异养硝化微生物菌剂及其好氧颗粒污泥的脱氮试验

在3个相同的反应器(No.1、No.2、No.3)中,向活性污泥中投加异养硝化微生物菌剂,以批次试验和SBR试验的方式,研究了异养硝化微牛物菌剂对模拟废水的处理效果.结果表明,该菌剂可以大幅度提高活性污泥对氨氮和COD的去除率.批次运行试验中,反应器No.1运行3 d,氨氮去除率大于98.11%,COD去除率大于99%.该投加菌剂的活性污泥每克干污泥的脱氮能力为15.77 mg d-1.以SBR方式运行16 d的试验中,可能是由于功能菌株的流失导致3个反应器的脱氮效果有逐步降低的趋势.采用该异养硝化脱氮微生物菌剂培育出的异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥对模拟废水进行了脱氮试验.在较低运行温度(11～13℃)下以SBR方式运行10 d,反应器处理效果稳定,氨氮去除率70.75%～76.42%,COD去除率在90%以上.该异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥每克干颗粒的脱氮能力为372.00 mg d-1.以上试验都没有发现硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮的积累.图5表1参19     

好氧颗粒污泥耐受高碳氮负荷过程中的群体感应

为了探究好氧颗粒污泥耐受高负荷碳氮的生物学机制,对比分析了不同负荷条件下好氧颗粒对污染物的去除、形体结构和群体感应现象.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥具有同时耐受高碳氮负荷的能力,当进水COD负荷为12.9 kg m-3 d-1时去除率为90%以上,NH4+-N负荷为0.455 kg m-3 d-1时去除率在80%以上.随着负荷的提高,颗粒的粒径不断减小,这可能增强颗粒的传质传氧作用.在进水负荷COD 8.9-10.9 kg m-3 d-1、NH4+-N 0.355-0.455 kg m-3 d-1时,AI-2活性较强,微生物之间相互交流比较活跃,并且保持较好的COD和NH4+-N去除效果.好氧颗粒污泥内部的AI-2活性高于出水溶液.研究表明,群体感应可能在好氧颗粒污泥同时耐受高碳氮负荷中发挥着重要的作用.     

厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器处理发酵废水的研究

采用新型厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器对发酵废水进行了中试处理研究.试验结果表明,系统总有机负荷最高可达到8.88kg(COD)m-3d-1,系统去除率稳定在88.10%~96.88%,说明反应器处理效率高,抗冲击能力强.反应器结构合理,利于保持丰富、高活性的微生物,反应器厌氧区颗粒污泥TS高达83.9gL-1,VS/TS为56.9%~57.4%,比产甲烷活性为280~350mL(CH4)gvss-1d-1;好氧区固定化微生物TS高达64.03gL-1载体,VS/TS为94.02%~94.30%.反应器各功能区对废水的降解过程分析,说明反应器厌氧区和好氧区一体化结构合理,可将废水逐级降解,从而保证整个系统的处理效果.图8表4参11     

水热电催化氧化法降解高浓度苯胺废水

以CuO-MnO2-CeO2/C为催化剂,对COD=9000mg·l-1,NH3-N=700mg·l-1的模拟苯胺废水进行实验,讨论了催化剂用量对实验的影响,以及pH值和温度对COD及NH3-N去除率的影响.结果表明,在T=225℃,pH=10.03时,用湿式催化氧化法(CWO)处理1h后,苯胺废水中COD的去除率高达90%左右,NH3-N的去除率可达94%以上.利用水热电催化氧化法,以RuO2/Ti为电极,NaCl为电解质,在相同条件下,135℃时COD和NH3-N的去除率都可达到96%以上.     

低氨氮垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物厌氧氨氧化处理

采用上流式厌氧污泥床处理某垃圾填埋场渗滤液.实验结果表明,在厌氧氨氧化活性稳定后,反应器对氨氮、亚硝氮具有较好的处理效果,氨氮和亚硝氮的平均去除率分别达到98.42%和99.01%,相应的平均容积去除负荷分别为93.64 mg·l-1·d-1和127.57 mg·l-1·d-1,COD的平均去除率为23.51%,平均容积去除负荷为84.53 mg·l-1·d-1.通过GC-MS总共检测出48种主要有机污染物,其中14种有机物的去除率为100%,2种有机物的去除率介于90%和100%之间,7种有机物的去除率介于50%和90%之间,此外还有13种有机物去除率低于50%,反应中亚硝氮和氨氮的去除率比值为1.37,反应器中存在厌氧氨氧化和反硝化的协同作用.     

