有机污染物生物有效性的评价方法

环境中有机污染物的生物有效性评价对生物修复、生态毒性和环境风险研究有着重要的意义.本文概括了影响有机污染物生物有效性的因素,综述了近年来有机污染物生物有效性评价方法的发展与应用,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

土壤有机污染物生物修复技术研究进展

现代农业的发展改变了自然界的原有状况,为追求高产而大量使用的化肥、农药导致土壤有机物污染日趋严重。此外,工业生产、石油开采、交通运输、畜禽养殖及居民生活等也产生了大量有机污染物,使土壤有机物污染进一步加剧,土壤有机物污染的修复日益迫切。土壤污染修复是指通过物理的、化学的和生物的方法,吸收、降解、转移和转化土壤中的污染物,使污染物浓度降低到可以接受的水平,或将有毒有害的污染物转化为无害物质的过程。包括污染土壤的物理修复技术、化学修复技术以及生物修复技术3种方式。在污染土壤修复技术中,生物修复技术因其安全、无二次污染及修复成本低等优点而受到越来越多的关注。因污染物修复主体的不同,有机污染物污染土壤生物修复技术可分为植物修复技术、动物修复技术、微生物修复技术及其联合修复技术。污染土壤微生物修复技术是土壤污染生物修复的重要技术之一,是最具应用和发展前景的生物修复环保技术。文章重点阐述了国内外有机污染物污染土壤的生物修复技术及其原理、取得的研究进展及存在的优缺点,并对污染土壤的动物修复技术研究进行了初步展望,可为土壤有机污染物的生物修复研究提供参考。     

持久性有机污染物在土壤中的老化行为研究进展

介绍了持久性有机污染物在土壤中的老化行为对生物可用性的影响，并介绍了老化行为的机理和影响封锁行为的因素。据此，提出了几种可以促进土壤生物修复的方法。     

生物修复中有机污染物的生物可利用性

论述了土壤和地下水生物修复中有机污染物的生物可利用性。污染物的可利用性对生物修复速率和生物强化效率有重要影响。生物可利用性是指土壤和地下水中的微生物或其胞外酶对有机污染物的可接近性，它受土壤理化性质、污染物和微生物性质、污染接触时问等许多因素的综合影响。污染物的介质吸附、多相分配、老化和形成非水相基质，以及土壤微生物的吸附、过滤和沉降作用降低了污染物的可利用性。促进土壤中污染物和微生物的解吸附，增强非水相基质的溶解，加速土壤污染物与微生物之间的质量传递，可以增强污染物的可利用性和生物降解的速率。施用表面活性剂和电动力学方法可有效地增强污染物的生物可利用性。     

生物炭吸附有机污染物的研究进展

生物炭(biochar)是指生物质在缺氧条件下热裂解产生的一种产物.由于其精致的孔隙结构和独特的表面化学性质,对环境介质中的有机污染物有超强的吸附能力,进而影响污染物的迁移与归宿.近年来生物炭对有机污染物的吸附特性及机理研究已成为环境科学领域的研究热点之一.本文从生物炭的典型性状、吸附有机污染物的机理、影响因素以及对土壤中有机污染物生物可给性的影响等方面进行了综述,并提出生物炭吸附有机污染物未来的研究方向.     

有机污染物在土壤—水体系中的分配理论

介绍了有机污染物在土壤－水体系中的分配理论，该理论认为有机污染物主要被土壤有机质以非吸附的方式所吸收，所以多种污染物被同叶吸收时不存在竞争作用，而且吸收量受到土壤有机质和有机污染物分子极性的影响。有机污染物在土壤有机质－水体系中的分配系数，主要与其水溶性有关。     

对硝苯苯酚在阴—阳离子有机膨胀润土／水间的界面行为研究

用阴、阳离子表面活性剂改性制得一系列阴－阳离子有机膨润土，表征了有机膨润土的结构特征，研究了对硝基苯酚在阴－阳离子有机膨润土／水间的界面行为，并探讨了其吸附机理。结果表明：阴－阳离子有机膨润土的层间距和有机碳含量与改性时阴、阳离子表面活性剂的组成和配比有关；阴－阳离子表面活性剂在有机膨润土中形成了增溶作用较强的有机相，在一定配比下对水中有机污染物产生协同效应。     

潜流人工湿地中有机污染物降解机理研究综述

人工湿地是一种完整的生态系统,它是利用系统中发生的物理、化学和生物等多重协同作用实现对污水的净化功能.开展潜流人工湿地中废水处理的机理、湿地内部有机污染物的迁移转化、湿地工艺设计及其水力学、动力学参数的研究,对环境废水中有机污染物的去除及生态安全具有重要意义.文章主要从化学、生物、设计参数等方面论述了人工湿地废水处理中有机污染物的降解及其机理研究进展.化学因素主要包括溶解性有机质(DOM)对有机污染物的迁移转化、氧化还原环境(Redox)及废水中电子受体的存在对有机质的分解状况、不同溶解氧(DO)水平为厌氧、好氧细菌对有机物的生物降解及湿地内反应动力学模型建立等因素对废水中有机污染物降解的作用及影响;生物因素主要涉及植物和微生物的作用,湿地中的生物降解是有机污染物的主要去除方式;在工艺参数方面,主要就水流特性、孔隙度、停留时间(HRT)、水力负荷(HLR)和水位等因素对湿地中有机污染物去除的影响进行了探讨.     

