不同作物对土壤中Ni的富集特征及低累积品种筛选

为探究镍(Ni)污染土壤中农作物食用安全性并筛选出低累积作物品种,以青椒(Capsicum annuum L.)、黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)、豇豆(Vigna unguiculata L.)、菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)、花菜(Brassica oleracea L.)、青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)、水稻(Oryza glaberrima L.)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试验材料,采用温室盆栽土培试验方法研究了土壤中不同质量分数(126、200、350、500、650、800mg·kg~(-1))Ni作用下不同作物生物量变化及可食部分Ni富集特征,建立不同种类作物与土壤Ni含量相关关系,探讨不同作物对应的土壤Ni安全限量值,筛选Ni低累积作物品种。结果表明:(1)随着土壤中Ni含量增加,作物地上部分生物量表现为先增加后减少,黄瓜、青菜耐受性最强,花菜耐受性最差;(2)不同作物可食部分Ni富集系数表现为:小麦(0.032)花菜(0.026)青菜(0.021)水稻(0.020)豇豆(0.014)菠菜(0.006 5)青椒(0.005 4)黄瓜(0.004 2);(3)作物可食部分Ni含量与土壤中Ni含量都呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数大小表现为:豇豆(0.972)花菜(0.965)青椒(0.948)菠菜(0.938)黄瓜(0.926)小麦(0.728)青菜(0.721)水稻(0.700);(4)不同作物对应的土壤Ni安全限量值大小为:黄瓜(561 mg·kg~(-1))菠菜(513 mg·kg~(-1))青椒(439 mg·kg~(-1))花菜(203 mg·kg~(-1))豇豆(196 mg·kg~(-1))青菜(190 mg·kg~(-1))水稻(147 mg·kg~(-1))小麦(105 mg·kg~(-1))。依据作物对土壤中Ni的耐受性、富集能力及土壤安全限量值,筛选出黄瓜、青椒、菠菜为Ni低累积品种。该研究为通过农艺技术措施调控作物Ni积累提供依据,对上海轻中度Ni污染复垦土地实施作物替代种植,保障作物食用安全具有重要意义。     

桑树(Morus alba L.)原位修复某尾矿区重金属污染土壤

木本植物具有根系发达、生物量大、适应性强等特点,可广泛用于重金属污染土壤修复.本文通过5年的田间修复试验,研究了桑树(Morus alba L.)对污染土壤中重金属的累积和分布特征、土壤中重金属和营养元素有效性含量的变化,来探讨桑树修复某尾矿区污染土壤中Mn、Zn和Cd等重金属的效果.研究结果表明,桑树生物量大,可用于重金属污染土壤的生态修复与景观恢复.田间种植5年后,桑树整株干重每株可达4 kg.桑树对土壤中重金属具有一定的转运和累积能力,地上部分中Cd、Zn和Mn等重金属含量明显大于根部,尤其是叶片中重金属含量明显大于枝和主干中的含量.修复5年后,桑树地上部分Zn和Mn的累积总量可达3277.7 mg·100 m~(-2)和2422.4 mg·100 m~(-2),且土壤中Mn和Zn含量分别从2192.5 mg·kg~(-1)和103.2 mg·kg~(-1)降低至1790.0 mg·kg~(-1)和85.94 mg·kg~(-1),同时土壤有效态Mn和Zn分别显著(P0.05)降低66.0%和28.6%.然而,桑树落叶中Cd、Zn和Mn含量分别可达0.36、64.5、189.2 mg·kg~(-1).因此,通过定期清除桑树落叶或刈割地上部分,可防止叶片中重金属对土壤造成二次污染,同时削减土壤中重金属含量.同时,经桑树修复5年后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著(P0.05)降低,需定期补充相应氮、磷和钾肥来强化桑树修复尾矿区重金属污染土壤.     

