赤泥条件下水稻根际铁膜形成及镉吸收机理研究

为揭示赤泥条件下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根表和根际铁膜形成及铁膜中重金属(Fe、Mn和Cd)分布与水稻镉(Cd)吸收的潜在关系,本文采用盆栽试验,即在2和5 mg·kg-1两种镉浓度条件下,试验设置0%、0.5%和1%3个梯度的赤泥施用量,利用根际袋法系统研究了赤泥对水稻(浙优12号)根表和根际铁膜的形成及重金属(Fe、Mn、Cd)分布特征,探讨了赤泥条件下水稻根际效应对水稻Cd吸收转运及生物量的影响。研究结果表明,赤泥显著增加了水稻的株高、根干重、秸秆干重和籽粒重;显著降低了供试水稻根部Cd浓度、秸秆Cd和籽粒Cd的浓度,下降幅度分别为23.6%~40.2%,20.1%~48.8%和45.5%~103%;显著提高了水稻根表和根际铁膜中Fe、Mn和Cd的浓度(P0.05),且随赤泥施用量的增加而增加。水稻根表铁膜中Fe、Mn和Cd浓度提高幅度分别为64.5%~107%、13.9%~43.7%和20.8%~69.9%;水稻根际铁膜中Fe、Mn和Cd提高幅度分别为93.8%~206%,20.1%~42.2%和17.3%~111%。与对照处理相比,添加赤泥土壤的p H值提高程度均达到显著水平(P0.05),DTPA提取态镉含量分别降低17.9%~47.9%和26.3%~48.6%。水稻根表和根际铁膜中Cd浓度与水稻根Cd浓度、秸秆Cd浓度、籽粒Cd浓度、根表和根际铁膜中的Fe浓度和Mn浓度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。结论:赤泥的添加促进了水稻的生长,且其富含铁氧化物的特性还可以促进水稻根表和根际铁膜的形成,通过铁膜中的Fe和Mn对Cd富集作用来减少水稻秸秆和籽粒对Cd的吸收。因此,利用富含铁氧化物的赤泥作为钝化材料修复中低度Cd污染稻田有望达到较好的修复和利用效果。     

石灰、硅钙镁改良剂对不同土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响

为研究改良剂(石灰、硅钙镁肥)对典型稻田土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响,选取河沙泥(潮土母质发育)和紫泥田(紫色砂页岩母质发育)模拟制备成中度Cd污染土壤,施加不同用量的石灰和硅钙镁肥,进行水稻盆栽试验,分析土壤pH、土壤Cd形态以及水稻各部位Cd含量变化,探讨不同改良剂对不同土壤-水稻系统Cd吸收累积的影响.结果表明,施用石灰和硅钙镁肥能显著提高河沙泥土壤pH值,分别提高0.62—0.79个单位、0.35—0.46个单位,但对紫泥田pH值无显著影响.向河沙泥中施用石灰能降低其土壤酸提取态Cd含量,且在S3.0处理时降幅最大;而紫泥田施用硅钙镁肥能显著降低其酸提取态Cd.施用石灰和硅钙镁均能降低河沙泥水稻糙米Cd含量,分别降低23.5%—35.9%、9.5%—21.9%,且随着施用量的提高,糙米Cd含量降低幅度逐渐增大;施用硅钙镁肥能显著降低紫泥田糙米Cd含量,下降幅度为23.5%—34.1%.同种改良剂对水稻Cd吸收累积的影响因土壤类型不同而存在差异,向河沙泥中施用石灰和紫泥田中施用硅钙镁能最大程度抑制水稻对Cd的吸收累积,降低糙米Cd含量,提高稻米品质.     

