《城市废水氧化塘设计手册》简介

氧化塘是适应我国国情的一种重要污水处理工艺,具有构造简单、管理简便、基建投资省、运行费用少、能耗低、能有效地去除多种污染物的特点,且又符合污水资源化的方向。因此,越来越为人们所重视,全国许多地方正在建设和筹建氧化塘。但是目前我国氧化塘技术尚处于初创阶段,缺乏比较成熟的设计规范和设计参数,给我国氧化塘技术的推广和应用带来了极大的困难。我国现有氧化塘约三十余座,日处理污水110万吨。但其中只有少数氧化塘是经过试验后设     

停用氧化塘的污染现状

根据国家标准《水质——微型生物群落监测——PFU法》(GB/T12990 -91),两次对湖北鸭儿湖生物氧化塘进行了生物监测与评价.共检出原生动物192种,其中植鞭毛虫48种、动鞭毛虫46种、纤毛虫82种、肉足虫16种.试验所得生物学参数,即PFU原生动物群落结构和功能参数表明:如今Ⅰ号氧化塘整体状况与1982年相比变化较大,Ⅱ号氧化塘相比1982年也有所变化,但不是很大.其它3个氧化塘,第一次试验结果为从Ⅲ号氧化塘到Ⅴ号氧化塘依次变好;第二次试验结果则按Ⅴ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ顺序变好.两次试验所得此三塘的生物学参数之间差别并不大.鸭儿湖氧化塘水体状况与1982年所得结果相比有了很大改善. 图5表3参13     

茂名市典型基塘系统的生态经济分析

在对粤西茂名市的基塘复合生态系统进行面上调查和定点分析基础上,笔者对具有地方特色的典型基塘系统模式,即凼仔养鱼生态模式和鱼畜果生态模式进行了研究,分析了它们的结构功能和生态经济效益,并就这两种生态模式的完善和推广作了讨论。     

水生植物塘运行规律及设计参数的研究

通过对水生植物塘处理生活污水进行全年观测和研究证明：水生植物塘对有机污染物等有明显净化效果，特别是对氮、磷具有极强的降解能力。对照静态实验，提出了以磷酸盐负荷为主要水生植物塘设计参数的设计思想，提出了温度修正公式，并对其流态及数学模式进行了研究。同时，还对水生植物塘的一般运行规律进行了研究和探讨。     

两种典型持久性有机污染物对草履虫急性毒性初探

滴滴涕和苯并芘这两种典型持久性有机污染物在环境中已广泛分布,因此,本研究利用单细胞真核模式生物-草履虫来研究其急性毒性效应,结果发现其毒性效应存在显著的剂量效应关系.DDT和BaP的半数致死浓度分别为126.012 mg·L-1和180.167 mg·L-1,且这两种污染物的浓度和概率间存在很好的线性关系.不同浓度的D...     

强化高锰酸钾氧化体系中自由基的产生与利用研究进展

高锰酸钾在水处理行业中的应用已趋于成熟,但与臭氧、芬顿及其他高级氧化技术相比,高锰酸钾与难降解有机污染物的反应速率较低,需要与其它方法联用来强化自身的氧化能力.近年来随着对强化高锰酸钾氧化机理研究的不断深入,人们发现该体系中产生的自由基对有机污染物的降解有显著的促进作用.为此本文综述了强化高锰酸钾氧化体系中各类无机与有机自由基的产生路径和促进有机污染物降解的机制,提出了后续的研究展望,以期为强化高锰酸钾氧化技术的进一步推广提供理论依据.     

Fenton氧化处理对土壤中芘的生物可利用性的影响

研究发现蚯蚓吸收土壤中污染物芘的速率很快,10 d后蚯蚓体内富集污染物浓度基本达到稳定态;土壤中的有机质是影响污染物迁移的重要因素,土壤有机质的含量越高对芘滞留(吸附)能力越强,蚯蚓富集芘的量越低,蚯蚓富集到体内污染物的浓度越低.这也说明土壤对污染物的吸附/解吸行为决定了土壤中污染物的生态风险;氧化处理降低了土壤中的有机质含量,改变土壤有机质的组成,氧化处理也降低了土壤中被吸附污染物芘对蚯蚓的生物有效性.     