天然有机质疏水性定量方法及吸附预测模型

天然有机质是有机污染物在土壤和水环境中的重要赋存相，显著影响有机污染物的传输、归趋和生物有效性.有机污染物的有机碳-水分配系数是污染物迁移积累模型的核心参数.如何准确、快速地评估有机污染物在天然有机质上的吸附行为是环境科学研究的一个重要科学问题.该方向的研究内容主要包括有机污染物和天然有机质性质定量描述、有机污染物-天然有机质作用机制解析和吸附预测模型构建三个环节.学界在有机污染物-天然有机质作用机制解析方向取得了丰硕的成果，在天然有机质性质定量描述和吸附预测模型构建方向仍有广阔的发展空间.本文系统评估了现有的天然有机质疏水性定量方法和天然有机质吸附预测模型.通过对方法和模型优缺点和适用范围的系统分析，揭示了现有研究的不足，展望了未来研究的主要方向.     

有毒有机污染物环境风险性评价研究

有毒有机污染物环境风险性评价一般包括四个主要方面:污染物的环境转归;暴露势评价;对生物体系统影响的确定和风险性表征。本文就这四个方面的研究方法作了简要介绍,并就如何开展有毒污染物环境风险性评价工作提出了几点建议。     

Sorption of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) by clays and organoclays

This study focused on the sorption isotherms of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p'-DDT) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) on different original clays (i.e., zeolite, montmorillonite and attapulgite) and organoclay complexes. Sorption of organic pollutants was determined using gas chromatographic (GC) techniques to investigate the sorption behavior, and characterize the effect of, different organic cations. The original clays only sorbed low amounts of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, and the sorptive curves can be classified as L-shaped. Organoclays exhibited higher amounts of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption. The p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption increased with increasing total organic carbon (OC) content of the organoclays. For hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-modified organoclays, the dominant adsorptive medium showed the partitioning sorption of hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction, indicating no competitive sorption. The sorptive curves can be classified as C-shaped of constant partition (CP). However, benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA)-modified organoclays exhibited competitive sorption. The sorption isotherm curves can be classified as S-shaped. The sorptive capacity of the HDTMA-modified organoclays for p,p'-DDT were higher than those for p,p'-DDE, but the BTMA-modified organoclays showed a reverse trend. This can be attributed to the different structures and shapes of organic cations, giving different sorptive mechanisms. The p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE sorption onto HDTMA-modified organoclays were caused by chemical interaction, with the BTMA modified organoclays occuring due to physical sorption.     

Metal ion-induced enhanced oxidation of organic contaminants by ferrate: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The global contamination of water resources by organic contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides is calling for advanced remediation techniques, yet...     

邻苯二甲酸酯降解细菌的多样性、降解机理及环境应用

邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)是一类对人体内分泌系统有干扰作用的持续性有机污染物(persistent organic pol utants,POPs)。PAEs在环境介质如水体、底泥和土壤中长期赋存会对生物体产生毒害效应,其分布广、浓度高和难降解等特点是限制有效环境治理的主要因素。作为环境的重要组成部分,微生物对污染物有很强的适应能力和高效的降解能力,这为PAEs的生物修复提供了可能。与物理化学修复法相比,微生物修复技术具有可控性强、修复面广和灵活性高等优势。本文综述了已报道的大部分PAEs降解细菌的种类及其代谢机制,并分析了其在PAEs污染水体和土壤修复中的应用现状与前景,以期为PAEs环境行为与生物修复研究提供参考。     

A review of combinations of electrokinetic applications

Anthropogenic activities contaminate many lands and underground waters with dangerous materials. Although polluted soils occupy small parts of the land, the risk they pose to plants, animals, humans, and groundwater is too high. Remediation technologies have been used for many years in order to mitigate pollution or remove pollutants from soils. However, there are some deficiencies in the remediation in complex site conditions such as low permeability and complex composition of some clays or heterogeneous subsurface conditions. Electrokinetic is an effective method in which electrodes are embedded in polluted soil, usually vertically but in some cases horizontally, and a low direct current voltage gradient is applied between the electrodes. The electric gradient initiates movement of contaminants by electromigration (charged chemical movement), electro-osmosis (movement of fluid), electrolysis (chemical reactions due to the electric field), and diffusion. However, sites that are contaminated with heavy metals or mixed contaminants (e.g. a combination of organic compounds with heavy metals and/or radionuclides) are difficult to remediate. There is no technology that can achieve the best results, but combining electrokinetic with other remediation methods, such as bioremediation and geosynthetics, promises to be the most effective method so far. This review focuses on the factors that affect electrokinetic remediation and the state-of-the-art methods that can be combined with electrokinetic.     