田间条件下不同组配钝化剂对玉米(Zea mays)吸收Cd、As和Pb影响研究

选取4种钝化材料(硅藻土、生物炭、沸石粉和石灰)开展田间试验,研究不同配施处理对玉米(Zea mays)籽粒吸收Cd、As和Pb与土壤有效态Cd、As和Pb的影响,以期筛选出钝化修复效果最佳的组配钝化剂。结果表明,(1)施用钝化剂均能有效促进玉米生长,增加植株株高、叶面积、玉米地上部与地下部质量,显著提高玉米产量。(2)不同处理均能明显降低土壤Cd、As和Pb有效态含量。其中,BLD处理对土壤有效态Cd降低效果最明显,YR+BLZ处理次之,与对照相比,土壤有效态Cd分别降低71.00%和67.85%;BDZ处理对土壤有效态As含量降低效果最明显,其次为BLD处理,较对照分别降低65.63%和59.73%;YR+BLD处理对土壤有效态Pb含量降低效果最好,BDZ处理次之,有效态Pb含量较对照分别降低70.64%和69.64%。(3)不同处理对玉米籽粒吸收和积累Cd、As和Pb产生不同程度的影响。与对照相比,不同处理导致玉米籽粒Cd含量降低82.63%~89.17%,As含量降低27.58%~49.47%和Pb含量降低9.64%~46.86%。(4)施用钝化剂均能显著提高土壤p H值,其中BLD、YR+BLD、JD+BLD处理的p H值升高效果最为明显,较对照分别提高1.05、1.04和1.04个单位;施用钝化剂能显著提高土壤有机质含量,YR+BDZ和YR+BLD处理有机质含量较高,较对照分别提高54.68%和46.04%,本试验结果表明,在钝化修复镉砷复合污染的旱地土壤时,低累积玉米品种与组配钝化剂联合使用能够获得较好的修复效果。     

生物炭和熟石灰对土壤镉铅生物有效性和微生物活性的影响

以南京近郊某蔬菜基地土壤为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法,研究熟石灰和生物炭两种钝化剂对镉铅复合污染土壤修复效果以及对土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明,施加熟石灰和生物炭能够增加土壤pH和有机碳等养分含量,促进Cd、Pb由酸溶态向还原态和残渣态转化,降低Cd、Pb有效态含量.与对照处理相比,熟石灰和生物炭5.0%用量下,Cd有效态含量(DTPA、TCLP和CaCl_2等3种提取态)分别下降37.74%—41.46%和22.22%—31.71%,Pb有效态含量分别下降45.59%—52.82%和35.47%—41.94%.生物炭的施用提高了土壤微生物量碳氮和微生物群落功能多样性,促进微生物对碳源的利用能力,其中生物炭5.0%用量下土壤微生物活性最高.熟石灰和生物炭的添加显著降低小白菜可食部位和根部对Cd、Pb的富集,与对照处理相比,可食部位Cd、Pb含量分别下降7.14%—47.62%和45.93%—74.82%,但所有添加钝化剂处理小白菜可食部位含量均超出国家安全食用标准.     

秸秆生物炭对矿区污染土壤重金属形态转化的影响

以小麦秸秆制备的生物炭作为修复材料,通过室内培养试验研究不同生物炭施用量(w分别为0、1%、2%和5%)对矿区复合污染土壤Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb赋存形态的影响。结果表明,经过150 d的培养,施用生物炭可明显提高土壤p H值和有机碳含量,比对照分别增加0.96%~2.62%和9.1%~38.6%。土壤中酸提取态Cu、Zn和Cd含量随生物炭施用量的增加而降低,与不施用生物炭相比下降幅度分别为7.0%~16.9%、6.7%~11.8%和5.3%~9.6%,酸提取态Pb含量无明显变化。生物炭可不同程度地减少可还原态Cd和可氧化态Cu、Zn、Pb含量。施用生物炭处理残渣态Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量明显提高,与不施用生物炭相比增加幅度分别为10.6%~46.8%、5.9%~15.7%、40.9%~191.9%和1.5%~2.6%。相关性分析表明,土壤p H值、有机碳含量与酸提取态和残渣态重金属含量显著相关。综合而言,生物炭能够促进供试污染土壤Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb由酸提取态、可还原态和可氧化态向残渣态转化。     

