唐山城市湿地生态特征与保育对策

论述了作为唐山城市湿地的唐海湿地和南湖湿地在湿地面积、湿地类型、湿地动植物资源等方面的生态特征,提出了把城市湿地的保育纳入城市的整体规划、对城市湿地进行动态监测、建立湿地生物多样性指标评价体系、生态修复技术的应用等保育对策,为我国城市湿地的研究与保护提供借鉴。     

生态保护红线分区建设模式研究——以广东大鹏半岛为例

生态保护红线是中国一项创新性的环境保护制度,但目前其划分和实施管理机制仍处于不断探索阶段。以大鹏半岛为研究区域开展生态保护红线分区模式研究。通过生态调查和GIS空间分析相结合,综合分析大鹏半岛的功能定位、地形地貌特征、典型生态系统类型、珍稀濒危动植物资源和自然遗迹的分布状况、生态系统完整性和连续性特征,构建了全面反映生态特征的生态保护红线分区建设模式,提出基本生态控制线内差别化管理的思路,探讨了分区、分类、分级的生态保护管理体系,创新了流域生态管理模式。以基本生态控制线为基础划分7个重点区域进行分类分级保护模式,重点保护面积为171.59 km2,占基本生态控制线面积的77.3%。重点保护区域包括大鹏半岛国家地质公园、大鹏半岛自然保护区、红花岭海岸森林公园、大鹏半岛中部生态廊道、坝光古银叶树Heritiera littoralis国家湿地公园、东涌红树林湿地公园、西涌香蒲桃Syzygium odoratum林自然保护小区。该模式的实施既能较好地保护大鹏半岛具有重要生态价值的资源,也能够协调经济社会发展和生态保护的关系,是深圳市基本生态控制线内分区管理制度的有益尝试,为生态保护红线的可持续性管理提供技术支撑,也为中国城市生态保护红线的划分体系和精细化管理提供参考。     

民勤县生态经济功能区划

在分析石羊河流域下游民勤县生态经济系统结构与功能的基础上,建立生态经济功能区划指标体系,利用系统聚类方法对民勤县生态经济系统进行功能区划,将民勤县分为东北部沙盐地灌溉农业区、中心城镇综合发展区、西北部荒漠地生态保护区、东南部生态农业区和中部沿河农林牧业发展区5个功能区,并分析了民勤县各区域生态经济系统的结构与功能特点、改善途径及区域发展方向.     

湖南省生态经济分区及其发展研究

生态经济分区旨在协调区域经济发展与生态环境保护及自然资源利用的关系，是宏观管理区域社会经济持续发展的一种新模式、文章根据省级生态建设与发展需要，从生态经济系统原理出发，选择了34个适合湖南省生态经济系统分类的特征指标，以行政县为分类的基本单元，采用模糊聚类分析方法对湖南省进行了不重叠、内在的聚合分类。研究结果将湖南省分为6个生态经济区和24个生态经济亚区，与实际相符。在此基础上，对各生态经济区的生态经济特点、发展方向和环境保护策略进行了具体分析，为宏观指导湖南省生态经济建设与可持续发展提供科学依据。     

基于生态市建设的生态可持续发展研究——以常州市为例

以常州市为例,探讨了基于生态市建设的生态可持续发展的内涵,提出“生态保育区-生态提升区-生态新建区”的生态建设分区模式和市域生态防护网架是构建区域生态安全格局的基本框架和促进区域生态可持续发展的调控途径。     

欢迎订阅2005年《中国生态农业学报》

《中国生态农业学报》(原刊名《生态农业研究》)是由中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所和中国生态经济学会主办的大农业学术期刊 ,科学出版社出版 ,主要刊登生态学、生态经济学、农、林、牧、副、渔及资源与环境保护等领域创新的研究学术论文、研究技术报告 (包括理论与应用研究、农业生态工程技术与实用生物技术、生物多样性保护、湿地保护、城镇绿地生态建设、无公害农产品生产技术、农业环境污染防治技术及农业可持续发展技术体系研究等方面 )、研究简报及综述、生态农业建设和生态示范区典型模式与典型经验等 ,适于国内外从事生态学、生…     