重金属污染土壤的电动原位修复技术研究

电动力学修复技术作为一种新型的修复技术,由于其处理土壤污染的高效性,近几年来受到了越来越多的关注。综述了电动力学修复技术原理及近几年来其在重金属修复中的最新研究进展,阐述了电动力学修复技术相对于其它修复技术的优势,并指出了电动修复技术中需要克服的技术障碍,探讨了其大规模商业应用的可行性。电动技术能够强化土壤物质的传质过程,能够高效、快速定向迁移土壤中重金属离子达到去除的目的;同时电动技术可以与其它修复技术结合发展出系列组合修复技术,具有广泛的应用前景。从单一电动到复合电动是今后电动力学技术发展的重要方向。目前对污染物质复合电动力学效应下的迁移机理及模型、不同土壤性质(组分、酸碱性等)对于污染物质去除效率及其调控措施的研究仍需进一步深入。     

Strategies to design modified activated carbon fibers for the decontamination of water and air

The rapid industrialization has induced the entry of organic and inorganic contaminants into the environment at a rate greater than environmental cleaning. As a consequence, pollutants have accumulated in environmental media, thus posing health risk for living organisms. Here, we present surface treatment strategies that modify physicochemical properties of activated carbon fibers for environmental remediation. In particular, we review metals, metal oxides and various advanced materials used for modifying activated carbon fibers. We discuss the utilization of modified activated carbon fibers for adsorption of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants, and for the degradation of organic pollutants by photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, Fenton process and dielectric barrier discharge. We also discuss air pollutant removal, capacitive deionization, removal of inorganic ions and microbial decontamination by modified activated carbon fibers.     

土壤原位修复技术研究与应用进展

土壤原位修复技术是指不经挖掘，直接在污染场地就地修复污染土壤的土壤修复技术，具有投资低，对周边环境影响小的特点，是土壤修复的研究热点。土壤原位修复技术主要有淋洗，气相抽提（SVE），多相抽提（MPVE），气相喷射（IAS），生物降解，原位化学氧化（ISCO），原位化学还原，污染物固定，植物修复等。淋洗法主要用于治理高渗透性土壤中的重金属和难挥发降解的有机物。土壤气相抽提和喷射技术适用于处理土壤中的易挥发污染物，并有常与加热技术，生物处理技术等联用，可以起到促进污染物挥发，增氧促分解的作用。多相抽提法主要用于治理存在大量非水相流体的污染场地，可将土壤中有机相污染物直接抽出。生物降解有生物好氧降解、生物厌氧降解、生物还原降解多种，降解方式由污染物种类和地质条件决定。化学方法可将污染物氧化或还原为低毒无毒物质，周期一般较短。固定污染物可以直接加入药剂反应生成沉淀，也可制造合适条件使微生物生成可沉淀重金属的离子。植物修复主要用于富集重金属，成本低廉，但富集了重金属的植物体的有效利用尚待进一步研究。土壤原位修复需要因地制宜，灵活结合工期、污染情况、地质条件、地面设施等，得出最经济实用的修复方法，并在辅助提高技术上展开更多研究，使原位修复技术更经济有效。     

有机膨润土对苯胺的吸附性能及应用研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵为改性剂制备有机膨润土，利用正交实验研究了有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中极性有机污染物苯胺的性能、条件及改性条件对吸附效果的影响。结果表明，有机改性膨润土对苯胺有很好的吸附效果，实验条件下对苯胺的去除率可达90％以上，绘制了有机膨润土吸附苯胺的吸附等温线，通过与吸附苯酚效果的比较，总结了有机膨润土吸附极性有机污染物的一般规律。     

Ökotoxikologische Untersuchung von Sedimenten und Schwebstoffen

The potential risk of ground-water contamination through the infiltration of contaminants originating from suspended matter and sediments deposited within flood retention areas in the Upper Rhine valley, as well as subsequent problems for drinking water production, were analyzed by means of the bacterial dehydrogenase activity (DHA; sediment contact test) assay with Arthrobacter globiformis and in a prolonged embryo toxicity assay using zebrafish (Danio rerio). Since the direct uptake of contaminants from particle-bound sources has usually been assumed to play only a minor role in bioaccumulation, the availability of organic extracts to biota has generally been regarded as being overestimated. In order to confirm or discard this hypothesis, organic (acetone) extracts of recently suspended, freeze-dried matter, as well as freeze-dried sediments collected from Rhine flood plains (i.e. soil samples) were compared to corresponding native samples in order to screen for the relative availability of particle-bound contaminants. Whereas a significantly higher ecotoxicological burden was observed for some native soil samples, organic extracts of suspended matter proved to be more toxic than corresponding native samples when compared to organic extracts using each test system. With respect to organic extracts, the suspended matter samples were more toxic than soil samples taken from a rarely flooded site. In contrast to the native samples, the rarely flooded soils revealed a higher toxicity than suspended matter. Therefore, organic extracts did not necessarily overestimate the toxicity of soil and suspended matter samples. Moreover, considerable toxicity of particle-bound contaminants to both bacteria and fish embryos, even in native samples, corroborate the hypothesis that particle-bound contaminants may be more readily available than is generally assumed.     

Removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater using advanced treatments. A review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The rise of emerging contaminants in waters challenges the scientific community and water treatment stakeholders to design remediation techniques that are simple,...