COD对颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化反应性能的影响

研究了COD对颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化反应的影响,并对颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能进行了分析.厌氧颗粒污泥取自实验室长期运行的EGSB生物脱氮反应器,实验用水为人工配水,以葡萄糖为有机碳源;主要考察了COD对NH4 -N、NO2--N、NO3--N和TN去除的影响.结果表明:当进水不含COD时,反应器对NH4 -N、NO2--N和NO3--N和TN的去除率分别为12.5%、29.1%、16.1%和16.3%;当COD浓度分别为200mg/L、350mg/L和550mg/L时,反应器对NH4 -N的去除率分别为14.2%、14.2%和23.7%,对NO2--N的去除率均接近100%,对NO3--N的去除率分别为94.5%、86.6%和84.2%,对TN的去除率分别为50.7%、46.9%和50.4%,COD去除率分别为85%、66%和60%.分析发现,在反应初期,氨氮的去除主要通过厌氧氨氧化过程实现,随着反应的进行,反硝化菌活性逐渐提高,传统的反硝化过程占优势.同时还观察到,在反应初期COD对氨氮去除的抑制作用非常明显.图2参21     

微量金属对硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理颗粒污泥活性的影响

采用厌氧反应装置,接种取自UASB反应器的硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理颗粒污泥,以人工配制的含硫酸盐有机废水(蔗糖提供有机物)为原水,分别添加不同质量浓度的微量金属(Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+),通过间歇试验,研究了不同质量浓度的微量金属(Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+)条件下,厌氧反应装置中COD和硫酸盐的去除率及产甲烷情况。试验结果表明,在Fe2+质量浓度0~12 mg·L-1、Co2+质量浓度0~0.5 mg·L-1、Ni2+质量浓度0~0.6 mg·L-1范围内,厌氧颗粒污泥的COD去除率和产甲烷速率分别随Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+浓度的增加而增高。在Fe2+质量浓度0~12 mg·L-1范围内,厌氧颗粒污泥对SO42-去除率随Fe2+浓度的增加略有增高,但在Co2+质量浓度0~0.5 mg·L-1、Ni2+质量浓度0~2.0 mg·L-1范围内,厌氧颗粒污泥的SO42-去除率分别随Co2+和Ni2+浓度的增加而降低。因此,在一定浓度范围内,Fe2+的投加能同时激活MPB和SRB,Co2+和Ni2+的投加能激活MPB但对SRB活性产生抑制作用,为硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理提供一定的理论指导。     

连续流微生物电解池处理有机废水同步生产甲烷北大核心CSCD

为进一步提高有机废水的厌氧处理效率,同时实现能源物质的回收,采用微生物电解池并结合连续流工艺处理有机废水并同步回收甲烷,系统地研究不同水力停留时间、有机负荷、外加电压对微生物电解池内基质浓度的降解、甲烷生产速率等方面的影响.结果表明,在同一有机负荷下,随着外加电压(0.6 V,1.0 V,1.2 V)的升高,微生物电解池COD的去除效率和甲烷生产率也同时提高.在进水COD浓度为1 178 mg L-1、水力停留时间为8 h、外加电压为1.2V的条件下,其COD去除率、甲烷浓度、甲烷产生速率分别为97.7%、96%、1 071 m L L-1 d-1,较普通厌氧发酵(对照组)分别提高了31.5%、13.6%、123%;当进水COD浓度为4 812 mg L-1、水力停留时间为20 h、外加电压为1.2 V时,甲烷的产生速率达1 888 m L L-1 d-1,达理论产率的98.0%,而此条件下对照组甲烷产生速率仅为理论值的64.9%.说明连续流微生物电解池能够明显提高有机废水的处理效率,并实现处理过程中稳定回收甲烷的目的.高通量分析结果显示:微生物电解池阳极碳毡优势菌群为methanogens与Geobacter sp.,其丰度分别占总菌群的53.3%和7.5%,而对照组碳毡相应丰度仅为25.2%和0.7%.此外,研究发现有机负荷与电解池能量的消耗呈负相关,当外加电压为0.6 V时,有机负荷由3.5 kg m-3d-1提升至5.7 kg m-3d-1时,电解池能量消耗降低了79.3%.据此认为,通过优化水力停留时间和外加电压来处理有机废水并同步生产甲烷是可行的.     