大连市森林生态系统服务功能评估

为客观度量森林生态系统服务功能,依据2003年大连市土地利用图形数据,参照国家林业局发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008)标准中的评估方法,基于G IS技术对大连市森林生态系统服务功能及其空间差异性进行定量评价。结果表明:(1)大连市森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值总计为197.91亿元/a,其中涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、净化大气4种生态服务功能的经济价值比例分别为35.3%、16.7%、43.0%、5.0%;(2)大连市的生态屏障庄河市、普兰店市和瓦房店市具有显著的森林生态系统服务功能,其价值比例分别为32.6%、21.8%和25.8%,而长海县、金州区、旅顺口区、甘井子区、沙河口区、中山区、西岗区森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值比例分别为0.9%、7.8%、5.7%、3.9%、0.2%、0.5%和0.7%。     

城市绿色空间生态规划的方法与实践——以扬州市为例

城市绿色空间具有重要的生态服务功能,生态服务功能的强弱取决于绿色空间规划的科学性、合理性以及管理水平等。城市绿地建设必需实现从传统物理规划走向生态规划的转变。运用复合生态系统理论和生态规划方法,以扬州市为案例,从风景名胜区、河流与湿地、道路与广场、居住区、立体空间绿化、森林公园、都市农业、城郊生态缓冲带、生态功能保育区等方面进行了绿色空间规划。     

米埔湿地冬季鸟类对气象及生态质量响应研究

为探讨气象及生态气象质量与湿地生态系统内鸟类变化的关系,文章以香港米埔湿地为例,利用米铺湿地1979—2009年留鸟人工观测数据、香港天文台公布气象数据和以2000—2009年4期等时间间距研究区的景观变化数据,分析湿地内留鸟数量对研究区气象及生态气象质量变化的响应。结果表明：（1）湿地留鸟数量与温度和最低能见度时数相关性显著,与降水量和月均日照时数变化相关性较小;（2）5种生态气象评价指数（EMI）与同期鸟类数量的相关性分析表明,留鸟与综合生态评价指数（ECAI）呈正相关。其中与水体指数（WDI）正相关系数最大,与土地利用退化指数（LDI）负相关系数最大,相关系数分别为0.88和-0.85;而与湿润指数（HI）和植被指数（VDI）相关性较小。研究表明,保护生态环境,调节气候变化幅度,对保护留鸟的生存空间,延续生物的生态平衡具有重要意义。     

南昌市生态空间和生态保护红线划定研究

生态保护红线作为生态空间的刚性约束区域,是保障和维护国家生态安全的底线和生命线。结合国土空间规划双评价技术,以南昌市为例,选取水源涵养功能、水土保持功能、水质保护功能、生物多样性保护功能4种重要性指标和土壤侵蚀、酸沉降、水污染3种敏感性指标,采用模型评估法和净初级生产力定量指标评估法,开展生态空间和生态保护红线划定研究。结果表明:南昌市生态保护红线面积为1648.43 km2,占总面积的22.27%,以水质保护与水污染敏感红线和生物多样性维护功能生态保护红线为主,面积分别为787.93 km2和628.96 km2,主要分布在南昌市梅岭森林公园及周边地区、中部赣江与瑶湖范围、东部军山湖与青岚湖地区、西部鄱阳湖湖域以及近鄱阳湖部分区域,以水域、农田、森林3种地类为主;生态空间面积为4271.43 km2,占总面积的57.70%,主要分布在南昌东部、南部以及西南方向,以农田、森林地类为主;其他空间面积为1482.67 km2,占总面积的20.03%,主要分布在南昌市中部以及市区周边部分地区,以建设用地为主。研究结果可为区域国土空间规划和生态安全提供参考。     

Benthic-pelagic coupling in frontal system areas of the Northern Adriatic Sea: Analysis of the carbon budgets

