具抗病毒黄精寡糖核心片段的分离纯化与四糖结构

寡糖极性大、异构体多、结构复杂,对其研究尤其是对天然来源寡糖的分离纯化与结构确认具有重要的理论和临床应用价值.以传统中药百合科黄精属植物多花黄精为原料,从分离纯化出的具有抗病毒活性的核心寡糖片段出发,制备了聚合度单一的黄精四糖,并以UV、IR、NMR、ESI-MS n、HPLC、GC-MS等多种手段对其组成与结构进行充分解析.结果表明四糖虽然聚合度单一,但仍存在多种同分异构体,且以直链结构的四糖为主,其中→2)-β-D-Fruf以及(2→1)-β-D-Fruf的含量最多,2→6)-β-D-Fruf较低,并且有的同分异构体具有典型的β-D-Fruf-(2→1)-α-D-Glcp结构,但含量甚微.本研究从具抗病毒活性的黄精寡糖分离纯化获得黄精四糖并阐明结构,可为进一步构建活性寡糖小分子和指导多糖类化合物新药设计奠定基础.     

环境中纳米塑料的分离与检测

微塑料作为环境中一类新兴污染物备受关注.然而对于尺寸更小的纳米塑料,尽管毒性效应被不断发现,但其在真实环境中的存在水平和检测技术还鲜有报道.本文评述了有限研究中纳米塑料分离和检测方法的优点与局限,并依据现阶段纳米污染物分析方法存在的问题,对相关方法的未来发展进行了展望.     

FDA-PI双色荧光法检测蓝藻细胞活性的研究

对FDA-PI双色荧光法检测水华鱼腥藻和铜绿微囊藻的活性进行了研究,用荧光显微镜对染色结果进行测定.结果表明,在蓝色光激发下(495nm),活细胞被双醋酸荧光素FDA染成亮绿色,死亡细胞被碘化丙锭PI染成红色.染色效率与原植体类型和细胞密度有关.对细胞密度为6×107—7×109个·l-1的铜绿微囊藻,FDA染色效率可达94%以上.对细胞密度为4×107—5×108个·l-1的水华鱼腥藻,FDA染色效率可达91%以上,但细胞密度增大到5×109个·l-1时,由于藻丝体易卷曲在一起,FDA染色率下降到67%.对死亡细胞,PI染色率基本都可达到100%.因此,用FDA-PI检测活细胞和死亡细胞混合的细胞悬液,可根据细胞所发出的不同荧光而判断细胞活性.     

高效液相/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法分析活性污泥中的全氟辛烷磺酸及全氟辛酸

采用固相萃取/高效液相/四极杆飞行时间串联质谱检测活性污泥中的全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)及全氟辛酸(PFOA).以甲醇-水(含5mmol·l-1醋酸铵,体积比60∶ 40-80∶ 20)为流动相,经高效液相分离,四极杆-飞行时间质谱检测PFOS m/z 499→80,PFOA m/z 369→169.方法的检出限:PFOS 1.0ngm·l-1;PFOA 2.0 ngm·l-1,方法的线性范围:PFOS 6-150 ngm·l-1;PFOA 10-180 ngm·l-1,方法回收率:PFOS 87%-105%,PFOA 81%-90%.用此方法分析了我国4个城市和地区活性污泥中的PFOS和PFOA.     

美国红鱼卵黄原蛋白的分离纯化及电泳性质鉴定

腹腔注射0.02mg/gBW17β-雌二醇,诱导美国红鱼1wk后取尾静脉血,离心分离得到的血浆经Sephacryl S-300 high resolution分子筛分离、纯化卵黄原蛋白.常规聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的考马斯亮蓝染色和糖、磷、脂的特征性基团染色结果表明,17β-雌二醇诱导美国红鱼产生了两种形式的卵黄原蛋白,以Native-PAGE方法计算出美国红鱼两种卵黄原蛋白的分子量分别为344×103和247×103,以SDS-PAGE方法得出卵黄原蛋白3种亚基的分子量为152×103、133×103和118×103.分子筛凝胶过滤能较好地分离纯化美国红鱼血浆中的卵黄原蛋白.图8参17     

高效液相色谱法同时测定雾霾中的16种多环芳烃

建立ASE-HPLC联用方法快速测定雾霾中的多环芳烃.用加速溶剂萃取法提取雾霾中的16种PAHs,在35min内实现了16种PAHs的良好分离测定,其中苊烯的荧光反应较弱,采用紫外检测器进行检测.该方法节约了大量的前处理时间,提高了检测的灵敏度.     

好氧同时硝化-反硝化菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析

从土壤中分离到一株好氧同时硝化-反硝化菌,编号为SDN,该菌株革兰氏染色呈阳性,球状或杆状,菌落颜色橙红色.该菌株以硝酸钠为氮源时能进行好氧反硝化作用;以乙酸钠和硫酸铵分别为碳源和氮源能进行异养硝化作用,能以乙酰胺为唯一碳源和氮源进行生长.部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离菌株SDN与Rhodococcusruber的16SrDNA序列具有99%相似性.并用PHYLIPS程序将该菌株与报道的相关微生物进行了系统发育分析.图4表1参13     

离子色谱法测定水体中生物胺的含量

采用离子色谱法检测了水体中的腐胺、尸胺、组胺、亚精胺和精胺五种生物胺.试样经0.22μm膜过滤后,以甲磺酸(MSA)溶液为淋洗液,阳离子交换柱分离,抑制型电导检测器检测.以保留时间定性,外标法定量,可以较好地分离和检测常见的阳离子和生物胺.该方法具有较好的重现性和线性关系,五种生物胺的回收率分别为98.3%,96.1%,96.7%,106.2%和105.4%;检出限分别为14,8,22,10和112μg·1-1.     

谷物中重要单端孢霉烯族毒素的检测方法

对谷物样品中常见的单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素物种的最新检测技术研究进展情况进行了详细的综述,包括样品的分离、富集等前处理技术和检测技术.通过对分析方法的比较发现,免疫分析法是一种简单、快速、低成本的单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素筛选方法.另外,液相色谱/三重四极杆串联质谱由于不需要进行衍生化处理,而且具有较低的检测限和较高的灵敏度,已经成为目前分析单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素应用最广泛的方法.该方法通常使用乙腈/水(84∶16,V/V)对样品进行提取,并使用MycoSepTM柱或者Bond Elut Mycotoxin净化柱进行处理,从而获得最佳分析效果.     

荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)工程菌株田间残留和扩散的追踪检测

分别在北京和江苏省连云港市对携带Btcry基因的荧光假单胞菌工程菌进行了田间残留与扩散的追踪检测 .对越冬前后的试验地和保护地土壤样品进行抗生素抗性平板分离 ,能检测到极少量的具有与出发菌株相同抗性的荧光假单胞菌菌落 ,但没有发现工程菌株的残留与扩散 .对江苏试验地样品还进行了工程菌株质粒卡那霉素和壮观霉素抗性标记基因的抗性菌落分离 ,绝大多数样品中都能分离到包括荧光假单胞菌在内的抗性菌落 ,土样中菌密度n(cfu) =10 4 ～ 10 5g-1,但进行Btcry基因PCR -RFLP检测时没有从样品中得到特异扩增产物 .研究结果表明 :工程菌株抗性标记基因在自然界广泛存在 ,工程菌在株环境中没有残留和扩散 ,具有良好的生物安全性 .表 4参 8     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.