣生物质炭的亚甲基蓝值、碘值及得率的影响,并以亚甲基蓝为响应值,探讨了各制备因素及交互作用对蔗渣基生物质炭材料中孔结构的影响.结果表明,浸渍比、烘干时间、活化功率、活化时间对蔗渣炭得率的影响不大,但对亚甲基蓝值、碘值有明显影响.在4个制备因素中,浸渍比和活化功率对亚甲基蓝值的影响最大,贡献率分别为39%和37%.值得注意的是,其中浸渍比不仅对亚甲基蓝值,而且碘值有较大的影响(73%),但活化功率对碘值的基本没有影响(1%).上述结果表明,改变浸渍比能调节微波活化蔗渣基生物质炭的微、中孔比例;而调节活化功率,则可在微孔与得率相对稳定的基础上,对中孔结构进行有效调控.     

亚甲基蓝在缺氧活性污泥上的吸附平衡和动力学

为了考察缺氧活性污泥对染料的吸附性能和吸附机理,以缺氧活性污泥作为吸附剂,亚甲基蓝作为吸附质进行等温吸附试验。结果表明:亚甲基蓝在缺氧活性污泥上的吸附遵循准二级速率方程,吸附方式为化学吸附;吸附行为符合Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson吸附等温式,为单分子层吸附,理论最大吸附量9.25 mg/g;亚甲基蓝分子在污泥颗粒内扩散动力学曲线存在线性部分,说明吸附过程存在污泥颗粒微孔内扩散效应。     

富磷污泥生物炭去除水中Pb(Ⅱ)的特性研究

以城市污水厂富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,考察高温热解制备生物炭吸附剂对水中Pb(Ⅱ)的去除效果.研究表明,随着热解温度升高,制备的生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力增强;在相同热解温度下,生污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附能力比消化污泥生物炭大.采用700℃热解1 h制备生污泥生物炭以研究对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的影响因素,结果显示:吸附180 min达到吸附平衡;富磷污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率随pH增加而升高;生物炭投加量增加,对Pb(Ⅱ)去除率上升,而单位吸附容量迅速减小.污泥生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级反应动力学,Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地拟合等温吸附线.在pH 5.0、吸附时间3 h、生物炭投加量20 g.L-1条件下,对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为34.5 mg.g-1,表明富磷污泥生物炭可以作为一种廉价的吸附剂.     

二氧化钛改性油页岩渣对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附

以油页岩渣及其二氧化钛改性材料为吸附剂,探究它们去除水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的能力.通过实验,控制溶液的pH值、温度、初始浓度和接触时间,观察吸附效果变化特征,研究其动力学和热力学性能.实验表明,改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附率是未改性的2—3倍,且改性油页岩渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达97%,对六价铬的吸附率不到25%.吸附亚甲基蓝时,pH值越大,吸附效果越好;而吸附六价铬时,最适pH值为4.改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝实验符合准二阶动力学方程,计算得反应活化能为13.29 kJ.mol-1,表明此过程主要是物理吸附.在热力学方面,由范特霍夫方程计算得ΔG〈0、ΔH〉0,表明此过程自发吸热,可见此过程还伴有化学吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型拟合结果表明,Langmuir模型数据拟合甚佳,R2=0.9999,说明改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝是单分子层吸附.二氧化钛改性油页岩渣经7次回收利用后,对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果仅减少约1.5%.     

温度对污泥热解产物及特性的影响

温度是污泥热解产物及产物分布状况的主要影响因素之一。为了确定最优的热解温度,为不同的热解工艺提供参考,用直径为200mm的外热式固定床反应器,以唐山西郊污水处理厂剩余污泥为实验物料,在终温为250～700℃并在初期通以氮气的情况下,对污泥的热解产物分布及特性进行了研究。实验表明:在物料成分和其它条件不变的情况下,热解反应所需时间随着热解终温的升高而缩短;热解气和热解焦油的质量分数增大;焦炭质量分数减小。热解焦炭的工业分析表明,随热解终温的升高挥发分减少、固定碳和灰分增加。热解焦油的热值在10～43MJ·kg-1之间;焦炭的热值10～24MJ·kg-1之间。     