Sediment samples were collected between 1996 and 1998 during 4 cruises in the northern sector of the Adriatic Sea, facing the Po River outflow. In each sampling period, after identification of the front line, a grid of 6 sampling stations was selected in order to cover: the coastal area (largely affected by river waters), the inner and outer front areas, and the offshore waters. The biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter (OM, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and photosynthetic pigments) and enzymatic activity rates were studied to provide information on the potential organic matter turnover. Tentative estimates of the organic carbon budgets (input/production versus requirement by benthic consumers) are presented. Benthic carbon requirements, estimated from bacterial plus meiofaunal secondary production, was high (897 r mg r C r m m 2 r d m 1 ). OM concentrations in the Northern and Middle Adriatic Sea displayed high values, proteins being dominant, thus suggesting inputs of freshly produced material to the sea floor. OM turnover was generally rapid (11-30 r d m 1 ) and higher during summer. The uncoupled enzymatic rates ( i.e. faster protein than carbohydrate mobilisation in February, 1997) determined a decrease of the OM quality that plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles and OM diagenesis, limiting bacterial secondary production and sedimentary organic carbon utilisation. These data suggest that the efficiency of the system in the transfer of energy through the food web is generally higher in summer, especially during mucilage production.     

Inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy in air and water pollution analysis†

The inductively coupled plasma (ICP), when employed as an excitation source in optical atomic emission spec.troscopy (AES), is finding widespread utilization for single and multielement inorganic trace analysis of pollutants. The recent availability of commercial ICP‐AES instrument systems has stimulated applications for the determination of metals and metalloids in diverse materials ranging from air particulates and fly ash to industrial effluents, sewage, and hard, soft, and saline waters.

The capabilities and limitations of ICP‐AES for applications in air and water pollution analysis are reviewed, and a number of recent examples presented.     

硝基化合物的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析

硝基化合物是炸药废水的主要成分,大部分硝基化合物具有较高的毒性.本文对奥克托今、黑索今、1,3,5-三硝基苯、1,3-二硝基苯、硝基苯、2,4,6-三硝基甲苯、2-氨基-4,6-二硝基甲苯、2,4-二硝基甲苯共8种硝基化合物的紫外光谱和液相色谱分离条件进行了研究,其最佳检测波长分别为228 nm、227 nm、227 nm、237 nm、272 nm、230 nm、226 nm、244 nm.本文建立了8种硝基化合物的高效液相色谱测定方法,色谱条件为:色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18(3.0 mm×250 mm,5μm),检测器为紫外检测器,流动相为甲醇-水(50∶50),流速为0.5 mL.min-1.水中8种硝基化合物可以在13 min内得到较好的分离,检出限均≤0.8 ng,回收率大于95%.     

226例药物不良反应监察报告分析

目的：分析引起药物不良反应的相关因素.方法：回顾性分析临床用药不良反应的情况.结果：226例不良反应中青年人所占比例明显高于老年人,女性高于男性;抗感染类药物居多;较多累及皮肤黏膜系统;大多数为轻度.结论：药物不良反应的发生与多种因素有关,开展药物不良反应监察制度十分必要,以提高用药质量,减少药物不良反应的发生.表6,参6.     

长江重庆段溶解性有机物的荧光特性分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs),并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)及主成分分析(PCA),研究了长江重庆段溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征及其污染来源,并探讨了荧光强度同溶解性有机碳(DOC)及溶解氧(DO)的相关性.结果表明,PARAFAC模型识别出长江重庆段DOM由2类6个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(350/422 nm)、C4(245,305/395 nm)、C5(260,340/420 nm)、C6(260/480 nm)及类蛋白荧光组分C2(275/300 nm)、C3(227,278/329 nm).在DOM来源组成中,陆源的类腐殖质含量占62.56%,类蛋白物质含量占31.31%.类腐殖质组分的荧光强度同DOC的含量存在明显的线性正相关(r=0.73),类蛋白组分的荧光强度同DO的含量呈明显的线性负相关(r=0.80).EEMs-PARAFAC不仅可以表征长江重庆段DOM的光谱特征,示踪长江重庆段的有机污染程度,还可以为三峡库区水体保护提供依据.     

An evaluation of procedures for the digestion of soils and vegetation from areas with metalliferous pollution

Various digestion or extraction processes are available for the determination of trace metals in environmental samples using diverse analytical techniques. Our research examines the most efficient and reproducible methods of digestion utilising readily available laboratory equipment, reagents and instrumentation. Extraction procedures reported in over 80 recent research works were considered and the most common methods were critically evaluated. Thus nitric acid, nitric acid/perchloric acid, aqua regia, nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide and microwave-assisted methods were investigated using soil and leaf samples collected adjacent to three old metalliferous workings. Analysis was carried out using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and the results were evaluated. Differences in efficiency of extraction relative to specific metals and different substrates are highlighted and recommendations made for a digestion procedure suitable for environmental samples. Aqua regia produced the most accurate, efficient and reproducible results; we consider methods of improving both of these factors and sample preparation. Our recommended methodology has applications in environmental surveys, environmental geology, environmental toxicology, geochemistry and provides a means of obtaining meaningful and reliable results for the determination of metals present in soils, minerals and vegetation.     