不同玉米(Zea mays L.)品种根细胞壁多糖对Pb胁迫的响应

为了初步探究玉米(Zea mays L.)品种出现Pb累积差异的原因,采用低累积品种(会单4号)和高累积品种(路单8号)进行Pb胁迫水培试验,共设置3个处理组,Pb处理浓度分别为0、100、300 mg·L~(-1)。结果显示,Pb在两个玉米品种根的亚细胞分布中均呈细胞壁细胞器溶解态,其中玉米根细胞壁吸收了根部48.9%~55.8%的Pb,但同浓度Pb胁迫下,"会单4号"根细胞壁吸附Pb的量显著高于"路单8号"。两个玉米品种根细胞中的Pb均以较低活性的氯化钠提取态和醋酸提取态为主,分别占32.3%~48.1%和43.7%~56.0%,高活性的去离子水提取态和乙醇提取态占比很低,只占2.73%~5.04%;细胞壁中的纤维素、半纤维素1、半纤维素2、果胶在Pb吸附过程中都起到一定的作用,但果胶的贡献最大,其Pb吸附量可以达到细胞壁吸附总量的55.6%~79.5%。与对照组相比,Pb胁迫下2个品种玉米根细胞壁中的果胶都显著升高,半纤维素1出现下降,半纤维素2没有明显变化。相比对照组,100 mg·L~(-1) Pb胁迫下"会单4号"和"路单8号"的果胶浓度分别上升了23.5%、27.5%;300 mg·L~(-1) Pb胁迫下,两者分别上升了71.0%、67.0%。在同一浓度Pb胁迫处理下,"会单4号"根细胞壁中果胶的总糖和Pb质量分数均显著高于"路单8号",半纤维素和纤维素中的铅含量在品种间差异不显著。综上,玉米根细胞壁可以积累大量的Pb,其中细胞壁中的果胶在玉米根细胞壁吸附Pb的过程中有重要贡献,且"会单4号"根细胞壁吸附累积Pb的能力强于"路单8号",其中果胶可能是导致2个品种玉米根部Pb累积出现差异的重要因素。     

根际土壤中Cd、Pb形态转化及其植物效应

采用根袋盆栽试验和连续形态分析方法研究根际土壤中Cd、Pb形态转化及其植物效应。结果表明，(1)在低Cd质量分数(≤1mg／kg)污染条件下，根际土壤中cd主要以残渣态存在；在较高cd质量分数(≥5mg／kg)污染条件下，cd主要以交换态和碳酸盐结合态存在，即根际土壤中Cd由残渣态向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化，Cd活性增强。(2)Pb在根际土壤中主要以有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在，交换态质量分数很低，并随Pb污染水平的提高，其主要存在形态未改变。(3)土壤中Cd、Pb总质量分数及各形态质量分数(残渣态除外)与小麦根、茎叶中Cd、Pb质量分数呈正相关性，而与鲜质量呈负相关性；当w(Cd)添加量≥5mg／kg时，小麦鲜质量明显下降；当w(Pb)≥500mg／kg时，小麦鲜质量下降。     

海泡石和磷酸盐对镉铅污染稻田土壤的钝化修复效应与机理研究

采用盆栽实验,研究了海泡石、酸改性海泡石以及二者与磷酸盐联合使用对镉铅复合污染稻田土壤的钝化修复效果,并通过培养实验和重金属形态分析探讨了不同钝化剂处理的作用机理。结果表明：添加海泡石可以显著提高污染土壤pH值,而磷酸盐和改性海泡石则对土壤pH值无显著影响。钝化处理能显著降低土壤TCLP提取态Cd、Pb的质量分数,最大降低率分别可达23.3%和47.2%,钝化剂复配处理对土壤TCLP提取态重金属的抑制效果优于单一处理。施用海泡石和磷酸盐,通过提高土壤pH值、物理化学吸附以及生成矿物沉淀等作用,可以促进污染土壤中的Cd、Pb由活性高的交换态向活性低的残渣态转化,从而显著降低Cd、Pb的生物有效性和迁移能力。添加钝化剂可以显著提高水稻各部位的产量,稻谷和稻草的最大增产率分别为34.3%和26.6%;钝化剂复配处理对水稻的增产作用明显优于单一处理。施用钝化剂可以显著降低水稻各部位的Cd、Pb质量分数,最大可使精米的Cd、Pb质量分数分别降低35.8%和40.9%,钝化剂复配处理对水稻吸收Cd、Pb的抑制作用明显优于单一处理,海泡石和磷酸盐复配处理中精米的Cd、Pb质量分数符合国家食品卫生标准要求。综合分析不同钝化处理的增产作用、降低作物Cd、Pb吸收以及土壤Cd、Pb可迁移性的作用可知,海泡石与磷酸盐复配处理对稻田土壤Cd、Pb复合污染的钝化修复效果最佳。     

