微塑料与污染物相互作用的研究进展

微塑料广泛存在于环境中,其比表面积大、吸附性强,可吸附环境中的重金属、有机物、微生物等污染物,并改变它们在环境中的归趋;同时,这些污染物也会影响微塑料的性质及其在环境中的吸附、迁移、降解等行为,进而对生态环境产生潜在风险.开展微塑料与污染物的相互作用研究是进行微塑料环境风险评价的基础.当前相关研究多集中于微塑料的分布及其对不同污染物的吸附作用等方面,而污染物对微塑料性质的影响研究及吸附后它们性质变化的研究相对较少.据此本文总结了微塑料在环境中的分布情况;以吸附为例,梳理了相互作用过程的影响因素和机理;综述了微塑料与污染物相互作用的研究现状;最后基于此展望日后的研究方向,以期对未来微塑料的相关研究提供参考和帮助.     

重金属对药物和个人护理品在土壤/沉积物中吸附的影响机制:现状与展望

药物和个人护理品简称(PPCPs)是一类具有潜在累积效果的环境污染物,其广泛分布于水体与土壤环境中.在土壤/沉积物中,PPCPs将发生一系列的物理、化学和生物作用,其中吸附是PPCPs在土壤/沉积物中极为关键的环境行为,将影响PPCPs在环境中的迁移转化及其对生物体的危害程度.重金属作为一类常见的无机污染物,它们的存在会影响PPCPs在土壤/沉积物表面的吸附行为,对土壤/沉积物吸附PPCPs的吸附效果造成不同影响.本文归纳总结了重金属存在时,PPCPs在土壤/沉积物中的吸附机理,综合探讨了PPCPs官能团组成、重金属离子类型、pH、离子强度和有机质等因素对PPCPs吸附的影响,并针对以往研究存在的问题进行了展望.     

黑碳对污染物环境地球化学过程的影响

黑碳是生物体和化石燃料不完全燃烧形成的一种富含芳香族基团的产物,普遍存在环境中.由于其具有超强的吸附能力,影响污染物在环境中的存在形态,进而影响其生物有效性,并最终改变污染物的归宿.因此,有必要考察黑碳对环境中的污染物的环境行为的影响进行研究,才能更加准确地预测污染物在环境中的归趋.文章在黑碳对污染物的吸附及其影响因素、黑碳对污染物的生物毒性和污染物的生物降解影响方而进行了综述,并提出黑碳对污染物环境地球化学过程影响的末来研究方向.     

分子结构对天然有机质模型化合物在碳纳米管上吸附的影响

天然有机物(NOM)是一类广泛分布的具有不同分子量和结构的物质,能够分散和稳定碳纳米管(CNTs).然而,NOM结构对CNTs吸附机理的影响尚不清楚.了解碳纳米管(CNTs)对有机化合物吸附的机理,对于CNTs及其对其他污染物的环境行为和风险的预测和评估至关重要.本文研究了3种天然有机物(Natural organic matter,NOM)替代物没食子酸(Gallic Acid,GA)、丹宁酸(Tannic Acid,TA)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)在CNTs上的吸附性能.TA分子在CNTs上的摩尔质量浓度吸附较低,与它较大的三维立体分子结构形成的空间位阻有关.具有平面结构的GA和柔性脂肪链结构的SDBS分子容易与CNT结合,表现出在CNTs有更高的吸附.研究结果表明,模型化合物的分子结构对其在CNTs上的吸附有很大的影响.本研究通过研究分子结构对天然有机质模型化合物在碳纳米管上吸附的影响,指出NOM的分子结构是影响其环境吸附行为重要的因素.     

生物炭吸附有机污染物的研究进展

生物炭(biochar)是指生物质在缺氧条件下热裂解产生的一种产物.由于其精致的孔隙结构和独特的表面化学性质,对环境介质中的有机污染物有超强的吸附能力,进而影响污染物的迁移与归宿.近年来生物炭对有机污染物的吸附特性及机理研究已成为环境科学领域的研究热点之一.本文从生物炭的典型性状、吸附有机污染物的机理、影响因素以及对土壤中有机污染物生物可给性的影响等方面进行了综述,并提出生物炭吸附有机污染物未来的研究方向.     

天然有机质疏水性定量方法及吸附预测模型

天然有机质是有机污染物在土壤和水环境中的重要赋存相，显著影响有机污染物的传输、归趋和生物有效性.有机污染物的有机碳-水分配系数是污染物迁移积累模型的核心参数.如何准确、快速地评估有机污染物在天然有机质上的吸附行为是环境科学研究的一个重要科学问题.该方向的研究内容主要包括有机污染物和天然有机质性质定量描述、有机污染物-天然有机质作用机制解析和吸附预测模型构建三个环节.学界在有机污染物-天然有机质作用机制解析方向取得了丰硕的成果，在天然有机质性质定量描述和吸附预测模型构建方向仍有广阔的发展空间.本文系统评估了现有的天然有机质疏水性定量方法和天然有机质吸附预测模型.通过对方法和模型优缺点和适用范围的系统分析，揭示了现有研究的不足，展望了未来研究的主要方向.     