乡镇企业污水利用的生态经济原理与模式

本文从生态经济学观点出发,论述了乡镇企业污水利用应遵循的原理——食物链原理,加环增殖原理,无限循环原理等;同时提出了乡镇企业污水利用的三个生态经济模式:预处理→氧化塘→水产养殖和畜禽养殖→农田生态系统模式;污水预处理→氧化塘→水产与畜禽养殖→沼气→蚯蚓→畜禽→农田模式;综合利用、多种经营模式。     

北方地区氧化塘设计问题探讨

本文针对北方地区气候寒冷这一特点,探讨了在设计氧化塘工艺流程时应注意的几个问题,并对厌氧塘、兼性塘进出口、塘的几何形状及长宽比的设计、综合利用等问题提出了看法。     

光合细菌和水浮莲在河南农村猪场污水中的应用

利用在信阳农村养猪场中的2个3.3 m深的污水氧化塘进行光合细菌和水浮莲净化污水的研究.1#氧化塘加入8×108mL-1光合细菌50 L,2#氧化塘加入水浮莲(100株·m-2).为期1 a的试验结果表明:经光合细菌和水浮莲的共同作用,总磷下降了41.8%～76.0%,总氮下降了61.8%～81.0%,COD下降了66.8%～79.1%,BOD5下降了64.8%～82.3%.显示光合细菌和水浮莲能够明显改善养猪场污水水质.     

Modelling the biochemical oxidation processes in artificial conditions of waste treatment plants

For natural water bodies there are many models of biochemical oxidation of organic pollutants, from simple to complicated ones. For the artificial conditions of waste water treatment plants there are numerous models of oxidation processes too. The authors believe that a better understanding of these processes in nature would be gained if the oxidation processes in more simple artificial conditions were understood.An attempt has been made to explain the variety of types of models of waste treatment in an activated sludge system or a biofilm reactor by the diffusion mechanism of oxidation of single substrates on the one hand, and by superposition of the kinetics of oxidation of single substrates in measurements of the dynamics of oxidation of a complex pollutant on the other hand.The conditions in which zero- and first-order models are valid in the oxidation of single substrates are derived. Respective formulae for rate constants are given. Monod's model is valid in a broader range of substrate concentration variations. An approximate formula for the half-saturation constant is proposed. Satisfactory agreement with experimental data for glucose and ammonia substrates is shown.The formal character of models being used at present is claimed for multicomponent substrates. The accuracy of the calculation is largely governed by the number of model coefficients. Similar results obtained by Monod's and Grau's models, often used in practice, are emphasized.     

河流中的BOD模型及其应用

本文将入流点源或主要支流作为一条新河段 并将分布水源的影响范围视为整条河流,既可避免S—P方程无法反映沿河污染排放态的缺陷.又可解决BOD修正模型计算繁杂的缺陷.建立在此基础上的各种BOD分布模型,具有较好的回归性和可操作性,反映了有机物随时间和空间的迁移转化.这些模式的提出,可为评价和选择污染物控制方案,制订排放标准,提供一个定量的科学依展     

土壤中反应性溶质保持模拟模型概述

水溶性污染物和有机污染物在非饱和带的运动规律是当前土壤物理学研究的前沿领域．模拟反应性溶质的运移模型，必须包含溶质和土壤基质之间的保持和释放反应．本文简要综述土壤对溶质保持反应的平衡模型、动力学模型和多反应模型的主要特点．     