施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响

重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。     

土法炼锌区生态退化与重金属污染

土法炼锌致使冶炼区大量重金属的累积以及生态环境的严重破坏.研究以土法炼锌的集中点妈姑为例,探索了土法炼锌区的土壤和植被退化现状,以及重金属的分布规律,为废弃地的生态重建与污染修复提供科学依据.冶炼造成大面积的植被破坏,成为裸地,停止冶炼后,植被自然恢复极为缓慢,特别是废渣堆放处.冶炼残渣具有较高的pH值和EC值、低CEC,有机质极为缺乏,含N量低.冶炼区污染土壤明显酸化,导致P有效性降低.冶炼废渣具有高的孔隙度和良好的通气性,但持水保水能力差.冶炼废渣的Pb、Zn、Cd含量分别为4 632 mg/kg、8 968 mg/kg、58 mg/kg.污染土壤的Pb、Zn、Cd含量分别为234 mg/kg、400 mg/kg、9.6 mg/kg.污染土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd的DTPA提取态百分比分别为6.8%、19.97%、29.72%.废渣中Pb、Zn、Cd的DTPA提取态百分比分别为0.44%、1.36%、4.80%,但其绝对含量接近于污染土壤,具有较大环境风险性.     

重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响

研究了华北平原某铅冶炼厂附近农田33个土壤样品中重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,样品中Pb和Cd全量的平均值分别为144和5.59mg·kg-1,DTPA态Pb和Cd含量平均值分别为54.1和0.964mg·kg-1,均超过了未污染农田潮土的正常范围,而Cu、Ni和Zn的有效性和全量与未污染土壤接近;土壤过氧化氢酶活性与DTPA态Pb和Cd含量、全Pb含量均呈显著的负线性关系(P<0.01);与磷酸酶和脲酶相比,土壤脱氢酶活性更易受到土壤中Pb和Cd积累的影响;随DTPA-Ni含量增加,土壤蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加(P<0.1);土壤脲酶活性与重金属全量或有效态重金属含量无显著相关性(P>0.1)。以上结果说明,利用土壤过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性能够表征基本性质较为一致的土壤中重金属污染程度;与重金属全量相比,有效态重金属对土壤酶活性影响更大。     

Influence of temperature on the heavy metals accumulation of five vegetable species in semiarid area of northwest China

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of temperature on cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) accumulation in five vegetable species collected at different sites (Shuichuan, Beiwan, Dongwan and Wufe) in northwest China. The meteorological data of air and soil temperatures were recorded daily during the period from sowing to harvest for the five vegetables. The air and soil temperatures affected the capacity of pumpkin, cabbage, brassica napus and Chinese cabbage to accumulate Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. Principal component analysis showed that temperature, photosynthetic and physiological factors all contributed to the soil–plant transfer properties of DTPA-extractable heavy metals. Temperature played a more important role in Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn accumulation in four vegetables in this semiarid area. However, the enormous surface area of spinach was likely to elevate heavy metal loads owing to atmospheric deposits. For most vegetables studied, there was a striking dissimilarity in the uptake and translocation ability of Cd, Zn and Cu in soil, but similar accumulation to translocation for Pb in soil.     

Effects of cadmium on nutrient uptake and translocation by Indian Mustard

Plants that hyperaccumulate metals are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of metal and mineral nutrient uptake in the plant kingdom. Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) has been shown to accumulate moderate levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this experiment, 10 levels of Cd concentration treatments were imposed by adding 10-190 mg Cd kg(-1) to the soils as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]. The effect of Cd on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and the micronutrients iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in B. juncea was studied. Plant growth was affected negatively by Cd, root biomass decreased significantly at 170 mg Cd kg(-1) dry weight soils treatment. Cadmium accumulation both in shoots and roots increased with increasing soil Cd treatments. The highest concentration of Cd was up to 300 mg kg(-1) d.w. in the roots and 160 mg kg(-1) d.w. in the shoots. The nutrients mainly affected by Cd were P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn in the roots, and P, K, Ca, and Cu in the shoots. K and P concentrations in roots increased significantly when Cd was added at 170 mg kg(-1), and this was almost the same level at which root growth was inhibited. Zn concentrations in roots decreased significantly when added Cd concentration was increased from 50 to 110 mg kg(-1), then remained constant with Cd treatments from 110 to 190 mg kg(-1). However, Zn concentrations in the shoots seemed less affected by Cd. It is possible that Zn uptake was affected by the Cd but not the translocation of Zn within the plant. Ca and Mg accumulation in roots and shoots showed similar trends. This result indicates that Ca and Mg uptake is a non-specific process.     

Diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) models Cd and Pb uptake by plants growing on soils amended with sewage sludge and urban compost

Food contamination by Cd and Pb is of increasing concern because contaminated composts and sewage sludges are used as soil fertilizers. Indeed, Cd and Pb from sewage sludge and compost can be transferred to plants and, in turn, to food. Predicting the quantity of metals transferred to plants is difficult and actual models are unable to give accurate concentrations. Therefore, new techniques are needed. For instance, diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) is commonly used to measure metal bioavailability in waters, sediments and soils, but DGT has not been well studied for metal uptake in plants. Moreover, actual models for soil–plant transfer are too complex and require many soil parameters. Here, we simplified the modelization of metal uptake by plants by considering only DGT fluxes and roots surfaces. We grew durum wheat in a greenhouse on sandy soils amended with urban compost or sewage sludge. Results show that Cd uptake was slightly underestimated when whole roots were considered as an absorbing surface. For Pb, the best estimation was found by using root tip surface. Overall, our model ranks correctly the samples but underestimates Pb uptake by 15 % and Cd uptake by 45 %. It is nonetheless a simpler way of modelling by using only DGT fluxes and root system morphology.     

Effects of Cadmium on Nutrient Uptake and Translocation by Indian Mustard

Plants that hyperaccumulate metals are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of metal and mineral nutrient uptake in the plant kingdom. Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) has been shown to accumulate moderate levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this experiment, 10 levels of Cd concentration treatments were imposed by adding 10–190 mg Cd kg^–1 to the soils as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂]. The effect of Cd on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and the micronutrients iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in B. juncea was studied. Plant growth was affected negatively by Cd, root biomass decreased significantly at 170 mg Cd kg^–1 dry weight soils treatment. Cadmium accumulation both in shoots and roots increased with increasing soil Cd treatments. The highest concentration of Cd was up to 300 mg kg^–1 d.w. in the roots and 160 mg kg^–1 d.w. in the shoots. The nutrients mainly affected by Cd were P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn in the roots, and P, K, Ca, and Cu in the shoots. K and P concentrations in roots increased significantly when Cd was added at 170 mg kg^–1, and this was almost the same level at which root growth was inhibited. Zn concentrations in roots decreased significantly when added Cd concentration was increased from 50 to 110 mg kg^–1, then remained constant with Cd treatments from 110 to 190 mg kg^–1. However, Zn concentrations in the shoots seemed less affected by Cd. It is possible that Zn uptake was affected by the Cd but not the translocation of Zn within the plant. Ca and Mg accumulation in roots and shoots showed similar trends. This result indicates that Ca and Mg uptake is a non-specific process.     

水作和旱作对叶菜吸收镉的影响差异研究

采用盆栽试验,以适宜水旱2种模式栽培的空心菜（Ipomoea aquatica）为对象,研究了水作和旱作两种栽培模式对Cd污染土壤上空心菜吸收积累Cd的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,水作和旱作对空心菜生物量和Cd质量分数影响显著。水作条件下,空心菜地上部和根系生物量分别比旱作处理增加了16.3%和190.6%,而地上部和根系Cd质量分数则较旱作处理降低了52.2%和49.3%。水作和旱作对土壤pH和DTPA-Cd质量分数也有不同影响,其中种植空心菜的处理土壤pH较旱作处理增加了0.99个单位,土壤DTPA-Cd质量分数降低了40.0%,不种空心菜的处理土壤pH较旱作处理增加了1.48个单位,土壤DTPA-Cd质量分数降低了30.4%。逐步回归分析发现,空心菜地上部Cd质量分数受土壤DTPA-Cd质量分数和土壤pH影响最大。因此,在Cd污染土壤上,通过旱作改水作可降低空心菜可食部分Cd质量分数,是一种环境友好、价格低廉的土壤重金属污染的调控措施。     