微塑料对环境中有机污染物吸附解吸的研究进展

微塑料已成为新的全球性环境污染问题。作为强吸附剂,微塑料可以吸附共存的有机污染物,进而改变其环境行为和毒性;也可以通过解吸作用促进污染物在不同介质中的迁移。因而,微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用强度和机理是全面评估两者的环境风险和深度研究微塑料毒性机制的必要信息。目前微塑料研究处于快速发展的起始阶段,加之微塑料本身成分、粒径、表面风化情况的复杂性及共存有机污染物的多样性使两者的相互作用十分复杂,亟需理清微塑料吸附解吸作用的影响因素和相关机制。因而,本文详细综述了微塑料对有机污染物吸附解吸作用的研究进展,并着重从微塑料性质(成分、粒径和表面风化)、有机污染物性质和水环境介质性质方面探讨了吸附的影响因素和相互作用机制,希望为微塑料吸附有机污染物及吸附的后续影响研究提供借鉴与参考。     

水环境中微塑料的迁移及其与有机污染物的复合毒性效应研究进展

水环境中的微塑料（MPs）通过吸附和解吸与共存的有机污染物（OPs）相互作用,影响污染物的迁移转化、生物积累、毒性效应等环境行为.因此,MPs和OPs的生态效应需从它们之间的相互作用角度综合考虑.本文在查阅近几年相关文献的基础上,重点阐述了水环境中MPs的环境行为及其对OPs迁移转化的影响,讨论了MPs的生态风险及其与OPs的复合毒性效应的影响因素,并得出如下规律：MPs和OPs的特性,如MPs的表面极性和OPs的疏水性决定了MPs作为OPs载体的有效性;MPs的粒径、表面特性、表面生物膜等理化性质影响了水环境中OPs的迁移转化途径和复合物MPsOPs的毒性效应.本文以期为进一步评估MPs的环境行为和生态风险提供有益的参考,并为准确评估MPs及其相关OPs的环境风险提出了建议.     

新型有机污染物氯代多环芳烃分析方法及其污染现状研究进展

氯代多环芳烃(Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,Cl-PAHs)作为多环芳烃的氯代衍生物,具有类似二英的致癌、致畸、致突变毒性,并且广泛存在于环境介质中,对生态环境和人类健康具有一定的潜在威胁.本文介绍了Cl-PAHs在不同环境介质中的分析方法、污染现状、迁移转化及其毒性效应,最后对其未来研究方向进行了展望.在今后,应该加强污泥和沉积物等复杂环境基质中Cl-PAHs的分析方法研究;系统研究ClPAHs在环境介质中的污染现状和迁移转化行为,并开展Cl-PAHs的环境风险和人体健康风险研究.     

抗生素环境行为及其环境效应研究进展

抗生素作为一类抗菌性药物广泛用于预防和治疗人类和动物疾病,并且在畜牧和水产养殖业中用于促进动物的生长.进入人和动物体内的抗生素不能被生物体完全吸收,大部分以原药或代谢物的形式经由尿液和粪便排出体外进入环境中.抗生素是环境中一类新型污染物,由于其使用量大和诱导产生抗生素耐药菌株,对人类健康和生态环境构成威胁,近年来受到日益广泛的关注.抗生素诱导产生的抗性基因(ARGs)也已经被定义为环境中一类新型污染物.本文介绍了抗生素的使用现状、环境来源以及不同环境介质中抗生素的分析方法和污染现状,并且对其吸附降解行为、毒性效应以及ARGs进行了讨论,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望.在今后,应该更加系统地研究环境中抗生素的污染现状及其迁移转化等行为;开展低剂量长期慢性毒性和复合毒性效应研究;加强对环境中ARGs的污染现状和环境行为研究.     

不同等级石漠化环境下人工乔木林的植被与土壤物理特征

目前石漠化地区的植被恢复是生态系统研究的一大难题.以武陵山石漠化综合治理国家长期科研基地人工林为研究区,通过野外踏查选定樟树-马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析相结合的方法,研究该地区樟树Cinnamomum camphora-马尾松Pinus massoniana林在无石漠化、轻度石漠...     

