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1.
树状多节孢原生质体的制备和再生   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
研究了酶系组成、酶解时间、酶解温度、渗透压稳定剂、PH值,培养基成分、培养方式,预处理、保护剂等因素对紫杉醇产生菌树状多孔孢原生质体制备和再生的影响。结果表明:将树状多节孢在PDA液体培养其中静止培养2-3d,离心收集菌体,用PH5.5-6.0的0.7mol/L的NaCl配制成的含有3%纤维素酶、2%蜗牛酶和1%溶菌酶的复合酶,30℃恒温酶解9h,原生质体制备率最高。但是考虑到原生质体的再生,参酶解7h左右为宜,获得的原生质体经过纯化,用0.7mol/LNaCl配制的PDA再生培养基进行双层平板培养法再生,原生质体的再生率最高。本研究为以后通过原生质体诱变、转化、融合构建紫杉醇工程菌株奠定了基础,图3表9参16  相似文献   

2.
平菇原生质体的高效制备及再生优化条件   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以杂优1号平菇为出发菌株,对其原生质体制备、再生的各关键因子及条件进行比较研究,结果表明,其原生质体制备的优化条件为:以0.6 mol/L MgSO4为稳渗剂配制浓度为15 mg/mL新鲜溶壁酶液,菌丝与酶液比w/V=1mg:8μL,取培养6 d的菌丝200 mg,自然pH下28℃小平板酶解6 h,原生质体得率可达2.80×107个/mL.原生质体再生实验结果表明,50 U/mL链霉素能有效控制平菇原生质体再生的杂菌污染.孟加拉红对平菇原生质体再生具强抑制作用,抑制率达93%.进一步研究证实,0.6 mol/L的MsSO4、KCI等无机盐稳渗剂对原生质体制备的得率较高,而0.6 mol/L的蔗糖作为稳渗剂的平菇原生质体再生率较高.图4表3参23  相似文献   

3.
原生质体融合技术是一种重要的微生物育种方法.以能产碱性果胶酶的枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14为出发菌株,探讨影响其原生质体制备和再生的主要因素.通过研究菌龄、溶菌酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、渗透压稳定剂的p H值、再生培养基类型和培养方式等对枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体制备与再生的影响,确定其最优化条件.结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体制备的最优条件为菌龄9 h,溶菌酶浓度0.2 mg/m L,酶解时间10 min,酶解温度32℃,渗透压稳定剂的p H值7.0.在此条件下,枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体的形成率为98%,再生率达30%.枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体再生培养基以琥珀酸钠作为渗透压稳定剂并结合Ca~(2+)再生效果较好,再生方式以单层培养较好.本研究获得了枯草芽孢杆菌ZGL14原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件,可为实现其融合育种提供技术支持.  相似文献   

4.
氢化可的松高转化菌株的选育及其发酵条件   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
利用酮康唑抗性突变选育氢化可的松高转化菌株,即将经过紫外线诱变处理的新月弯孢霉原生质体倾注于含有酮康唑最小抑制浓度(10μmoL/L)的培养基平板上,获得了136株酮康唑抗性突变株,氢化可的松转化率高于出发菌株的有14株.其中抗性突变株KA-91,其氢化可的松转化率为出发菌株的1.42倍,达到68.05%.研究了菌株的发酵性能,优化了培养基组成和发酵工艺条件,氢化可的松转化率达到73.6%.图7表3参5  相似文献   

5.
红豆杉内生真菌发酵培养基和原生质体制备酶系统的筛选   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
在对红豆杉内生真菌(Ozoniumsp.)适生碳源、氮源和生长情况研究的基础上,通过正交试验筛选了其发酵培养基和原生质体制备的酶系统;用L9(34)安排了四因素三水平并考虑交互作用的正交试验,对实验结果进行了分析.结果表明,最优的发酵培养基为果糖1%、蔗糖1%、蛋白胨0.2%、酵母粉0.5%、KH2PO40.5%、MgSO4·7H2O0.3%、VB10.001%;分离原生质体的最优酶系统为1.5%溶壁酶 0.5%蜗牛酶 1.5%纤维素酶 1.0%溶菌酶;用此酶系统在30℃条件下酶解3h,原生质体的产量达6.55×107个/mL酶液;经荧光素二醋酸酯(FDA)染色评估原生质体活力,表明该条件下分离的原生质体活力较高,原生质体的再生率为2.56%.该研究为利用生物技术手段改良紫杉醇生产菌奠定了基础.图6表4参32  相似文献   