膜生物反应器（MBR）处理垃圾渗滤液的脱氮研究

采用一体式MBR处理垃圾渗滤液,系统考察MBR对COD、NH4＋-N和TN的去除效果。结果表明：可将垃圾渗滤液的COD降至650-1 500 mg·L-1范围;在HRT为1.5 d、DO为0.75-1.20 mg·L-1、不排泥条件下运行时,对TN质量浓度低于2 300 mg·L-1、容积负荷低于0.25 kg.m-3.d-1（以N计）的渗滤液进行处理,MBR对NH4＋-N与TN的去除率可分别达到87%和72%以上。在MBR处理垃圾渗滤液的运行中发现,膜的污染速度较快,并且呈现＂两段性＂的规律,采用碱＋氧化剂的清洗方式可有效去除膜污染,降低过膜压力。     

缺氧—SBR工艺处理焦化废水

对焦化废水进行曝气吹脱，10h氨氮去除率达73．7％，用缺氧－SBR工艺处理焦化废水，进水浓度为COD1474mg/L,NH3-N826.8mg/L时，缺氧SRT10h,SBR曝气10h，沉降2h，出水COD186mg/L,NH3-N290.5mg/L,去除率分别达到87．83％，64．9％。     

不同水力负荷下凤眼莲去除氮、磷效果比较

采用人工模拟方法,研究了不同水力负荷(0.14、0.20、0.33和1.00m3.m-2.d-1)对凤眼莲去除富营养化水体氮、磷效果的影响,试验期间进水TN、NH4+-N、NO3-N、TP平均质量浓度分别为4.85、1.33、2.92和0.50mg.L-1。结果表明,凤眼莲净化系统对富营养化水体具有较好的去除效果,低水力负荷(0.14、0.20m3.m-2.d-1)下,出水TN、NH4+-N和TP均达到了GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅳ类水质标准;当水力负荷提高到1.00m3.m-2.d-1后,出水TN、NH4+-N、NO3-N和TP质量浓度明显上升。4种水力负荷下,凤眼莲净化系统对TN和TP去除率分别为84.95%和80.65%、73.87%和73.04%、51.60%和64.05%、30.77%和47.79%,即随水力负荷的提高而降低;相应的TN、TP去除负荷分别为0.58和0.06、0.72和0.07、0.83和0.11、1.47和0.23g.m-2.d-1,即随水力负荷的提高而增加。综合考虑净化效果和污水处理能力,本试验条件下凤眼莲系统的水力负荷宜控制在0.33m3.m-2.d-1。     

序批式膜反应器处理高氨氮渗滤液同步硝化反硝化特性

应用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理实际垃圾渗滤液,在DO浓度分别为0.45mg.l-1和1.19mg.l-1条件下,研究了系统的有机物,氨氮和总氮去除特性以及游离氨(FA),DO对系统同步硝化反硝化(SND)类型的影响.250d试验研究表明:SBRR系统能够稳定高效地同步去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和高浓度氨氮.在初始COD浓度为122—2385 mg.l-1的情况下,出水COD浓度为23—929 mg.l-1,有机物最大去除速率25.6 kgCOD.m-2载体.d-1.在初始NH4+-N浓度为40—396.5 mg.l-1的情况下,出水NH4+-N浓度为0—41.2 mg.l-1,最大硝化速率2.87 kgN.m-2载体.d-1.SBBR系统内发生了明显的同步硝化反硝化(SND)现象,TN平均去除率分别为73.8%(DO=0.45 mg.l-1)和30%(DO=1.19 mg.l-1)左右.当FA浓度在1.5—11.6 mg.l-1范围内时,系统中共存硝酸型SND和亚硝酸性SND.当FA从18.6 mg.l-1增加到56 mg.l-1,系统中形成稳定的亚硝酸SND.因此,FA是影响系统SND类型的主要因素,DO可促进亚硝酸性SND向硝酸型SND转化.     

低碳氮比废水好氧颗粒污泥系统稳定性及微生物种群多样性研究

低碳氮比(C/N)废水处理是含氮废水处理中的难题之一.本实验在C/N为4:1和2:1(COD和NH₄⁺-N浓度分别为400 mg·L^-1和100 mg·L^-1,400 mg·L^-1和200 mg·L^-1)条件下,考察好氧颗粒污泥系统对低碳氮比废水的处理效果、长期运行稳定性,研究C/N对好氧颗粒微生物结构变化的影响.研究结果表明,在C/N为4:1的废水中接种活性污泥培养好氧颗粒污泥,形成的颗粒沉降性能良好,MLSS为4.94 g·L^-1,SVI30为40 mL·g^-1,COD去除率90%以上,氨氮去除率接近100%.降低碳氮比,即C/N为2:1后,好氧颗粒的物理及硝化性能无明显变化,MLSS为11.38 g·L^-1,SVI₃₀/SVI₅维持在1左右,COD去除率大于85%,氨氮去除率98%.碳氮比降低使颗粒微生物多样性减少,其中陶厄氏菌受影响较小,而硝化功能菌出现更替:噬氢菌、食酸菌、里德拜特氏菌消失,鞘氨醇单胞菌、束缚杆菌等成为优势菌种.实验表明,该低碳氮比条件下好氧颗粒污泥系统能够稳定运行,且具有优良的处理性能.     