典型汞污染地区食物汞含量及人体汞暴露健康风险

系统采集典型汞污染地区(铅锌冶炼、金矿冶炼和燃煤电厂)食物样品(大米、蔬菜和鱼肉) 409个,测定其总汞含量以评估当地居民食物摄入汞暴露的健康风险。结果显示:铅锌冶炼地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为5.99μg·kg~(-1)(3.02～30.7μg·kg~(-1)),仅有1个样品总汞含量超过我国大米汞限量标准(20μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为0.646～5.44μg·kg~(-1)和1.80～26.4μg·kg~(-1),均未超过我国食品汞限量标准;金矿冶炼地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为4.46μg·kg~(-1)(3.13～8.67μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为0.760～7.83μg·kg~(-1)和1.59～21.9μg·kg~(-1),所有食物均未超过我国食品汞限量标准;燃煤电厂地区大米总汞含量的几何均值为3.63μg·kg~(-1)(1.05～11.4μg·kg~(-1)),蔬菜和鱼肉总汞含量分别为1.12～3.78μg·kg~(-1)和2.24～12.3μg·kg~(-1),所有食物均未超过我国食品汞限量标准。铅锌冶炼、金矿冶炼和燃煤电厂3个地区居民通过食用食物(大米、鱼肉和蔬菜途径)总汞摄入量的均值分别为0.068、0.038和0.031μg·d~(-1)·kg~(-1),均未超出联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的人体安全总汞摄入量0.71μg·d~(-1)·kg~(-1);表明3个研究地区居民汞暴露的风险较低。大米汞摄入量占3个地区居民食物总汞摄入量的比例分别为77.2%、70.8%和71.4%,食用大米是当地居民汞暴露的主要途径。     

天津某菜地土壤——蔬菜中硒与重金属含量特征及绿色富硒蔬菜筛选

本文以天津某蔬菜基地为研究对象,对基地土壤中硒与重金属元素含量进行了分析,并利用单因子评价法对土壤中重金属元素进行了评价.结果表明,蔬菜基地的土壤Se含量范围为0.71—1.23 mg·kg~(-1)(干重),平均含量为0.96 mg·kg~(-1),所有样品均达到富硒土壤(Se≥0.04 mg·kg~(-1))标准.但是蔬菜基地遭到重金属不同程度的污染,其中Hg、Zn和Cu的污染指数分别为1.24、1.02和1.23,污染程度均为轻度,而Cd的污染指数为2.26,达到中度污染.另外,对与土壤配套采集的青萝卜、圆白菜和菜花等20种蔬菜中的硒与重金属含量进行分析,结果表明该基地蔬菜的富硒(Se≥0.01 mg·kg~(-1))率达到90%.蔬菜中青萝卜1号(本地)、青萝卜2号(天津青萝卜)和青萝卜3号(津卫一号)的硒含量较高,含量分别为0.100、0.091、0.078 mg·kg~(-1)(鲜重),硒含量较低的蔬菜为油菜1号(金品一夏)、油菜2号(改良金品雨季)和小白菜2号(佳美),含量分别为0.007、0.007、0.009 mg·kg~(-1).每种蔬菜的Cd、Zn和Cu的含量均低于食品安全国家标准要求,但圆白菜1号(雅实绿)、圆白菜2号(珍美)、菜花1号(本地)和菜花2号(白雪)中的Hg含量分别为0.022、0.018、0.019、0.016 mg·kg~(-1),均超过食品安全标准限值.同时,健康风险评价结果显示,食用本基地圆白菜(雅实绿、珍美)、菜花(本地、白雪)和香菜(本地)对人体造成健康风险较大.综合各类分析评价结果,该基地生产的3种青萝卜(本地、天津青萝卜、津卫一号)均为绿色富硒蔬菜,建议当地农户多种植该类蔬菜.     

贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区土壤Mo污染及农作物健康风险初步评价

为了研究贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区土壤和农作物Mo污染情况,测定矿区不同类型土壤(旱地土、水稻土和森林土)和农作物样品Mo含量,采用地质累积指数法评价了土壤Mo污染状况,并采用危险商法评价农作物Mo健康风险.分析结果显示,矿区旱地土、水稻土和森林土Mo平均含量分别为64.66 mg·kg~(-1)、11.83 mg·kg~(-1)和40.24 mg·kg~(-1),相比于本研究的对照样品Mo含量(0.54 mg·kg~(-1))及贵州土壤Mo背景值(2.40 mg·kg~(-1)),3种类型土壤均具有高Mo含量特征.地质累积指数评价结果显示,3种类型土壤均出现不同程度的Mo污染.其中,旱地土Mo污染最为严重,污染级别在中度污染至极重污染之间;其次为森林土,处于中度污染至重度污染-极重污染之间;水稻土Mo污染相对较轻,污染级别在轻度污染至中度污染-重度污染之间.6种农作物样品Mo含量范围为0.36—59.97 mg·kg~(-1).危险商法评价结果表明,水稻和白菜的健康风险指数(HQ)大于1,长期食用可能对人体产生一定的健康风险;玉米、甘薯、辣椒和萝卜的健康风险指数小于1,对人体造成健康风险的可能性较小.若同时食用这6种农作物,Mo造成的总风险值高达3.62,存在较高的健康风险.季节性食用农作物(玉米、甘薯、白菜和萝卜)在食用季节(秋季)将具有更高的健康风险.本研究的结果表明,矿区Mo元素存在Ni-Mo多金属矿石及其围岩(黑色页岩)-土壤-农作物的迁移过程,并在土壤和农作物中富集,造成了一定程度的土壤Mo污染和农作物Mo健康风险.     

