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1.
Canada, and other signatories to the London Convention 1972 on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping, are preparing to ratify a 1996 Protocol to this convention. Among the improvements to this international agreement, is a new process for the Assessment of Waste and Other Matter, which is to be adopted by signatory parties. the process includes a step in which material considered potentially acceptable for sea disposal must be characterized by chemical, physical and biological properties. Canada's interpretation and intended implementation of this characterization step is presented for the assessment of dredged sediments. This tiered testing approach involves using chemical screening limits for contaminants, and biological testing when screening levels are exceeded. Dredged material containing specified substances (e.g., cadmium, mercury, PAHs, PCBs, etc.) below or at screening levels would generally be considered of little environmental concern for disposal at sea. Wastes above the screening levels would require more detailed assessment before their suitability for disposal at sea could be determined. 相似文献
2.
Cladophora rupestris plants growing near an iron ore unloading terminal bore red-brown cell wall incrustations. These were shown to be of ferric oxide by histochemical tests. Iron-free Cladophora plants transplanted to this same location developed Fe2O3 incrustations after 3-4 weeks. Similar crustose deposits of smaller sizes were observed on Cladophora plants growing near rusty chains in a harbour at some distance from the ore terminal. Cladophora would seem to be a useful factor monitoring organism for iron ore dust spillage in the sea. 相似文献
3.
Marina ACCORNERO Lin JIANG Eugenio NAPOLI Marco CREMONINI Giovanni FERRO Federica BELLORO Maosheng ZHONG 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(3):465
A probabilistic analysis was performed on soil arsenic concentration data from 4 brownfield sites at Beijing (Chaoyang and Haidian Districts), involved in environmental assessment studies. The available data sets were processed to provide a statistical characterization of the background populations and differentiate “anomalous data” from the natural range of variation of arsenic concentrations in soil. The site-specific background distributions and the existing wide-scale background values defined for the Beijing area were compared, discussing related implications for the definition of metal contamination soil screening levels (SSLs) in site assessment studies. The statistical analysis of As data sets discriminated site-specific background populations, encompassing 88% to 94% of the sample data, from outliers values, associated with either subsoil natural enrichments or possible anthropogenic releases. Upper Baseline Concentration (UBC) limits (+ 2σ level), including most of the site-specific metal background variability, were derived based on the statistical characterization of the background populations. Sites in the Chaoyang South District area had UBC values in the range 10.4–12.6 mg·kg-1. These ranges provide meaningful SSL values to be adopted for As in local site assessment studies. Using the wide-scale background value for the Beijing area would have erroneously classified most of the areas in the subject sites as potentially contaminated. 相似文献
4.
Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km2 allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA. 相似文献
5.
Certain criteria must be satisfied before a licence for the deposition of dredged material at sea in UK waters is issued.
These relate to the chemical quality of the material, the quantity to be disposed of, its nature and origin, and its predicted
impacts at the disposal site. Although chemical analyses of dredgings provide an indication of the relative degrees of contamination,
they do not provide a measure of any resultant biological effects. A laboratory experiment was therefore designed to investigate
the effects of the degree of contamination and the role of burial associated with the deposition of dredged material on the
meiofauna. Estuarine nematode assemblages were exposed to the simulated deposition of uncontaminated, oxic intertidal mud
and anoxic sediments from the Mersey and the Tees estuaries, both of which were contaminated with heavy metals. The sediments,
which differed little in terms of grain size, were deposited in two different frequencies. Nematodes showed a clear species-specific
response to the experimental treatments, depending on the frequency of deposition and the chemical quality of the deposited
material (e.g. metal and oxygen concentrations). The response of nematode assemblages was mainly determined by the deposition
frequency rather than the type of sediment or the degree of contamination. The deposition of sediment in one large dose at
the beginning of the experiment caused more severe changes in assemblage structure than the same quantity deposited in several
smaller doses. Although lower than in uncontaminated mud, relatively high migration and survival rates in the contaminated
high-frequency treatments were observed. This may have been due to reduced bioavailability of metals and the tolerance of
estuarine nematodes to both metal contamination and the deposition of small sediment volumes at regular intervals. The observed
trends demonstrate the potential of small-scale laboratory experiments for testing the quality of contaminated dredged material
at the licensing stage, i.e. prior to the issue of a disposal licence.