黑麦草在模拟人工湿地中对奶牛场污水高浓度氮的吸收转化

以土壤为基质,黑麦草(Lolium multiflorm)为植被,通过模拟间歇性人工湿地净化系统处理不同质量浓度的奶牛场污水试验,研究黑麦草对高质量浓度畜牧场污水中氮的吸收转化效果.结果表明,黑麦草在间歇性进水的污水质量浓度高达TN(816.8±125.1) mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N(443.6±97.9) mg·L~(-1),NO_3~--N(141.5±51.7) mg·L~(-1)都能较好的适应,生长良好.在不同浓度处理的净化系统中,水力停留时间为8d的条件下,NH_4~+-N的去除率为75.9%～88.3%;NO_3~--N的去除率平均为69.3%;TN的去除率74.5%～83.1%.该试验黑麦草对污水中氮的吸收转化在系统对氮净化中的贡献率平均为20.03%.     

Enhancing the efficiency of nitrogen removing bacterial population to a wide range of C:N ratio (1.5:1 to 14:1) for simultaneous C & N removal

• Simultaneous C & N removal in Methammox occurs at wide C:N ratio. • Biological Nitrogen Removal at wide C:N ratio of 1.5:1 to 14:1 is not reported. • Ammonia removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy at high C:N ratio. • Acetogenic population compensated for ammonia oxidizers at high C:N ratio. • Methanogens increase the plasticity of nitrogen removers at high C:N ratio. High C:N ratio in the wastewater limits biological nitrogen removal (BNR), especially in anammox based technologies. The present study attempts to improve the COD tolerance of the BNR process by associating methanogens with nitrogen removing bacterial (NRB) populations. The new microbial system coined as ‘Methammox’, was investigated for simultaneous removal of COD (C) and ammonia (N) at C:N ratio 1.5:1 to 14:1. The ammonia removal rate (11.5 mg N/g VSS/d) and the COD removal rates (70.6 mg O/g VSS/d) of Methammox was close to that of the NRB (11.1 mg N/g VSS/d) and the methanogenic populations (77.9 mg O/g VSS/d), respectively. The activities established that these two populations existed simultaneously and independently in ‘Methammox’. Further studies in biofilm reactor fetched a balanced COD and ammonia removal (55%–60%) at a low C:N ratio (≤2:1) and high C:N ratio (≥9:1). The population abundance of methanogens was reasonably constant, but the nitrogen removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy as the C:N ratio shifted from low (C:N≤2:1) to high (C:N≥9:1). The reduced autotrophic NRB (ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox) population at a high C:N ratio was compensated by the fermentative group that could carry out denitrification heterotrophically. The functional plasticity of the Methammox system to adjust to a broad C:N ratio opens new frontiers in biological nitrogen removal of high COD containing wastewaters.     

Performance of a hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor for the treatment of decentralized molasses wastewater

A novel hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor （HAOBR） was developed to simultaneously remove nitrogenous and carbonaceous organic pollutants from decentralized molasses wastewater in the study. The study was based on the inoculation of anaerobic granule sludge in anaerobic compartments and the installation of combination filler in aerobic compartments. The performance of reactor system was studied regarding the hydraulic retention time （HRT）, microbial characteristics and the gas water ratio （GWR）. When the HRT was 24h and the GWR was 20：1, total ammonia and chemical oxygen demand （COD） of the effluent were reduced by 99% and 91.8%, respectively. The reactor performed stably for treating decentralized molasses wastewater. The good performance of the reactor can be attributed to the high resistance of COD and hydraulic shock loads. In addition, the high solid retention time of contact oxidation biofilm contributed to stable performance of the reactor.     