新疆若羌县绿洲带土壤硒含量的空间分布及影响因素分析

为研究若羌县土壤Se含量、分布特征与土壤性质的关系,在研究区采集434个表层土壤样品,分析了若羌县土壤Se含量及其影响因素.结果表明,若羌县表层土壤Se含量变幅为0.06—0.47 mg·kg~(-1),平均值为0.18 mg·kg~(-1),总体属于中等、边缘及缺硒土壤,不存在硒中毒土壤.不同土壤类型中草甸土Se含量最高(0.23 mg·kg~(-1)),盐土最低(0.13 mg·kg~(-1)).成土母质以洪积物发育的土壤Se含量最高(0.25 mg·kg~(-1)),湖积物最低(0.14 mg·kg~(-1)).不同土地利用方式下,水田土壤Se含量最高(0.32 mg·kg~(-1)).研究区土壤MgO、有机碳C_(org)、黏粒含量、TN和铁锰氧化物是影响土壤Se含量的主要因素.     

土壤硒含量显著影响黑小麦与普通小麦的硒吸收

为了解黑小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)与普通小麦养分含量和硒吸收差异特征,通过成熟期田间取样,研究了富硒土壤(马三村,土壤硒质量分数平均值0.874 mg·kg~(-1))和缺硒土壤(韩村,土壤硒质量分数平均值0.205 mg·kg~(-1))对小麦不同器官组织养分及硒含量的影响特征。结果表明,富硒土壤上种植的小麦籽粒样品平均硒质量分数为0.205mg·kg~(-1),变幅为0.138～0.241mg·kg~(-1),95%小麦籽粒达到富硒标准,其中黑小麦籽粒硒质量分数平均为0.239 mg·kg~(-1),全部达到富硒标准。缺硒土壤上种植的小麦籽粒平均硒质量分数为0.040 mg·kg~(-1),变幅为0.030～0.057 mg·kg~(-1),均未达到富硒标准。小麦籽粒富硒程度与土壤硒含量的相关系数为0.954,当土壤硒质量分数达到0.810 mg·kg~(-1)时,小麦籽粒才能达到富硒标准。在硒水平相当的土壤上,黑小麦比普通小麦对硒的积累量大,富硒程度较高。马三村和韩村黑小麦籽粒硒含量平均分别比普通小麦高38.9%和34.2%。此外,黑小麦籽粒中氮和磷元素含量较普通小麦高,但富硒和缺硒土壤对相同品种籽粒N、P、K含量影响不大。因此,黑小麦富含丰富的营养物质,可作为富硒食品源。该研究可为富硒小麦品种与土壤硒含量间的相关关系研究提供理论依据。     

天津市蓟州区土壤硒的有效性及影响因素

以天津市蓟州富硒区土壤为研究对象,对土壤中硒含量、有效硒含量及硒的形态特征进行分析,并对土壤有效硒的影响因素进行研究.结果表明,蓟州富硒区土壤总硒的含量范围0.14—0.65 mg·kg~(-1),均值为0.37 mg·kg~(-1),高于蓟州区环境背景值0.23 mg·kg~(-1)和全国土壤硒元素的平均值0.29 mg·kg~(-1).土壤有效硒的均值为0.021 mg·kg~(-1),有效度为5.63%.研究区土壤硒元素以强有机结合态和残渣态为主,两种形态的平均含量分别为0.14 mg·kg~(-1)和0.11 mg·kg~(-1),占总硒的比例分别为44%和35%,水溶态、离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态的硒含量较少,仅占总硒含量的4.6%,1.7%和0.9%.土壤中有效硒的含量近似等于水溶态、离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态硒的含量之和,且两者的差异性检验结果显示并无显著性差异.土壤中有效硒与硒全量、pH和有机质均呈显著的正相关关系,偏分析结果表明有效硒主要受土壤硒含量和pH的影响.     