6.
硫杆菌的分离鉴定及其对煤矿废弃物的氧化脱硫特性   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
从宁夏大武口高硫煤矸石山的酸性废水中分离得到一株自养硫氧化细菌CMTF-32.该菌极端耐酸,能氧化低价态硫化物,氧化单质硫的能力强,在d11时单质硫的氧化率达到65.6%,日产硫酸能力最高时能达3.0g/L.培养基pH值在培养过程中明显下降.16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌株与Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans相似性为99%,结合形态、生理生化实验结果,确定菌株CMTF-32为嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌.煤矸石的脱硫实验表明,在煤矸石粒径小于2mm,初始pH为1.5,30℃培养条件下脱硫效果最佳,d14时脱硫量为2.72g/L,脱硫率可达到84.5%,使煤矸石的硫污染得到了有效的控制.图5表1参13  相似文献   

7.
绿色木霉T-99株产纤维素酶的研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
从土壤中筛选获得一株产纤维素酶的优良菌株绿色木霉 T99 ,采用固体培养产生纤维素酶,对培养基成分进行优化,并分析酶的理化性质,研究了稻草酶解的适宜条件.在最优培养条件下,产酶活力λ( F P) m - 1 D W≈120 U/g ,λ( C M Case) m - 1 D W≈110 ~125 U/g,λ(β Gase) m - 1 D W≈90 U/g ,在50 ℃,p H4 .0 ,底物浓度5 % ,酶解36 h 条件下,底物得糖率33 .49 % ,全纤维转化率61 .33 %  相似文献   

8.
产类胡萝卜素菌株的筛选及其培养条件初探   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
从土壤、植物落花、细菌污染的组织培养二三角瓶里的培养基上及被细菌污染的LB琼脂平板上分离筛选出十几株产类胡萝卜素的菌株,其中从污染的LB琼脂平板上分离的一株菌落颜色为黄色的菌株PBH,分类鉴定为库特氏菌属(Kurthia sp.).菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源,添加番茄汁(3.6mL/L)、芝麻油(1.6mL/L)、Na2CO3(6g/L)和磷酸缓冲盐的液体培养基中28℃振荡培养5d,每mL培养液细胞生物量湿重达到65.57mg,类胡萝卜素产量达到9.896μg,菌体每g湿重细胞胡萝卜素含量为150.9μg.图10参13  相似文献   

9.
石油降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解能力的研究   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
从含油污泥中,筛选出能以20 # 机械润滑油为唯一碳源的3 株石油降解菌菌株,经鉴定分别为动胶菌属( Zoogloea sp .) 、氮单胞菌属( Azomonassp .) 和假单胞菌属( Pseudomonas sp .) .通过其降解能力的测试,以动胶菌 D2 菌株对20 # 机油的降解能力最强:在含油浓度ρ= 500 ~1 500 mg/ L 的摇瓶试验中,其除油率为20 .8 % ~25 % .利用动胶菌 D2 菌株进行生物接触氧化法处理含油废水模拟试验,当入流浓度为1 000 mg/ L 时,除油率可达90 .5 % ~100 % .这一结果表明,动胶菌 D2 菌株生物接触氧化法处理含油废水具有很好的应用前景  相似文献   

10.
文章研究了在蔗糖(第一碳源)+麦草木质素(第二碳源)的复合碳源组合方式培养条件下,嗜碱木质素降解菌降解木质素的降解率及营养条件调控机制对其的影响。结果表明,蔗糖初始浓度为1g/L,添加0.3%的T-80和0.5mmol/L的ABTS并静置培养对菌株的产酶及降解能力有较大的促进作用。  相似文献   

11.
12.
Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.  相似文献   

13.
A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.  相似文献   

14.
Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación  相似文献   

15.
Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.  相似文献   

16.
Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.  相似文献   

17.
The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.  相似文献   

18.
Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras  相似文献   

19.
Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.  相似文献   

20.
The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.  相似文献   

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