Received: 11 February 2000 / Accepted: 26 June 2000 相似文献
6.
Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg-1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr-1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr-1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg-1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr-1 and 0.22 ppm hr-1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed. 相似文献
7.
Yongshan CHEN Xiuping XI Gang YU Qiming CAO Bin WANG Fran ois VINCE Youwei HONG 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(3):394
An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ≥1) were regarded as top-priority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. 相似文献
8.
大量缺乏毒性信息的化学品最终进入环境水体,对人类及生态生物产生潜在的危害与风险。提高化学品生物毒性测试与评估技术的通量和效率,是实现毒害化学物质环境与生态健康风险防控的关键。作为一种可以实现高通量测试的脊椎动物模型,斑马鱼胚胎测试在化学品的毒性评估中应用广泛。随着组学技术的发展,毒理基因组学可有效提取毒害化学品致毒过程中干扰生物学通路的信息。这些机制信息可用于对单物质或复合污染物生物毒性的筛选和预测。本文综述了不同斑马鱼胚胎测试技术在化学品毒性筛选评估管理与水环境复合污染毒性监测中的发展和应用,详细介绍了一种新型斑马鱼胚胎简化转录组学技术的方法流程和优势,并探讨了综合斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试、行为分析和组学等不同测试技术在化学品毒性测试、环境监测与评价中的应用前景。 相似文献
9.
P. Orlando G. Queirazza L. Guzzi R. Trenta R. Trevisi C. Melodia A. De Feo 《Chemistry and Ecology》1996,12(4):287-295
Uptake and loss of inorganic phosphate by Posidonia oceanica leaf tissue has been studied in in vitro experiments. Experimental data have shown that a steady state of inorganic phosphate uptake (about 40 nmol mg-1 dry wt.) is attained after 48 hours. in particular high accumulation (over 1000-fold the natural level in sea water) and slow loss (biological half-life, 65 days) of inorganic phosphate has been evaluated. Moreover the effect of three different metabolic inhibitors (sodium monovanadate, sodium azide, 2, 4-dinitrophenol) have been tested. Results of this effect and the high degree of inorganic phosphate accumulation in leaf tissue have demonstrated that inorganic phosphate carrier is energy dependent. Furthermore, the inorganic phosphate uptake is probably influenced by bivalent cations (Ca+2, Mg+2) but the mechanism is still uncertain.
Preliminary kinetic study has shown interesting results. in particular, km estimated value (2.8 μmol 1-1) has demonstrated the existence of a relatively high uptake rate (Vmax) at low DIP concentration while the kinetic study of inorganic phosphate loss from leaf tissues has shown a low value of the biological half life (about 60-70 days). This evidence could be significant for the existence of a complex distribution of inorganic phosphate in the leaf tissues. 相似文献
Preliminary kinetic study has shown interesting results. in particular, km estimated value (2.8 μmol 1-1) has demonstrated the existence of a relatively high uptake rate (Vmax) at low DIP concentration while the kinetic study of inorganic phosphate loss from leaf tissues has shown a low value of the biological half life (about 60-70 days). This evidence could be significant for the existence of a complex distribution of inorganic phosphate in the leaf tissues. 相似文献
10.
Mei Lei Ziping Dong Ying Jiang Philip Longhurst Xiaoming Wan Guangdong Zhou 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(2):24
11.
Victor M. Deantes-Espinosa Tian-Yuan Zhang Xiao-Xiong Wang Yinhu Wu Guo-Hua Dao Hong-Ying Hu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(4):57
12.
Di Zhang Rong Hou Wenbo Wang He Zhao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(6):78
13.
Mengtian Li Ge Song Ruiping Liu Xia Huang Huijuan Liu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(6):70
14.
Waste tyres pose a major disposal problem on land creating a fire hazard and, in warmer climates, providing breeding pools for mosquitoes. the void space in tyres makes them unsuitable for land burial. Schemes to use shredded tyres for road bases and asphalt filler are being pursued in the USA. Tyre combustion for electricity production is being investigated in the UK.
The widespread availability and durability of tyres has led to their use in the marine environment for breakwaters/coastal defence structures and as artificial reefs for promoting fisheries.
Tyres have a low density and have been used in floating breakwaters. Schemes have been proposed to protect and strengthen shorelines with tyre structures.