硒对水稻镉含量及其在亚细胞中的分布的影响

通过元素含量测定与亚细胞分离的方法,分析水稻镉在不同器官、组织之间的差异分布特征,从微观水平上阐释硒增强水稻镉耐受能力的机理,阐明硒降低稻米镉累积量的作用机理。研究结果显示,(1)随着硒浓度的增加,植株各营养器官干物重均增加。在2、4、8和16 mg·kg~(-1) Cd质量分数处理时,1.2 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理的糙米干物质量比Se空白处理分别增加了6.81%、7.73%、14.24%和49.62%。(2)当土壤镉质量分数在2~16 mg·kg~(-1)时,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米中镉含量随土壤镉浓度的增高而显著增加。未施硒时,4、8和16 mg·kg~(-1) Cd处理糙米中镉质量分数分别为0.23、0.37和0.57 mg·kg~(-1),均超过我国国家食品安全标准中稻米镉的限量(0.20 mg·kg~(-1))。(3)相同镉浓度下,随着硒浓度的增加,水稻各营养器官和糙米、精米的镉含量和镉积累量均显著下降,4、8 mg·kg~(-1) Cd处理组中,糙米的镉含量均低于0.20 mg·kg~(-1),且1.2 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理优于0.4和0.8 mg·kg~(-1) Se处理。(4)镉在水稻各器官中的分配比例为:根系茎叶糙米精米。随着硒浓度的增加,镉在精米中的分配比例下降。结论:硒能够通过调整镉在水稻不同器官中的分配比例,降低稻米中的镉含量;而硒元素对镉毒害的抑制作用,可能是通过细胞对镉的区室化分隔而实现的。     

生物表面活性剂和化学螯合剂强化无柄小叶榕修复Cd、Cu重金属污染盐碱地

采用盆栽试验研究海洋细菌和酵母产生物表面活性剂、化学螯合剂对无柄小叶榕(Ficus concinna var.Subsessilis)修复盐碱地重金属Cd、Cu的强化效果.结果表明,强化试验下无柄小叶榕能耐受Cd、Cu胁迫正常生长,且体内重金属含量随生物表面活性剂投加浓度增大而升高,表现为根地上部分;300 mg·kg~(-1)细菌产生物表面活性剂强化下,根部Cd含量最大值为313 mg·kg~(-1),1 mmol·kg~(-1)柠檬酸(CA)-300 mg·kg~(-1)酵母产生物表面活性剂强化下,根部Cu最大含量为2156 mg·kg~(-1).强化剂添加下,能显著提高Cd、Cu在小叶榕体内的累积量,无柄小叶榕对土壤Cd、Cu的吸收富集能力显著提高,1 mmol·kg~(-1) CA—300 mg·kg~(-1)酵母产生物表面活性剂强化下Cd的最大富集系数为(9.76±0.10),是对照组S1(1.1±0.02)的8.90倍,300 mg·kg~(-1)酵母产生物表面活性剂单独强化下Cu的最大富集系数为(7.42±0.16),是S1(0.77±0.03)的9.60倍;无柄小叶榕向地上转移Cu的能力较弱,TF1,对Cu的提取修复潜能有限;300 mg·kg~(-1)细菌产生物表面活性剂强化下Cd的最大修复率为2.56%,是对照组S1的4.70倍,300 mg·kg~(-1)细菌产生物表面活性剂—1 mmol·kg~(-1) EDTA联合强化下Cu的最大修复率为1.80%,为S1的3.30倍.综上,无柄小叶榕对重金属污染的盐碱地有良好的修复潜力,生物表面活性剂和化学螯合剂的添加可有效提高小叶榕对重金属Cd和Cu的吸收富集效率.     