Principal biogeochemical factors affecting the speciation and transport of mercury through the terrestrial environment

It is increasingly becoming known that mercury transport and speciation in the terrestrial environment play major roles in methyl-mercury bioaccumulation potential in surface water. This review discusses the principal biogeochemical reactions affecting the transport and speciation of mercury in the terrestrial watershed. The issues presented are mercury-ligand formation, mercury adsorption/desorption, and elemental mercury reduction and volatilization. In terrestrial environments, OH-, Cl- and S- ions have the largest influence on ligand formation. Under oxidized surface soil conditions Hg(OH)2, HgCl2, HgOH+, HgS, and Hg0 are the predominant inorganic mercury forms. In reduced environments, common mercury forms are HgSH+, HgOHSH, and HgClSH. Many of these mercury forms are further bound to organic and inorganic ligands. Mercury adsorption to mineral and organic surfaces is mainly dictated by two factors: pH and dissolved ions. An increase in Cl- concentration and a decrease in pH can, together or separately, decrease mercury adsorption. Clay and organic soils have the highest capability of adsorbing mercury. Important parameters that increase abiotic inorganic mercury reduction are availability of electron donors, low redox potential, and sunlight intensity. Primary factors that increase volatilization are soil permeability and temperature. A decrease in mercury adsorption and an increase in soil moisture will also increase volatilization. The effect of climate on biogeochemical reactions in the terrestrial watershed indicates mercury speciation and transport to receiving water will vary on a regional basis.     

有机污染物在土壤和地下水中迁移建模

地下水有机污染是由人类活动引起的各种物理、化学和生物等干扰过程造成有机污染物自土壤表面迁移至地下含水层的结果。为了解有机污染物如何自土表经过不饱和层（包气带）进入含水层，需要对不饱和层中所进行的各种物理、化学和生物等过程进行较准确的定量描述。本文就不饱和层和含水层中水分和有机污染物迁移建模的一些基本概念和方法进行综述，并列举了一些经典的和新颖的建模方法。     

Contrasting effects of engineered carbon nanotubes on plants: a review

Rapid surge of interest for carbon nanotube (CNT) in the last decade has made it an imperative member of nanomaterial family. Because of the distinctive physicochemical properties, CNTs are widely used in a number of scientific applications including plant sciences. This review mainly describes the role of CNT in plant sciences. Contradictory effects of CNT on plants physiology are reported. CNT can act as plant growth inducer causing enhanced plant dry biomass and root/shoot lengths. At the same time, CNT can cause negative effects on plants by forming reactive oxygen species in plant tissues, consequently leading to cell death. Enhanced seed germination with CNT is related to the water uptake process. CNT can be positioned as micro-tubes inside the plant body to enhance the water uptake efficiency. Due to its ability to act as a slow-release fertilizer and plant growth promoter, CNT is transpiring as a novel nano-carbon fertilizer in the field of agricultural sciences. On the other hand, accumulation of CNT in soil can cause deleterious effects on soil microbial diversity, composition and population. It can further modify the balance between plant-toxic metals in soil, thereby enhancing the translocation of heavy metal(loids) into the plant system. The research gaps that need careful attention have been identified in this review.     

稀土元素在土壤中迁移、转化模型的建立及验证

建立了稀土在褐土土壤中迁移、转化模型，定量评价稀土在土壤中的迁移、转化过程。模型包括土壤中稀土化学热力学平衡体系、土壤水分物理形状和土壤剖面的稀土通量。在中国农业大学内进行了田间实验，对模型进行了验证，模拟值与实测值能很好的拟合。     

Principal Biogeochemical Factors Affecting the Speciation And Transport of Mercury through the terrestrial environment

It is increasingly becoming known that mercury transport and speciation in the terrestrial environment play major roles in methyl-mercury bioaccumulation potential in surface water. This review discusses the principal biogeochemical reactions affecting the transport and speciation of mercury in the terrestrial watershed. The issues presented are mercury-ligand formation, mercury adsorption/desorption, and elemental mercury reduction and volatilization. In terrestrial environments, OH^–, Cl^– and S^– ions have the largest influence on ligand formation. Under oxidized surface soil conditions Hg(OH)₂, HgCl₂, HgOH⁺, HgS, and Hg⁰ are the predominant inorganic mercury forms. In reduced environments, common mercury forms are HgSH⁺, HgOHSH, and HgClSH. Many of these mercury forms are further bound to organic and inorganic ligands. Mercury adsorption to mineral and organic surfaces is mainly dictated by two factors: pH and dissolved ions. An increase in Cl^– concentration and a decrease in pH can, together or separately, decrease mercury adsorption. Clay and organic soils have the highest capability of adsorbing mercury. Important parameters that increase abiotic inorganic mercury reduction are availability of electron donors, low redox potential, and sunlight intensity. Primary factors that increase volatilization are soil permeability and temperature. A decrease in mercury adsorption and an increase in soil moisture will also increase volatilization. The effect of climate on biogeochemical reactions in the terrestrial watershed indicates mercury speciation and transport to receiving water will vary on a regional basis.     