The void space in tyres facilitates the construction of artificial reefs to attract fish. the most intensive use is in the south west Pacific and Australia. Tyre surfaces are colonised by algae and a wide range of faunal species, including corals and shellfish. the wide acceptance of tyres as a suitable reef construction material appears to be based largely on these observations. Experience of initial poor deployment practices in the USA led to tyres washing ashore after storms and resulted in the banning or restriction of their use in coastal states of the USA. A review of the scientific literature has yielded limited information on the environmental impact of tyres and in particular the leaching of heavy metals and organic compounds from tyres into sea water.
Preliminary results of tyre dust/sea water leaching studies are presented. These identify zinc as the major leachate (totalling 10mg/tyre after 3 months). Diluted leachates have not shown significant effects of the growth of the phytoplankton Phaeodactylum and Isocrysis.
Further work to characterise the sea water leaching of tyre compounds is recommended. 相似文献
The widespread availability and durability of tyres has led to their use in the marine environment for breakwaters/coastal defence structures and as artificial reefs for promoting fisheries.
Tyres have a low density and have been used in floating breakwaters. Schemes have been proposed to protect and strengthen shorelines with tyre structures.
The void space in tyres facilitates the construction of artificial reefs to attract fish. the most intensive use is in the south west Pacific and Australia. Tyre surfaces are colonised by algae and a wide range of faunal species, including corals and shellfish. the wide acceptance of tyres as a suitable reef construction material appears to be based largely on these observations. Experience of initial poor deployment practices in the USA led to tyres washing ashore after storms and resulted in the banning or restriction of their use in coastal states of the USA. A review of the scientific literature has yielded limited information on the environmental impact of tyres and in particular the leaching of heavy metals and organic compounds from tyres into sea water.
Preliminary results of tyre dust/sea water leaching studies are presented. These identify zinc as the major leachate (totalling 10mg/tyre after 3 months). Diluted leachates have not shown significant effects of the growth of the phytoplankton Phaeodactylum and Isocrysis.
Further work to characterise the sea water leaching of tyre compounds is recommended. 相似文献
15.
As part of our continuing evaluation of the pore-water approach for assessing sediment quality, we made a series of side-by-side comparisons between the standard 10-day amphipod whole sediment test with the corophiid Grandidierella japonica and a suite of tests using pore water extracted from the same sediments. the pore-water tests evaluated were the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) sperm cell test and morphological development assay, the life-cycle test with the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus, and acute exposures of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) embryo-larval stages. Sediment and surface microlayer samples were collected from contaminated sites. Whole-sediment, pore-water, and surface microlayer toxicity tests were performed. Pore-water toxicity tests were considerably more sensitive than the whole-sediment amphipod test, which is currently the most sensitive toxicity test now recommended for determining the acceptability of dredged material for open ocean disposal. 相似文献
16.
Yuzhou Deng Shengpan Peng Haidi Liu Shuangde Li Yunfa Chen 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(2):21
17.
Reef blocks made from stabilized oil ash were taken from the sea after five years in the ocean to examine the chemical behaviour of calcium. Experiments included (1) determination of the calcium leaching rate and a comparison with the rate for unexposed blocks to test the validity of a diffusion model for predicting long term (5 years) leaching rates, (2) determination of the effect of biological cover (shell) on the leaching rate, (3) determination of the leaching rate of the core of exposed reef blocks, (4) determination of the calcium content in 'ring areas' - regions of discoloration observed in sectioned exposed reef blocks, and (5) determination of the leachable fraction of the total calcium in exposed reef blocks. Results showed the presence of a pronounced calcium discontinuity zone located 3-7 cm from the outside surface of the reef blocks. Cumulated calcium release rates ranged from 2.81-3.14 μmol cm-2 day-1 for original unexposed reef blocks and the core of exposed (in the ocean for five years) blocks, respectively, to 0.47-0.50 μmol cm-2 day-1 for outside (facing sea water) surfaces of exposed reef blocks. Tank leaching studies also showed that the presence or absence of hard biological cover (shells) had little or no effect on the calcium release rate. the diffusion model normally used in modelling the chemical behaviour of calcium cannot be used to predict the long term (five years) leaching of calcium. the core of the exposed blocks released calcium at a rate similar to new, unexposed reef block material. Overall, it appears that the calcium discontinuity zone is probably responsible for restricting the release of calcium and hence the failure of the diffusion model. 相似文献
18.
Shengqi Zhang Qian Yin Siqin Wang Xin Yu Mingbao Feng 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(7):91
19.
William H. Nelson 《Chemistry and Ecology》1990,4(4):247-258
The disposal of waste gypsum wallboard at landfill sites in British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, resulted in the generation of hydrogen sulphide gas and toxic leachates. Although some remedial measures were taken to reduce or eliminate problems resulting from past dumping practices, many landfill operators refused to accept new waste for fear of litigation over the pollution of nearby streams and rivers. with the availability of legitimate disposal sites greatly reduced, a serious waste management problem arose. the two most promising options for reducing the accumulating waste appeared to be recycling and ocean disposal.
Agricultural use of the waste for soil conditioning would account for only a small portion of the waste generated annually. Manufacturing plants were reluctant to accept waste gypsum with a high paper fibre content for fear it would lower the quality of the new wallboard product or interfere with the existing equipment and processes in the plants. the technology for economically removing and separating the paper from the used or substandard wallboard had yet to be developed.
The environmental implications of disposal at sea were assessed by a government advisory committee under the provisions of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Although results of a test dump in internal waters of B.C. were positive, the committee felt that valuable amenities of nearshore waters would only be assured by restricting dumping to a remote offshore location. an acceptable disposal method with minimal impact on the marine environment was eventually found with appropriate pretreatment of the waste and the use of remotely controlled bottom dump scows. Recent progress in the processing of waste wallboard to make it acceptable to the manufacturing industry should significantly reduce if not eliminate the need to dispose of gypsum wallboard wastes at sea. 相似文献
Agricultural use of the waste for soil conditioning would account for only a small portion of the waste generated annually. Manufacturing plants were reluctant to accept waste gypsum with a high paper fibre content for fear it would lower the quality of the new wallboard product or interfere with the existing equipment and processes in the plants. the technology for economically removing and separating the paper from the used or substandard wallboard had yet to be developed.
The environmental implications of disposal at sea were assessed by a government advisory committee under the provisions of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Although results of a test dump in internal waters of B.C. were positive, the committee felt that valuable amenities of nearshore waters would only be assured by restricting dumping to a remote offshore location. an acceptable disposal method with minimal impact on the marine environment was eventually found with appropriate pretreatment of the waste and the use of remotely controlled bottom dump scows. Recent progress in the processing of waste wallboard to make it acceptable to the manufacturing industry should significantly reduce if not eliminate the need to dispose of gypsum wallboard wastes at sea. 相似文献
20.
Chemical Tracking and Marine Environmental Impact of Ocean Disposal of Calcium Carbonate Residue in the North Yellow Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jiayi Zhou Wanying Qian Gengchen Han Guangyuan Liu Yuzhong Fu Tao Yu Feiran Zhang 《Chemistry and Ecology》1992,6(1):225-245
The objective of this study is to determine the sedimentation rate and dispersion area of calcium carbonate residue dumped at sea and the impact to marine environment of dumping by a laboratory simulation experiment; chemical tracking in the field with the help of acoustic and optical tracking; and a comparative study of baseline conditions and marine environmental impact after dumping. Turbidity, pH and phosphate are selected as the chemical tracers to be monitored.
Results show that in the dumping area of 15 square miles with water depth of 50 m, if 217 t calcium carbonate residue is dumped (spot dumping) in the presence of a pycnocline with a current velocity of 60 cm/s (close to the maximum) the maximum dispersion distance of the calcium carbonate residue plume front is less than 2100 m; the dispersion area is less than 0.56 km2; and the maximum dispersion time is about 60 min when the turbidity and pH in the whole dispersion area return to background level. Therefore, the ocean disposal of calcium carbonate residue is feasible. 相似文献
Results show that in the dumping area of 15 square miles with water depth of 50 m, if 217 t calcium carbonate residue is dumped (spot dumping) in the presence of a pycnocline with a current velocity of 60 cm/s (close to the maximum) the maximum dispersion distance of the calcium carbonate residue plume front is less than 2100 m; the dispersion area is less than 0.56 km2; and the maximum dispersion time is about 60 min when the turbidity and pH in the whole dispersion area return to background level. Therefore, the ocean disposal of calcium carbonate residue is feasible. 相似文献