Determination of the levels of selected metals in seeds,flowers and fruits of medicinal plants used for tapeworm treatment in Ethiopia

The level of accumulation of selected essential and non-essential metals, namely; Ca, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Cr have been investigated in the seeds, fruits, and flowers of some medicinal plants utilized for tapeworm treatment in Ethiopia and their respective soil samples. These include seed of Cucurbita maxima (Duba), fruit of Embelia abyssinica (Ankoko), flowers of Hagenia abyssinica (Kosso), and fruits of Rosa abyssinica (Kega) and their respective soil samples. A wet digestion procedure with a mixture of conc. HNO₃ and HClO₄ for the plant samples and a mixture of conc. HNO₃, HCl, and H₂O₂ for soil samples were used to solubilize the metals. Ca (1280–12,670?mg?kg^?1) was the predominant metal followed by Fe (104–420?mg?kg^?1), and Zn (18–185?mg?kg^?1) in all the plant materials except for Hagenia abyssinica flower from Hirna in which Mn (16–42?mg?kg^?1) followed by Fe. Among the non-essential toxic metals, Pb was not detected in Cucurbita maxima of Boji, Gedo and Hirna origins and in Rosa abyssinica of Hirna site. Similarly, Cr was not detected in Rosa abyssinica fruits of Boji and Gedo sites. The sampled soils were found to be between strongly acidic to weakly basic (pH: 4.7–7.1). In the soil samples, Ca (8528–18,900?mg?kg^?1) was the most abundant metal followed by Fe (417–912?mg?kg^?1), Zn (155–588?mg?kg^?1), Mn (54–220?mg?kg^?1), Cr (21–105. mg?kg^?1), Cu (11–58?mg?kg^?1), Pb (13–32?mg?kg^?1) and Cd (2.8–4.8?mg?kg^?1). The levels of most of the metals determined in the medicinal plants and the respective soil samples are in good agreement with those reported in the literature and the standards set for the soil by various legislative authorities.     

Heavy metal pollution in soil and plants at bone char site

This study determined the heavy metal concentration in soil and plants at a bone char site in Umuahia, Nigeria. Soil and plant samples collected in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were analyzed for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). The concentration of metals in soil and plants in the vicinity of the bone char site are as follows: Zn (172?mg?kg^?1) and Ni (0.62?mg?kg^?1) in soil were highest at site P₃, Pb (2.37?mg?kg^?1) and As (0.08?mg?kg^?1) at site P₁, and Cd (18.30?mg?kg^?1) at site P₂. In plants, the concentrations of Zn (41.17?mg?kg^?1) and Cd (3?mg?kg^?1) were highest in Albizia ferruginea, Ni in Dialium guineense (0.09?mg?kg^?1), while Pb was in D. guineense (0.08?mg?kg^?1) and Spathodea companulata (0.06?mg?kg^?1). The levels of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and As in soil ranged from 11.2 to 172, 2.68 to 18.2, 0.026 to 2.37, 0.33 to 0.62, and 0.02 to 0.08?mg?kg^?1, respectively. In plants, the concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Ni ranged from 2.01 to 41.17, 0.12 to 3, 0.02 to 0.08, and 0.03 to 0.09?mg?kg^?1, respectively. There were significant correlations between Zn and Cd, and Pb and As in soil. The high concentration of Cd in soil might affect soil productivity.     

Nitrate levels in fresh vegetables and berries from central Japan

Nitrate concentrations in 326 recent vegetables and berries sold in Niigata, located in central Japan, were investigated. Maximum nitrate concentrations of 6600 mg kg^?1 were detected in samples of komatsuna (Brassica campestris var. perviridis) and mizuna (B. campestris L.). Mean concentrations ranged from 4 mg kg^?1(blueberry) to 3500 mg kg^?1 (mizuna). Concentrations in spinach ranged from 10 to 6000 mg kg^?1 (mean 1500 mg kg^?1). Nitrate intake from spinach and Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) were estimated to be 0.7 and 0.8 mg kg^?1 day^?1, respectively. These values are equivalent to 19% and 23% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Nitrate intake at the 90th percentile was estimated to be 1.3 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (35% of the ADI) from spinach and 1.6 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (43% of the ADI) from Japanese radish.     