Cd、Pb在根际与非根际土壤中的吸附解吸特点

采用根袋盆栽试验以及平衡法研究根际与非根际土壤对镉、铅的吸附-解吸特性。结果表明，在镉、铅起始浓度分别为Cd 0-0．6mmol／L和Pb0～1mmol／L条件下，根际与非根际土壤镉、铅吸附量差别不大，随镉、铅浓度的提高，根际土壤镉、铅吸附量均比相应的非根际土壤的高。根际与非根际土壤镉、铅解吸量随镉、铅吸附量的增加而增加，但铅解吸率(0．7％以下)明显比镉的(5％-10％)低，根际土壤镉解吸量比非根际土壤的低。     

Effects of salinity on the uptake of lead and cadmium by two mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata Bl. and Avicennia alba Bl.

The uptake of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) by Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia alba under various salinity levels was examined using hydroponic cultivations. After 3 months of exposure at four levels of Pb (0, 0.03, 0.3 and 3 mg·L^?1) and four levels of Cd (0, 0.005; 0.05 and 0.5 mg·L^?1) at different salinities (0, 15 and 30), uptake of the metals was shown to be differently affected by salinity. For uptake of Pb by R. apiculata, the salinity effect was not significant for the leaves and was most significant in the stem, whereas for A. alba, the effect of salinity was significant only in the stem. Uptake of Pb in the roots and stems of both species was similar, but a higher concentration was recorded in the leaves of A. alba. Salinity was shown to affect the uptake of Cd by all tissues of R. apiculata, but most significantly roots. For A. alba, salinity significantly affects the total uptake of Cd, but this is most significant in the roots. The two mangrove species demonstrated different mechanisms of metal distribution into their organs which may be related to different adaptation mechanisms to saline conditions.     

Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (Oryza sativa), irrigated with water of Ramgarh Lake,Gorakhpur, UP,India

Heavy metals, a highly polluting group of constituents known to exert adverse effects, tend to accumulate in living organisms. The objective of this study was to determine the accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and in paddy crop irrigated with lake water compared to soil and paddy crop irrigated with bore-well water. The quantities of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg) were determined in different parts of rice plants (Oryza sativa). Results revealed that the mean levels of soil Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg in experimental soil and in different parts of rice plant (root, straw, and grain) were higher than the control except for Cu. The content of eight toxic metals was significantly higher in root than in aerial parts of the rice (straw and grains). Rice roots were enriched in Cd, As, Hg, and Pb from the soil, while Cr, Cu, Zn, and Mn were hardly taken by the roots. Bioaccumulation factor for Hg was significantly higher than other heavy metals. Metal transfer factors from soil to rice plants were significant for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Mn, and Hg. The concentrations of metals in lake water were found to be within the permissible limit of Indian standard prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (2000), except for Hg and As, which were higher than the limit of Indian standard. However, the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and rice grains were still below the maximal levels, as stipulated by Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA, 1954) and World Health Organization (WHO, 1993) guidelines.     

4种草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤重金属的抗性与吸收特性

盆栽试验的结果表明,高羊毛、早熟禾、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿在纯尾矿污染土壤或经处理的尾矿污染土壤上都能生长,但在处理的土壤上生长的植物长势明显优于对照,其中紫花苜蓿的生物量所受影响比其他几种草坪草更大,说明其重金属抗性低于其他几种植物。单位面积上 4 种植物体内重金属质量分数高低均为 w(Zn)>w(Pb)>w(Cu)>w(Cd),但每种植物对 Cd、Pb、Zn 和 Cu 的吸收质量分数和分布均不相同,一般为根系质量分数大于茎叶。加入改良剂(CaCO3)和有机肥(菜枯)使生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤上的 4 种草坪草生物量显著增加,植物体中的 Cd、Pb、Zn 质量分数下降,但 Cu 质量分数反而上升,结果单位面积上草坪草吸收各重金属元素的量均有所增加,可见利用改良措施与草坪草相结合的方法来修复重金属污染土壤具有可行性。