Probabilistic modeling of nitrogen and carbon dynamics in water-limited ecosystems

The nitrogen and carbon dynamics of water-limited ecosystems are significantly controlled by the soil water content, which in turn depends on soil properties, climate, and vegetation characteristics. Because of its impact on soil aeration, microorganism environmental stress, and ion transport within the pore spaces, the soil water content controls the activity of microbial biomass with important effects on the rates of decomposition, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification. Mineral nitrogen is mainly lost in the leaching and plant uptake processes, which are both controlled by the soil water content. To assess both the long-term and the short-term impact of soil moisture dynamics on the soil nitrogen and carbon budgets, models of the N and C cycles need to operate at daily resolutions (or higher). On the other hand, long-term projections require a stochastic modeling of the climate forcing to generate long replicates of the climate signal as well as to assess the system response to climate change. This paper reviews a modeling framework developed by the authors [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 455 (1999a) 3789; Adv. Water. Res. 26 (2003) 45; Adv. Water Resour. 26 (2003) 59; Sci. J. 5 (2003) 781] for the process-based analysis of soil moisture, nitrogen, and carbon dynamics, presenting a synthesis of the main results of those investigations.     

A review of source tracking techniques for fine sediment within a catchment

Excessive transport of fine sediment, and its associated pollutants, can cause detrimental impacts in aquatic environments. It is therefore important to perform accurate sediment source apportionment to identify hot spots of soil erosion. Various tracers have been adopted, often in combination, to identify sediment source type and its spatial origin; these include fallout radionuclides, geochemical tracers, mineral magnetic properties and bulk and compound-specific stable isotopes. In this review, the applicability of these techniques to particular settings and their advantages and limitations are reviewed. By synthesizing existing approaches, that make use of multiple tracers in combination with measured changes of channel geomorphological attributes, an integrated analysis of tracer profiles in deposited sediments in lakes and reservoirs can be made. Through a multi-scale approach for fine sediment tracking, temporal changes in soil erosion and sediment load can be reconstructed and the consequences of changing catchment practices evaluated. We recommend that long-term, as well as short-term, monitoring of riverine fine sediment and corresponding surface and subsurface sources at nested sites within a catchment are essential. Such monitoring will inform the development and validation of models for predicting dynamics of fine sediment transport as a function of hydro-climatic and geomorphological controls. We highlight that the need for monitoring is particularly important for hilly catchments with complex and changing land use. We recommend that research should be prioritized for sloping farmland-dominated catchments.     

Abundance,spatial distribution,and physical characteristics of microplastics in stormwater detention ponds

Despite extensive research on microplastics (MP) in marine environments, little is known about MP abundance and transport in terrestrial systems. There is, therefore, still little understanding of the main mechanisms driving the substantial transport of MP across different environmental compartments. Storm events can transport MP beyond boundaries, such as from the land to groundwater or the ocean, as has already been discovered for organic carbon transport. Urban stormwater detention ponds are suitable environments to study the impact of stormwater on the environmental fate and transport of MP. Herein, we investigate the longitudinal and vertical distribution of MP within two detention ponds with different physical characteristics. Soil samples were collected at various locations and from multiple depths (surface and subsurface layers) for measuring MP concentrations using fluorescence microscopy. Our findings show that MP are retained more near the inlet of the ponds, and MP of larger sizes were found more abundantly near inlets than outlets. We also found that MP mass and sizes decrease from surface soil to subsurface soil. In the pond, where vegetation (grass root network) was more considerable, MP were found more evenly distributed along the depth. In terms of shape, the fragments were the most abundant MP shape.     

A low-maintenance,primary cell culture model for the assessment of carbon nanotube toxicity

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gained substantial interest as a material for biomedical devices with reliable properties suitable for electrically conducting biomedical devices. While CNTs combine ideal properties for a number of tissue-interfacing applications, their biocompatibility and safety have been the source of considerable conjecture. This study outlines a method for evaluating biocompatibility, using a low-cost, short-term assessment model of CNT with primary cells, which are more representative of an in vivo situation than cell lines. It was demonstrated that carboxylate-modified, multi-walled CNTs exhibit cytotoxic behavior in as little as 6 hr of exposure to primary fibroblasts. The resultant cell death was concentration dependent, demonstrating the efficacy of acute assessment of cytocompatibility. Although cell viability remained relatively high (being above 85% for all CNT concentrations up to 500 μg/ml), these results reflect similar relationships found for longer term exposures. This method has reliable potential for high-throughput assessment and quality control of CNTs in biomedical applications using a primary cell model.