The potential of Berkheya coddii for phytoextraction of nickel,platinum, and palladium contaminated sites

The study involved assessing the potential of the native plant species (Berkheya coddii) for the phytoextraction of nickel, palladium, and platinum contaminated sites. Plant and soil samples were randomly collected from Barberton area, near Agnes mine, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Samples were analysed for total nickel, palladium, and platinum concentrations together with other elements found in the soil and in the plants' roots, and leaves. Soil versus leaves and soil versus roots uptake of these metals by the plant were compared. The mean concentration of nickel in the leaves/canopy was found to be 13,980?±?10,780?mg?kg^?1?dry mass, in the roots it was 2046?±?789?mg?kg^?1 dry mass, and in the soil it was 1040?±?686?mg?kg^?1?dry mass. This resulted in a mean concentration ratio in the leaves to soil of 13.44. The platinum mean concentration in the leaves was 0.22?±?0.15?mg?kg^?1?dry mass, in the roots it was 0.14?±?0.04?mg?kg^?1?dry mass, and in the soil it was 0.04?±?0.03?mg?kg^?1?dry mass. This resulted in a mean concentration ratio in the leaves to soil of 5.5. Palladium was found to have a mean soil concentration of 0.07?±?0.045?mg?kg^?1?dry mass. The mean concentrations in the roots and in the leaves were 0.18?±?0.07 dry mass and 0.71?±?0.52?mg?kg^?1?dry mass, respectively. This gave a mean concentration ratio in the leaves to soil of 10.1 for palladium. Other elements that were found to have a mean concentration ratio in the leaves to soil of around 2.5 or above are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sulfur. Berkheya coddii was found to be most efficient in accumulating nickel, palladium, and platinum from the soil. The results for the first time revealed that the plant may have the potential to uptake platinum and palladium; both metals are in the same group of the periodic table as nickel.     

The potential ecological risk of soil trace metals following over five decades of agronomical practices in a semi-arid environment

The concentration and potential ecological risk of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the surface soils (0–30?cm) belonging to 12 soil profiles and 4 soil types (Vertisols, Chernozems, Calcisols, and Cambisols) from the cultivated soils and the corresponding uncultivated soils were investigated. Long-term cultivation caused a considerable build-up diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Mn (7–55%), and Cd (12–31%) as well as the total form of Zn (3–14%), Cu (8–25%), and Cd (33–78%) in all soil types. Following long-time cropping, total Zn (mean?=?73?mg?kg^?1), Cu (mean?=?33?mg?kg^?1), and Cd (mean?=?3.14?mg?kg^?1) and DTPA Zn (mean?=?1.2?mg?kg^?1) and Cu (mean?=?2.44?mg?kg^?1) were below their maximum allowable limits. However, the average amount of DTPA Cd in the tilled soils (min?=?0.4, max?=?0.75, mean?=?0.55?mg?kg^?1) was above its maximum permissible limit mainly due to the over application of phosphate fertilisers and the pesticides. Considering the potential ecological risk (RI) assessment of the cultivated soils (min?=?44, max?=?70, mean?=?54), the soil types were categorised as low (RI?≤?50) to moderate (50?相似文献   

Persistence of chlorpyriphos in okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) fruits and soil

Persistence of cypermethrin and chlorpyriphos in okra and soil were studied following the application of pre-mix formulation of insecticides Action 505EC (chlorpyriphos 50%?+?cypermethrin 5%) at single (275?g a.i.?ha^?1) and double dose (550?g a.i.?ha^?1). The average initial deposits of chlorpyriphos in okra were observed to be 0.07 and 0.15?mg?kg^?1 in single and double dose, respectively, which dissipated to 92% after 10 days for both the dosages. Residues of soil under okra crop were found to be 0.15?mg?kg^?1 at the single and 0.36?mg?kg^?1 at the double doses. These residues persisted up to 3 days at single and 5 days at double dose. The half-life (t _1/2) periods of chlorpyriphos on okra and soil were observed to be 0.6 days and 1.9 days for single and double dose, respectively. Residues of chlorpyriphos reached below detectable level (BDL) of 0.01?mg?kg^?1 in okra fruits after 7 days at single dose and in 15 days in double dose. In soil, residues of chlopyriphos persisted up to 5 and 7 days in single and double dose, respectively. Following foliar applications of a insecticide formulation (Action 505EC, (chlorpyriphos 50%?+?cypermethrin 5%) on okra at @ 275 and 550?g active ingredient (a.i.)?ha^?1 resulting in active applications of chlorpyriphos at the rate of 250 and 500?g a.i.?ha^?1 the average initial deposits of chlorpyriphos in okra were observed to be 0.07 and 0.15?mg?kg^?1, respectively. These residue levels dissipated to 92% after 10 days at both the dosages. Residues of soil under the okra crop were found to be 15?mg?kg^?1 at the single and 36?mg?kg^?1 at the double dose. The residues persisted up to 3 days at the single and 5 days at the double dose. The half-life (t _1/2) periods of chlorpyriphos on okra were observed to be 0.6 days for application rates, and 1.9 days for soil. Okra fruits and soil samples collected on the 7th and 15th day after application did not show any chlorpyriphos residues above their determination limits of 0.01 and 0.005?mg?kg^?1, respectively.     