固相合成钛酸钙的光催化性能

采用CaCO3和TiO2作为原料,在1400℃、2h条件下烧结得到CaTiO3.应用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对高温处理后的混合物料进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝为降解物,研究了光照时间、pH值、溶液初始浓度、催化剂投加量对CaTiO3光催化性能的影响.实验结果表明,光照时间延长,亚甲基蓝降解率增加,但是亚甲基蓝被降解速率降低;碱性条件有利于CaTiO3对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解;CaTiO3对低浓度的亚甲基蓝溶液具有较高的光催化降解率;随着CaTiO3投加量增加,亚甲基蓝降解率增大,但是当CaTiO3投加量大于0.1g时,随着CaTiO3投加量的增加,亚甲基蓝的降解率几乎不变,甚至有所降低.     

污泥基生物炭中重金属的形态分布及潜在生态风险研究

重金属是城市污泥资源化利用的限制因子。炭化是污泥处理处置的重要途径。本研究中采用Tessier序列提取方法研究城市污水处理厂污泥及不同温度制备(300~700℃)的污泥基生物炭中重金属的形态分布,并运用Hakanson方法评价污泥及污泥基生物炭的潜在生态风险。结果表明:污泥和污泥生物炭中重金属含量最高的均为Zn和Cu。污泥及污泥基生物炭中重金属含量总体的次序规律是:ZnCuNiAsPbCd。随着热解温度增加,重金属更多的转化到残渣态中。600~700℃制备的污泥基生物炭中的重金属主要分布残渣态中,除Ni之外。热解温度为700℃时,污泥基生物炭中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和As的残渣态分别占到95%、53%、71%、59%、57%和58%。根据单个重金属的潜在生态指数(E_r)可知,污泥及污泥基生物炭中的主要风险因子是As﹑Cd和Zn。当热解温度为700℃时,污泥基生物炭的潜在风险指数(RI)从原污泥的489.32降低至73.27。可见,污泥基生物炭中重金属的潜在生态风险显著降低。因此,从重金属环境风险的角度考虑,污泥基生物炭制备的合适温度在600~700℃。     

双孔介孔碳的合成及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附

以三嵌段共聚物F108为模板剂,苯酚/甲醛为碳源,在中性条件下制备了平均孔径为3.14 nm,最可几孔径分布为3 nm和8 nm,BET比表面积为1541 m2·g-1,孔容为1.01 cm3·g-1的双孔分布介孔碳.通过静态实验法测定了介孔碳对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性,分析了初始浓度、溶液p H、温度对吸附量的影响,并从热力学及动力学角度探讨了介孔碳对亚甲基蓝的吸附机理.结果表明,溶液初始浓度、溶液p H以及温度对吸附量有较大的影响,介孔碳对亚甲基蓝的吸附随着初始浓度、p H、温度的上升而增大,吸附为吸热反应,提高温度有利于吸附的进行.实验制备的介孔碳对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量为421 mg·g-1,相比于普通活性炭,双孔分布介孔碳对亚甲基蓝显示了更优的吸附性能.亚甲基蓝在介孔碳上的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Elovich动力学模型.计算得到的吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,吸附标准焓变(ΔH0)70 k J·mol-1,说明亚甲基蓝在介孔碳上的吸附是自发进行的单分子层吸热反应,且化学反应在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Hypothesis Concerning the Causes of the Disappearance of Boreal Toads from the Mountains of Colorado

Recent reports of world-wide declines and extinctions of amphibian populations have raised questions about the relation of environmental change to the demise of certain amphibian species. Between 1974 and 1982, 11 populations of boreal toads ( Bufo boreas boreas ) in the West Elk Mountains of Colorado totally disappeared. The apparent cause of extinction of these toads was infection with the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila . In this paper, the presence of disease in declining populations of these toads is used in conjunction with a variety of data from the literature to formulate a working hypothesis for explaining the cause of the decline of this species, and perhaps others: