Untersuchungen zur Umweltchemie,Kontaminationserkundung und -bewertung

Leachate and groundwater have been investigated at a site contaminated with ammunition residues. The presence of nitroaromatic compounds and their degradation products was investigated by GC-MS-screening methods. Nitro-, amino-nitro-, and amino-aromatic substances of the ?TNT type“ were analyzed along with polar substances such as 3,5-dinitro-o-cresol and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol. Investigation of these primary metabolites is important for risk assessment and for determining clean-up measures     

石油污染与微生物群落结构的相互影响

从两种土壤中分别分离出石油烃降解菌,并从中筛选出6株石油烃高效降解菌A1、A2、A6、A8和B2及B5,然后将各菌株鉴定至属,分别为A1假单胞菌属、A2鞘氨醇单胞菌属、A6微球菌属、A8节杆菌属、B2不动杆菌属和B5诺卡氏菌属。另外对比分析了单菌株及不同菌株重组对不同石油烃组分的利用情况,结果发现,从不同石油污染的土壤中分离到的菌株对石油烃组分的利用能力不同,从胜利原油污染的土壤中分离到的菌株A1、A2、A6和A8对石油烃组分的利用范围窄,主要利用饱和烃组分;而从经芳香烃驯化过的土壤中分离到的菌株B2及B5对石油烃利用组分的利用范围较宽,能同时利用饱和烃和芳香烃组分。     

Bioassay zur Bestimmung von TCDD-Toxizitätsäquivalenten (TEQ) von Umweltproben und Reststoffen

Polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAH) like 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-p-dioxin (TCDD) elicit a multitude of toxic and biological effects. A common trait of these substances is their affinity for a cytosolic receptor protein and the subsequent induction of the synthesis of several gene products, including cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP 1A1). In this publication we present a bioassay to determine the induction of CYP 1A1 as a sum parameter for the total toxic potential of critical halogenated compounds in complex environmental matrices. In order to eliminate compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and naturally occurring substances which might interfere with the bioassay we developed a simple cleanup procedure. TEQ values derived from bioassay are in good agreement with those obtained from chemical analysis. This bioassay in combination with the simplified “single column” clean up represents a cost and time effective alternative to chemical analysis for the screening of large numbers of environmental matrices.     

Feeding ecology of Greenland halibut and sandeel larvae off West Greenland

Feeding ecology of Greenland halibut (Gr. halibut) (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) and sandeel (Ammodytes sp.) larvae on the West Greenland shelf was studied during the main part of the productive season (May, June and July). Copepods were the main prey item for larval Gr. halibut and sandeel, constituting between 88 and 99% of the ingested prey biomass. For both species, absolute size of preferred prey increased during ontogeny. However, preferred copepod size in relation to larval length differed markedly. In Gr. halibut, the relative size of the prey declined during growth of the larvae, while it remained constant for sandeel at a level of 2.7% of larval length. This led to a reduction in prey niche overlap between the two species. The available prey copepod biomass differed distinctly across the shelf area. In May, the prey density of Gr. halibut was the highest in the off-shelf area in Davis Strait. In June and July, the prey-rich areas for both species were mainly located at the slopes of the banks and at the shelf break area. Gut fullness was higher in these areas than in neighbouring areas, suggesting that the larval food resource could be scarce. The feeding ecology of Gr. halibut and sandeel could explain why larval abundance indices of the two species have historically shown opposite responses to yearly environmental conditions and total zooplankton occurrence.     

Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The effect of dietary protein content on certain cell components and enzymes in the liver of Pleuronectes platessa

In order to examine the effects of artificial diets at the tissue level, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) were fed either high (50%) or low (20%) protein diets for several weeks and the total quantities of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein and phospholipid in their livers were measured. Alanine amino-transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities in the livers were also measured. Similar measurements were made on the livers of wild plaice. The total amount of DNA in the livers of both cultured and wild plaice, of standard weight, did not differ significantly, irrespective of dietary history. In fish of standard weight, total hepatic RNA, protein and phospholipid levels were highest in the cultured fish fed high protein diet and lowest in the wild fish. These differences were related to dietary protein supply and environmental temperature. The total organ levels of the liver enzymes in plaice of equal weight were not significantly different in the cultured fish fed high and low protein diets. Wild-fish livers contained a smaller total amount of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity than did those of cultured fish. Total liver glutamate dehydrogenase activity was not significantly different in any of the fish examined. It is suggested that kinetic and allosteric factors may be more important in controlling protein metabolism and amino acid cat abolism in fish than total enzyme level.     

植物-微生物修复石油烃污染土壤与根际微生态环境变化

石油烃作为一类持久性难降解有机污染物对土壤环境质量产生严重的危害。以天津大港油田原油污染土壤中筛选出的耐低温高效石油烃降解菌为靶细胞,以小麦、紫花苜蓿作为供试植物,利用盆栽试验,对植物-外源菌协同修复体系中的脱氢酶活性和土壤微生物多样性进行研究,分析其变化及其与石油烃降解率的关系。结果表明植物-微生物协同修复对石油烃具有较好的降解能力,其中小麦-固定化外源菌组具有最高的降解率,石油烃含量从最初的30 600 mg獉kg-1下降为24 300 mg獉kg-1,降解率为20.6%,并且其试验后期石油烃的降解率最大,远远高于其他时期,表现出良好的修复潜力。外源菌投加的初始阶段会迅速提高脱氢酶活性,然而这种影响随着降解时间延长而逐渐减弱。初期脱氢酶活性与总石油烃的降解存在较好的相关性,脱氢酶活性可以在一定程度上表征土壤石油烃的降解情况。微生物多样性与总石油烃降解也存在一定的相关性。     

Antennal responses to floral scents in the butterflies <Emphasis Type="Italic">Inachis io</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aglais urticae</Emphasis> (Nymphalidae), and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gonepteryx rhamni</Emphasis> (Pieridae)

Summary. To better understand the biological role of floral scents for butterflies, electrophysiological responses to floral scents were investigated using combined gas chromatography and electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). The antennal responses of three butterfly species, Aglais urticae L. (Nymphalidae), Inachis io L. (Nymphalidae), and Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Pieridae) to floral scent compounds from both natural and synthetic mixtures were examined. Floral scents were collected from the butterfly nectar plants Cirsium arvense (L.) (Asteraceae), and Buddleja davidii Franchet cv. (Loganicaeae) with dynamic head-space methods on Tenax-GR and eluted with pentane. These eluates, composed of natural floral scent blends, represent an array of compounds in their natural state. In the GC-EAD analyses eleven compounds were identified from C. arvense with the benzenoid compound phenylacetaldehyde in highest abundance. Seventeen compounds were identified from B. davidii with the irregular terpene oxoisophorone in highest abundance. Thirty-nine synthetic floral scent compounds were mixed in pentane, in equal amounts; about 35 ng were allowed to reach the antennae. The butterflies showed antennal responses to most of the floral scent compounds from both natural and synthetic blends except to the highly volatile monoterpene alkenes. Certain benzenoid compounds such as phenylacetaldehyde, monoterpenes such as linalool, and irregular terpenes such as oxoisophorone, were emitted in relatively large amounts from C. arvense and B. davidii, and elicited the strongest antennal responses. These compounds also elicited strong antennal responses when present in the synthetic scent blends. Thus, the butterflies seem to have many and /or sensitive antennal receptors for these compounds, which points to their biological importance. Moreover, these compounds are exclusively of floral scent origin. For B. davidii, which depends highly on butterflies for pollination, the exclusive floral scent compounds emitted in high abundance could be the result of an adaptive pressure to attract butterflies. Received 2 Septemter 2001; accepted 9 September 2002.     

Environmental parameters affecting induction of hatching in halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) embryos

The influence of some environmental parameters in the regulation of hatching of halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) embryos is reported. The progress of hatching was observed when light, oxygen and turbulence were varied. Environmental parameters influenced the induction of hatching, while the exit mechanism of halibut embryos was unaltered. Light arrests hatching of halibut eggs, and transfer of such eggs to darkness resulted in rapid and synchronous hatching. Hatching under different oxic conditions shows that better oxygen availability does not postpone the time of hatching in halibut. Oxygen seems therefore to have a minor role in the regulation of hatching in halibut. Induction of hatching was delayed under hypoxic conditions (15 mm Hg) compared to higher oxygen levels, but this probably reflects a minimal oxygen level needed for metabolism during hatching. Non-stationary water conditions delayed hatching for 1.5 d both in eggs incubated in turbulence, and in eggs subjected to turbulence at the time of hatching. Turbulence had an immediate inhibitory effect on hatching, but this inhibition was reversible under stationary conditions, under which hatching resumed after 150 to 250 min. We conclude that hatching in halibut occurs after sensory input from environmental factors which are integrated by the embryo before proceeding to hatch.     

Degradation rates of aged petroleum hydrocarbons are likely to be mass transfer dependent in the field

Evidence for on site biodegradation may be difficult to provide at heterogeneous sites without additional experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, microbial activities measured as CO₂ and CH₄ production were compared in situ, in intact soil cores and in bottle microcosms containing sieved soils. In addition, biodegradation rates were determined by measuring the decrease in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations at 7°C in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Elevated concentrations of CO₂ and CH₄ in the soil gas phase indicated that both the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity potentials were high at the contaminated site. Aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation rates in laboratory experiments of petroleum hydrocarbons were highest in soils from the most contaminated point and degradation in the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms was linear throughout the incubation, indicating mass-transfer-dependent degradation. Different results for microbial activity measurements were obtained in laboratory studies depending on pretreatment and size of the sample, even when the environmental conditions were mimicked. These differences may be related to differences in the gas exchange rates as well as in changes in the bioavailability of the contaminant in different analyses. When predicting by modeling the behavior of an aged contaminant it is relevant to adapt the models in use to correspond to conditions relevant at the contaminated sites. The variables used in the models should be based on data from the site and on experiments performed using the original aged contaminant without any additions.     

Adaptations of wild populations of the estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus to persistent environmental contaminants

Many aquatic species, including the estuarine fish Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichogs), adapt to local environmental conditions. We conducted studies to evaluate whether highly exposed populations of mummichogs adapt to toxic environmental contaminants. These fish populations are indigenous to an urban estuary contaminated with persistent and bioaccumulative contaminants (dioxin-like compounds, or DLCs) that are particularly toxic to the early development of fish. We conducted laboratory challenge experiments to compare mummichog embryos and larvae from reference sites and this highly contaminated site [New Bedford Harbor (NBH), Massachusetts, USA] for their sensitivity to DLCs. While there was variation in DLC-responsiveness within each group, fish from NBH were profoundly less sensitive to DLCs than reference fish. Specifically, concentrations of DLCs similar to those measured in NBH-collected mummichog eggs were lethal to reference embryos. Further, DLC-responsiveness was inherited and independent of maternal contaminant contributions. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that DLC contamination in NBH has contributed to the selection of fish that are resistant to the short-term toxic effects of these environmental-contaminant exposures. This adaptation may be a critical mechanism by which fish populations persist in this highly contaminated site. Further evaluation of this ecosystem may provide important information concerning the direct and indirect consequences of this “unnatural” selection. Received: 12 July 1998 / Accepted: 16 January 1999     

Impact of contaminant exposure on resource contests in an invasive fish

There is increasing concern for the disruptive effects seen in aquatic species exposed to environmental contaminants. However, few studies have investigated the impact of such contaminants on the behavior of individuals living in exposed waters. Contaminant exposure can affect animal populations by disrupting behaviors including feeding, locomotion, and mating. In this study, we examined how living in an ecosystem polluted by combinations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, iron, lead, zinc) impacts contest behavior in the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Fish collected from heavily contaminated and cleaner sites in Lake Ontario were subjected to a resource contest to determine the effect of these contaminants on aggression and the establishment of dominance hierarchies, which in turn influence access to food, shelter, and mating opportunities. Dominance establishment (a clear resource winner) was less obvious among fish from the contaminated site compared to the more stable hierarchies that formed between pairs of fish from the clean site. Pairs of fish from the contaminated site performed more assessment displays compared to fish from clean sites. These results suggest that the costs of living in an environment under exposure can shape behavioral repertoires. The altered conflict resolution strategies of contaminated fish may reflect impaired cognitive function, sensory perception, and/or higher metabolic load associated with aggression. This study provides support for the utilization of quantifiable behavioral differences as ecologically relevant measures of contaminant exposure.     

模拟酸雨对工业污染场地表层土壤中多环芳烃释放的影响

通过工业污染场地表层土壤的模拟酸雨浸泡试验,分析了不同酸度的模拟酸雨浸泡前后土壤中有机质、EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃含量和矿物质组成的变化.研究结果表明,酸雨浸泡前后土壤矿物相组成相似,主要以石英为主,只是在矿物组成的量上存在差别,浸泡后土壤中赤铁矿和粘土矿物的含量较浸泡前有所减少.模拟酸雨浸泡后土壤中有机质和多环芳烃均有不同程度的释放,酸雨pH值越小,释放量越大,且多环芳烃可能是随着有机质一起释放的;酸雨对土壤中不同性质多环芳烃释放的影响不同,对低环多环芳烃（环数≤3）释放的影响较大,对高环多环芳烃（环数≥4）影响较小.研究结果为理解在酸雨作用下工业污染场地土壤中多环芳烃的释放规律及土壤中多环芳烃稳定性研究提供一些科学依据.     

Stimulation and inhibition of phytoplankton growth by low molecular weight hydrocarbons

Experiments on 4 phylogenetically different phytoplankton exposed in culture to a range of concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene showed a variety of growth responses for marine microalgae. The degree of influence of these aromatic hydrocarbons, all components of fuel oils and crude oils, varied with concentration, compound and species. Stimulation of growth in Dunaliella tertiolecta resulted from low μg/l concentrations of all three compounds, Skeletonema costatum showed no growth enhancement, while Cricosphaera carterae and Amphidinium carterae were intermediate in their reactions. Closed culture vessels were found to be necessary to retain these volatile hydrocarbons. Many of the previous laboratory studies on oil using standard methods — cotton plugs, screw caps or beakers — have overlooked the important influence of the volatile fraction. The species-specific stimulation of low concentrations was further shown in experiments with mixtures of No. 2 fuel oil. The volatile fraction was most biologically reactive, being the source of growth enhancement at low levels and a major growth inhibitor at high concentrations. Thus, a significant environmental effect of oil on marine primary production could be the growth stimulation of particular species by low molecular weight aromatic compounds resulting in an alteration of the natural phytoplankton community structure and its trophic relationships.     

Hydrocarbon pollution of edible shellfish by an oil spill

A spill of 650,000 to 700,000 l of No. 2 fuel oil has contaminated the coastal areas of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts (USA). Gas chromatography demonstrates the presence of this oil in the sediments of the affected area. Two months after the accident, essentially unchanged oil is still being released from the sediments. The presence of the same pollutant is demonstrated in whole oysters Crassostrea virginica and in the adductor muscle of the scallop Aequipecten irradians. A presumably biochemical modification leads to a gradual depletion of the straight chain and, to a lesser extent, of branched chain hydrocarbons. This does not result in detoxification, as the more toxic aromatic hydrocarbons are retained in the organisms several months after the accident. Scallops from an uncontaminated area contain hydrocarbons in lesser amounts and of very different molecular weight and type distribution; they are accountable entirely from biological sources.Contribution No. 2444 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.     

Role of adipocytes in the muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar ) in the uptake, release and retention of water-soluble fraction of crude oil hydrocarbons

The uptake and depuration of the water-sol‐uble fraction (WSF) of hydrocarbons of crude petroleum by Atlantic salmon (Salmosalar) has previously been examined in terms of whole muscle. The hypothesis that the tainting WSF in the muscle was retained primarily by adipocytes has been investigated by the isolation of adipocytes and the subsequent analysis for hydrocarbons in adipocytes. After 96 h exposure of market-sized Atlantic salmon to 0.2 ppm WSF, adipocytes isolated from the belly flap region of the muscle tissue accumulated 14.3 times more WSF (59.4 ppm) than the dorsal white muscle (4.2 ppm), while 54% of the tainting WSF in the dorsal white muscle was found to be stored in associated adipocytes. When returned to clean seawater, WSF accumulated in the dorsal white muscle was released much faster than that in the adipocytes. These results indicated that the loose association of WSF with the nonlipid portion of white muscle, mainly muscle cells and intercellular fluid, is responsible for the rapid discharge of WSF from the dorsal muscle tissue in the early stages of depuration. After 4 d of depuration, the adipocytes became the principal storage site of residual WSF in white muscle and the depuration of WSF from muscle tissue then reflected the release of WSF from adipocytes in the muscle tissue. After 20 d of depuration, 10.7 ppm of tainting WSF in the form of high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (mainly C₄-benzenes, naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes) were still present in adipocytes, while in the dorsal white muscle only a trace of total WSF was detected. Increases in the number of aromatic rings and the alkylations on the rings enhanced the accumulation and retention of individual hydrocarbons in both adipocytes and white muscle. From these studies we conclude that it is the adipocytes in the muscle tissue which control the actual accumulation and release of hydrocarbons in the whole muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon. Received: 21 August 1996 / Accepted: 26 September 1996     

Influence of development and rearing temperature on the distribution,ultrastructure and myosin sub-unit composition of myotomal muscle-fibre types in the plaice Pleuronectes platessa

Eggs of the plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. were incubated at temperatures of 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15°C in March 1990, 1991 and 1992. The myotomes of yolk-sac larvae contain a single superficial layer of small-diameter muscle fibres which stain intensely for succinic dehydrogenase activity, surrounding 390 to 500 weakly staining inner-muscle fibres of larger diameter. Larvae reared at 15°C only survived for a few days and had significantly more inner-muscle fibres of larger average cross-sectional area than those hatching at 5 to 10°C. Myofibrils occupied 61% of the volume of inner-muscle fibres in 15°C larvae compared with 35 and 36% in larvae hatching at 5 and 10°C, respectively (P(0.01). Following metamorphosis, which occurs between 7 and 10 wk, the myotomes retain the single layer of superficial-muscle fibres characteristic of larvae. A thickening of the superficial-muscle layer is first evident in 4 to 5 mo-old laboratory-reared fish of 20 mm total length (TL) and in 0-group fish caught in June and July. On the basis of the histochemical staining reactions for myofibrillar ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase activities, the myotomes of 1-group (104 mm TL) and adult (280 mm TL) plaice were found to contain a minimum of six distinct muscle-fibre types. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping were used to investigate changes in myosin subunit composition during development. Myosin from the inner muscle of larvae contains two isoforms of the phosphorylatable light-chain 2 (LC2_L1 and LC2_L2). Following metamorphosis and during the first year, inner-muscle fibres co-express LC2 isoforms characteristic of the superficial fast-muscle fibres of adult plaice (LC2_F1 and LC2_F2) in addition to the larval isoforms. Fast-muscle fibres isolated from deep layers of the myotomes in adult plaice only contain LC2_F2. In contrast, myosin from larval muscle and adult fast muscle contain apparently identical alkali light chains (LC1 and LC3). Peptide maps of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) from 6 wk-old larvae and 10 wk-old fish that had completed metamorphosis are similar, but distinct from those of 1-group plaice. Further changes in white-muscle MHC composition are evident between 1-group fish of 104 mm TL and adults of 280 mm TL.     

Modeling toxic endpoints for improving human health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – parent compounds and simple mixtures

Risk assessments for mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are problematic due to the lack of available potency and toxicity data on individual compounds and mixtures. This article examines the toxicity of parent compounds and designed mixtures of PAH in order to bridge the gap between component assessment and mixture assessment for this class of ubiquitous compounds. The objective for this study was to test seven parent PAH compounds and four PAH mixtures in a set of three bioassays to evaluate the toxicity of parent compound PAH and binary mixtures of PAH. PAH and mixtures were examined in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay, a Gap Junction Intercellular Communication assay, and the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay. These assays were chosen for their ability to measure specific toxic endpoints related to the carcinogenic process (i.e. initiation, promotion, and progression). Two compounds similar in structure, benzo(a) pyrene (BAP) and benzanthracene, consistently produced positive results in all three bioassays. Conversely, a linear PAH, anthracene, produced negative results in all three bioassays. An antagonistic response was observed for the mixtures in all three bioassays. Chemical structure was important in explaining the observed responses. Using chemical structure–activity relationships with the steps of the carcinogenic process may be used to improve estimates of toxicity for compounds and mixtures for human health risk assessments.     

Oil-dispersant mixtures: understanding chemical composition and its relation to human toxicity

The ability for the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil-dispersant mixtures to become aerosolized following natural sea surface activity markedly increases the probability of inhalation exposure to this aerosolized mixture and subsequent adverse respiratory health effects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the chemical composition of WAF of these mixtures as well as determine how this relates to lung epithelial cell cytotoxicity. WAF was prepared by mixing each dispersant (Corexit 9500/9527/9580) with crude oil. For “chemical constituent fingerprinting,” these prepared WAF were extracted prior with dichloromethane, analyzed by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and qualitatively evaluated using the NIST08 database. Results from chemical analysis revealed an increase in structure complexity of the WAF oil-dispersant mixtures when compared to WAF of crude oil only. This complexity was characterized by high molecular weight compounds such as alkyl derivatives, esters, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Previously a concentration-dependent reduction in cultured A549 cells was noted at 2 or 24?h time points following exposure to either the WAF-oil/9500 or WAF-oil/9527. Thus, a possible correlation exists between the chemical complexity of these mixtures and the ability to induce lung epithelial cell death in potentially exposed individuals.     

西方国家工业污染场地管理经验及其对中国的借鉴

近年来,随着＂退二进三＂、＂退城进园＂和＂产业转移＂等政策的实施,中国几乎所有的大中城市正面临着重污染工业企业关闭和搬迁问题,城市出现大量工业遗留和遗弃场地。这些受污染的工业场地多存在较为严重的土壤、地表水和地下水污染;另外,工业污染场地的延迟再开发,会产生生活环境变差、就业机会减少、甚至社会不稳定因素增加等社会影响。所以,城市工业污染场地严重威胁着城市人居环境安全和公众健康,阻碍着城市建设和经济发展。面对工业污染场地目前存在的问题,国家及部分地方政府已针对污染场地的管理、修复及其再开发颁布了诸多文件和技术规范标准。然而,由于工业场地类型的多样性和环境管理学科的交叉性,中国城市工业污染场地的环境管理工作仍处于起步阶段,亟需完善。美国、英国和加拿大经过20~30年的发展已经在工业污染场地管理方面积累了丰富的经验,他们不仅在环境管理中体现了人体健康风险评估的理念,而且还立足本国实际出台了相关的法律法规,明确了污染场地的责任主体,实现了＂污染者付费＂的原则,同时还建立了各自的污染场地治理优先名录,实现了污染场地管理的信息化和网络化。本文鉴于对这些经验的比较分析,结合我国实际,就城市工业污染场地的环境管理提出了现阶段亟须解决的两大问题。首先,制定工业污染场地管理的专门法律,明确污染场地的责任主体。我国现有的与污染场地有关的国家法律法规,都比较笼统地提出了污染场地的利益相关方,缺乏具有可操作性的细则和威慑力的责任追究条款。对于我国这样地域辽阔、自然地理条件差异大、经济水平不均衡的国家来说,通过地方法律法规的建立明确污染场地的责任主体是一个重要的尝试。其次,构建污染场地健康风险评估系统。我国城市工业污染场地涉及诸多工业行业、污染类型繁多复杂。因此,在全国范围内对城市工业污染场地进行排查、建立优先污染场地名录是构建污染场地风险评估系统的重要内容。此外,我国现有的土壤质量标准和场地评估规范仍存在诸多缺陷,无法满足当前国家城市工业污染场地的管理需要。所以,完善场地评估的技术规范和相关标准将为污染场地风险评估系统的构建提供基础性保障。本文的论述和观点可为我国工业企业关停或搬迁遗留地的决策管理和污染场地管理体系的建立提供有意义的参考和借鉴。     

Analysis of insecticide “Toxaphene”; in fish products

The gaschromatographic determination of Toxaphene in the presence of other chlorinated hydrocarbons with similar retention times is often difficult. The practibility of a new method, based on photodehalogenation of the interfering substances, is shown during the analytical determination of Toxaphene residues in selected environmental samples, especially in fish and fish products. Irradiation of the extracts after clean‐up procedures with wavelengths at 254 nm lead directly to photodechlorination products of interfering substances with shorter retention times and makes it possible to determine the Toxaphene components quantitatively, which are mostly stable under the same experimental conditions.