Phytoextraction of Cr(VI) from soil using Portulaca oleracea

Cr(VI) represents an environmental challenge in both soil and water as it is soluble and bioavailable over a wide range of pH. In previous investigations, Portulaca oleracea (a plant local to the United Arab Emirates (UAE)) demonstrated particular ability for the phytoextraction of Cr(VI) from calcareous soil of the UAE. In this publication, the results of the evaluation of P. oleracea phytoextraction of Cr(VI) from UAE soil at higher concentrations are reported. P. oleracea was exposed to nine different concentrations of Cr(VI) in soil from 0 to 400 mg kg^?1. The uptake of Cr(VI) increased as its concentration in soil increased between 50 and 400 mg kg^?1, with the most efficient removal in the range from 150 to 200 mg kg^?1. The total chromium concentrations exceeded 4600 mg kg^?1 in roots and 1400 mg kg^?1 in stems, confirming the role of P. oleracea as an effective Cr(VI) accumulator. More than 95% of the accumulated Cr(VI) was reduced to the less toxic Cr(III) within the plant.     

Phytotoxicity assessment of phenanthrene and pyrene in soil using two barley genotypes

This study investigated the toxicity extent of phenanthrene and pyrene to two cultivars (CM-72 and Gairdner) of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Germination of barley seeds was evaluated in 69-d aged soil, separately spiked with phenanthrene at extractable concentrations of 0.95, 6.3, 59, and 300 mg kg^?1 (dry soil) and pyrene at 1.0, 9.0, 73, and 400 mg kg^?1 (dry soil). Although germination was not inhibited, significant (P < 0.05) reduction in root and shoot length occurred at concentrations of phenanthrene ≥6.3 mg kg^?1 and pyrene ≥9.0 mg kg^?1 after both 72 and 240 h. Fresh and dry biomass of both cultivars reduced with increasing concentrations of both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Barley cultivar CM-72 was more sensitive than Gairdner, and it can be considered suitable for toxicity assessment of PAH-contaminated soils.     

Soil pollution by trace metals derived from animal feed and manure in the Bursa region of Turkey

The Bursa region of Turkey has important agricultural production areas. Animal producers use agricultural fields in this region for disposal of manure. Therefore, in this study the concentrations of the seven trace metals Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd in 324 animal feed and manure samples from three dairy cattle, three laying hens farms, and three broiler farms have been determined. The average concentrations in dairy cattle manure were 130 (Zn), 150 (Mn), 4.2 (Cu), 6.8 (Ni), 44 (Cr), 0.8 (Pb), and 0.09 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; for laying hens manure 240 (Zn), 190 (Mn), 0.63 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 30 (Cr), 0.55 (Pb), and 0.12 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; and for broiler manure 240 (Zn), 280 (Mn), 1.4 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 35 (Cr), 3.4 (Pb), and 0.16 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight. The calculated trace metal loading rate indicated that manure application might pose a potential risk to agricultural fields according to the current soil protection regulations of Turkey.     

Effect of sulfur and composted manure on SO4-S,P and micronutrient availability in a calcareous saline–sodic soil

A factorial design with different levels of elemental S and cow manure was used to investigate the effects of S and manure on SO₄-S, P and micronutrient availability in a calcareous saline–sodic soil. The results revealed that the recovery of SO₄-S increased significantly (p≤0.05) in all treatments as elemental S increased, particularly when in combination with manure. The interactional effects of S° and manure application rates resulted in a decrease in soil pH of 0.1 to 0.9 units and increases in soil EC from 0.1 to 2.6 dS m^?1 as result of an increase in the number of oxidisers and the oxidation rate of elemental S. Application of S° in combination with manure led to an increase in soil-available-P (0.6–40 mg kg^?1), DTPA-Zn (0.2–3.9 mg kg^?1) and DTPA-Fe (0.1–5.6 mg kg^?1).