A comparative evaluation of wet digestion and dry ashing methods for the determination of some major and minor nutrients in composted manure

The analytical results of 53 manure samples determined by wet digestion and dry ashing procedures were compared in order to evaluate their relative suitability for recovering different nutrient elements in manure and manure compost. Wet digestion recovered greater amounts of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in more samples than dry ashing. Nutrient contents in the samples were highly variable, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 38% for magnesium (Mg) to 161% for copper (Cu) analyzed by the wet digestion procedure, and from 47% to 138% for Mg and Cu analyzed by the dry ashing procedure. The mean values of P, K, Ca, Mn, and Zn averaged for the 53 samples were significantly higher using wet digestion than dry ashing procedure, but both procedures recovered comparable amounts of iorn (Fe), Mg, and Cu. Correlations analysis between both procedures for each element showed reasonable to fair agreements for Ca (R ²?=?0.93), K (R ²?=?0.93), P (R ²?=?0.90), Mg (R ²?=?0.84), Fe (R ²?=?0.87), Mn (R ²?=?0.73), and Cu (R ²?=?0.66), but poor agreement for Zn (R ²?=?0.44). The low agreement between procedures for Zn suggests that wet digestion, which gave a higher recovery, should be a preferred procedure for analyzing Zn in manures.     

Predicting suitable habitat for the European lobster (Homarus gammarus), on the Basque continental shelf (Bay of Biscay), using Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis

Predicting species distribution and habitat suitability (HS) modelling, across broad spatial scales, is now a major challenge in marine ecology. The resulting knowledge is of considerable use in supporting the implementation of environmental legislation, integrated coastal zone management and ecosystem-based fisheries management. This contribution considers the identification of seafloor morphological characteristics, together with wave energy conditions, that determine the presence of European lobster (Homarus gammarus); and it predicts suitable habitats over the Basque continental shelf (Bay of Biscay), in summer. The results obtained, by applying Ecological-Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA), indicate that lobster habitat differs considerably from the mean environmental condition over the study area; likewise, that it is restrictive in terms of the range of conditions in which they dwell. The best of the environmental predictors found to be: distance to the rock substrate; Benthic Position Index; wave flux over the seafloor; and the underlying bathymetry. A habitat suitability map was produced, with a high model quality (Boyce index: 0.98 ± 0.06). The most suitable habitat for European lobster are locations at the boundary between sedimentary- and rocky-bottoms, coincident with seafloor depressions with a steep slope, with medium to high wave energy conditions, and located within a range of water depths of 35–40 m. This approach demonstrates the applicability of the method in case studies where only presence data are available, together with the inclusion of environmental variables obtained from different sources.     

冀北山区森林群落草本多样性及其与地形关系研究

通过野外调查取样,应用Menhinick丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究了冀北山区12种典型森林群落内的草本植物多样性规律,并采用典范对应分析（CCA）方法研究其分布与地形的关系。结果表明：不同的群落类型草本植物的组成和多样性指数不同,山杨（Populus davidiana）纯林的种数最多为34种,黑桦（Betula dahurica Pall）纯林的种数最少为19种,其Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数最高,分别为0.927 3和2.879 6;在1 200～1 700 m之间,随海拔升高物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数呈正相关性,但没有线性上升的趋势关系;选取的地形因子对样点草本的影响程度大小为：坡向〉海拔〉坡度〉坡位〉坡形,坡向是样点草本植物空间差异的最主要地形制约因子,环境解释率为98.7%,证明排序可信。     

有机物质的沸点与其结构的关系

本文总结了影响有机化合物沸点的主要因素, 详细地概括了沸点与有机物质结构的关系.尤其是在此基础上找到一种估算沸点的方法,并给出了估算式:Tb=Km·e(W/M). 利用该式,可以更准确地计算出许多有机物质的沸点.