厌氧除磷同步脱氮及影响因素研究

采用鸡粪污泥为种泥,在厌氧混合连续流反应装置内进行厌氧还原磷产生磷化氧功能菌的富集,进行硝酸盐、硫酸盐、不同碳源和氮源条件下厌氧除磷效率的研究,并考察磷化氧的生成与硝酸、总磷、氨氮去除的关系.结果表明,(1)SO_4~(2-)-S适宜的投加量为26 mg·L~(-1),不投加NO_3~--N.水中含有氧化态的无机物在厌氧条件下与磷争夺[H]导致厌氧除磷的效率下降.(2)合适的碳源为葡萄糖1 000 mg·L~(-1),纤维素不适合作为碳源,合适的氮源为蛋白胨500 mg·L~(-1),水中含有的还原糖和有机氮源促进磷化氧的生成.(3)pH值控制在6.5～7.0的范围,最适宜的生长温度在35℃左右.(4)氨氮的去除率随着总磷的去除率而增加,在厌氧条件下可达到同时脱氮除磷的效果.磷的去除由厌氧除磷菌还原磷生成磷化氧完成,氨氮由生成氮气或生成蛋白质来去除.     

铬对生活污水中氮磷的植物净化效果及体内氮磷含量的影响

采用水培法,设置4个Cr6＋质量浓度（0,1,10,20mg·L-1）处理风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）和薏米（Coix aquatica Roxb）,以此研究铬对生活污水中氮磷净化效果及植物体内氮磷质量分数的影响。结果表明：（1）试验期内,铬质量浓度为1mg·L-1时促进风车草和薏米对总氮的去除,铬质量浓度为20mg·L-1时则抑制;总氮去除率因处理时间不同而不同,表现在处理17d时0mg·L-1、1mg·L-1铬处理显著高于处理7d,但20mg·L-1处理则相反;除Cr20处理外,薏米对总氮的去除率显著高于风车草。（2）风车草和薏米对生活污水中总磷的去除率随铬处理时间延长而降低,表现在处理17d时10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理显著低于处理7d;在20mg·L-1铬处理下皆显著低于对照;风车草对总磷的去除率在10mg·L-1、20mg·L-1铬处理下显著高于薏米。（3）不同质量浓度Cr6＋处理下风车草和薏米体内氮、磷质量分数的变化不同,其中20mg·L-1铬处理下风车草茎和薏米根、茎及叶片皆显著低于对照。     

Fermentative hydrogen production from beet sugar factory wastewater treatment in a continuous stirred tank reactor using anaerobic mixed consortia

A low pH, ethanol-type fermentation process was evaluated for wastewater treatment and bio-hydrogen production from acidic beet sugar factory wastewater in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with an effective volume of 9.6 L by anaerobic mixed cultures in this present study. After inoculating with aerobic activated sludge and operating at organic loading rate (OLR) of 12 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1, HRT of 8h, and temperature of 35°C for 28 days, the CSTR achieved stable ethanol-type fermentation. When OLR was further increased to 18 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1 on the 53rd day, ethanol-type fermentation dominant microflora was enhanced. The liquid fermentation products, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ethanol, stabilized at 1493 mg·L^-1 in the bioreactor. Effluent pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and alkalinity ranged at 4.1–4.5, -250–(-290) mV, and 230–260 mgCaCO₃?L^-1. The specific hydrogen production rate of anaerobic activated sludge was 0.1 L?gMLVSS^-1·d^-1 and the COD removal efficiency was 45%. The experimental results showed that the CSTR system had good operation stability and microbial activity, which led to high substrate conversion rate and hydrogen production ability.     

Treatment of swine wastewater in aerobic granular reactors: comparison of different seed granules as factors

The granulation process, physic-chemical properties, pollution removal ability and bacterial communities of aerobic granules with different feed-wastewater (synthetic wastewater, R1; swine wastewater, R2), and the change trend of some parameters of two types of granules in long-term operated reactors treating swine wastewater were investigated in this experiment. The result indicated that aerobic granulation with the synthetic wastewater had a faster rate compared with swine wastewater and that full granulation in R1 and R2 was reached on the 30th day and 39th day, respectively. However, although the feed wastewater also had an obvious effect on the biomass fraction and extracellular polymeric substances of the aerobic granules during the granulation process, these properties remained at a similar level after long-term operation. Moreover, a similar increasing trend could also be observed in terms of the nitrogen removal efficiencies of the aerobic granules in both reactors, and the average specific removal rates of the organics and ammonia nitrogen at the steady-state stage were 35.33 mg·g⁻¹ VSS and 51.46 mg·g⁻¹ VSS for R1, and 35.47 mg·g⁻¹ VSS and 51.72 mg·g⁻¹ VSS for R2, respectively. In addition, a shift in the bacterial diversity occurred in the granulation process, whereas bacterial communities in the aerobic granular reactor were not affected by the seed granules after long-term operation.