虾池环境生物修复作用菌的模拟应用

在模拟条件下，研究了虾池环境生物修复作用菌对对虾养殖环境中虾池有机物的降解过程，结果表明，虾池环境生物修复作用菌能明显改善虾池环境，降低有机物的含量（4d后CODMn的去除率为43.52%)。将大分子的有机物降解为小分子的无机氮等；对虾养殖池中作用菌的使用量以262.5kghm^-2为宜。图3参13     

持久性有机污染物在环境中相的划分及相平衡的泛逸度模型设想

鉴于持久性有机物在环境中的结合和承载机制,作者认为,对于持久性有机物,环境可以抽象为气相、水相、有机碳相和脂相等四个均质、同结合作用的环境相,为描述持久性有机物在环境相间的平衡分配行为,引入了“泛逸度”的概念,建立了环境相间相平衡酌泛逸度模型,并以DDT为例尝试了模型的应用。     

A heuristic approach to predicting water beetle diversity in temporary and fluctuating waters

An understanding of the causal mechanisms and processes that shape macroinvertebrate communities at a local scale has important implications for the management and conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Here we compare the performance of linear and non-linear statistics to explore diversity-environment relationships using data from 76 temporary and fluctuating ponds in two regions of southern England. We focus on aquatic beetle assemblages, which have been shown to be excellent surrogates of wider freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity. Ponds in the region contained a rich coleopteran fauna, totaling 68 species, which provided an excellent model system with which to compare the performance of two non-linear procedures (artificial neural networks—ANNs and generalised additive models—GAMs) and one more traditional linear approach (Multiple linear regression—MLR) to modelling diversity-environment relationships. Of all approaches employed, the best fit was obtained using an ANN model with only four input variables (conductivity, turbidity, magnesium concentration and depth). This model accounted for 82% of the observed variability in Shannon diversity index across ponds. In contrast, the best GAM and MLR models only explained 50% and 14% of this variation, respectively. Contribution profile analysis of conductivity, turbidity, magnesium concentration and depth, obtained from the best fit ANN through a hierarchical cluster analysis, allowed the identification of direct and proxy effects in relation to the environmental variables measured in this study. In each case, distinct clusters of ponds were identified in contribution profile analysis, suggesting that ponds across the two regions fall into a number of discrete groups, whose beetle faunas respond in subtly yet significantly different ways to key environmental variables. Aquatic coleopteran diversity in ponds in the two regions appears to be driven at a local scale by changes in relatively few physicochemical gradients, which are related to diversity in a clearly non-linear manner.     

Online electro-Fenton-mass spectrometry reveals 2,4′,5-trichlorobiphenyl oxidation products and binding to organic matter

Electrochemistry–mass spectrometry is used to simulate redox reactions in many research disciplines because this technique is fast and provides information on compound metabolites. However, the analysis of the degradation of refractory organic pollutants by reactive oxygen species is difficult to achieve by the electrochemistry step. Therefore, here we use online electro-Fenton-mass spectrometry to study for the first time the oxidation of 2,4′,5-trichlorobiphenyl [polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 31] by reactive oxygen species and the binding reactions of PCB degradation products with model substances of natural organic matter. The degradation products were identified by coupled Q Trap mass spectrometry. We observed a binding of a degradation product with γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine. We propose a transformation pathway. We conclude that online electro-Fenton-mass spectrometry is a promising technique to study the oxidation of refractory organic pollutants and further binding of degradation products with natural organic matter.     

虾池环境生物修复作用菌的分离与筛选

为修复对虾养殖环境，从山东各地虾池底泥中分离出331株细菌，通过测定其对对虾饵料降解能力，筛选到虾池有机污染物降解菌10株，这些菌能以对虾饣料为唯一碳源和氮源生长，对对虾配合饵料和蛤蜊肉具有较强降解能力（72h内CODMn去除率分别在60％和70％以上），并可在虾池环境条件下良好生长，对养殖动物安全性试验证明，这些菌株对养殖对虾没有致病作用，且其中6株可提高对虾的成活率，这些降解菌具有快速消除虾池底部有机污染、修复对虾养殖环境的潜力。