土壤中微塑料的来源与其生态毒理效应研究进展

微塑料作为一种新兴的污染物，近年来由于其对环境的污染逐渐加剧而受到了学者的广泛关注.当前对微塑料的研究多集中于水环境中，而对土壤环境中微塑料的研究相对较少，由于其难以降解，会长期存在于土壤环境中，进而对土壤理化性质和物质循环、动植物以及微生物等造成严重的毒理效应.本文评述了土壤中微塑料的来源与其生态毒理效应，土壤中微塑料的来源主要有农用塑料薄膜的广泛使用、农业灌溉用水、污泥堆肥及施用、垃圾填埋和大气沉降.进而阐述了微塑料由于自身的颗粒效应、所含添加剂以及吸附土壤中其它污染物产生的复合污染，对土壤生态环境造成显著的毒理效应.微塑料进入土壤环境后会影响土壤的理化性质和物质循环，使土壤结构发生改变、土壤透气性和酶活性降低.还会影响土壤动植物生长发育以及微生物群落结构，使土壤动物产生肠道损伤、免疫反应、神经毒性、繁殖率降低，死亡率增加以及肠道内微生物群落结构改变等；影响植物种子发芽率、含水量、生殖过程、光合色素、酶活性以及植物生物量和外在特征等；改变微生物原有的群落结构，抑制微生物活性、降低微生物多样性，并使其繁殖发育受到影响.最后，在总结了国内外对微塑料生态毒理效应研究的基础上，对今后的研究...     

菲和镉复合污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应

以土壤酶活性和微生物数量作为生态毒理指标,通过模拟试验,比较分析多环芳烃菲和重金属镉单一与复合污染对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应.结果表明,菲和镉复合污染对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和脱氢酶均具有协同抑制作用;而对磷酸酶和微生物的数量具有拮抗抑制作用.菲和镉复合污染及菲单一污染对土壤微生物的活性抑制率从大到小依次为：放线菌＞真菌＞细菌;镉单一污染则为：真菌＞细菌＞放线菌.     

外源污染物对蚯蚓毒理作用研究进展

以蚯蚓为模式生物,研究环境污染物的生物效应及其对土壤生态系统的影响,已成为国内外的研究热点.蚯蚓受到污染胁迫时,在分子、细胞和生理水平上都会发生明显的变化,进而影响其存活、生长和繁殖能力,最终引起种群及群落的变化.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,从微观水平、个体水平及生态水平3个方面综述和分析了重金属、农药等外源污染物对蚯蚓毒理作用的研究进展,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

水蚤分子生态毒理学研究进展

水蚤是广泛分布于各类淡水水体中的浮游动物,在水生生态系统中具有重要地位,也是水生毒理学研究中常用的模式生物。近年来,分子毒理学的发展为水蚤生态毒理学研究提供了新的工具和研究思路。本文分别从基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学和表观遗传组学方面,综述了不同环境污染物(重金属、农药和杀菌剂等有机污染物、环境激素类化合物、纳米材料和藻毒素等)对水蚤的生态毒理学效应及分子机制,为通过水蚤生态毒理学研究进行环境污染生物标志物筛选及生态风险评估提供参考。     

重金属对水生生物的生态毒理效应及生物耐受机制研究进展

近年来,随着国民经济的快速发展,重金属以其特有的性质而被大量的应用于生产生活当中,同时也由于各种原因造成了水体重金属污染现象。水体重金属污染不仅对水生生物的生长和繁殖造成了严重的威胁,同时也威胁到人类的健康。因此,重金属污染具有潜在的生态与健康风险。本文主要概括介绍了重金属对水生植物、动物、微生物的生态毒理效应以及水生生物对重金属的各种耐受机制,展望了重金属对水生生物生态毒理效应的未来研究重点和方向。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的土壤生态毒理学研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)化合物的生产量和使用量不断增加,导致土壤环境的PAEs污染问题日益突显。一些种类PAEs具有雌激素效应和"三致"效应,因此,PAEs化合物对土壤生态系统各类生物体的生态毒性已引起广泛关注。文章在国内外现有文献研究基础上,综合论述PAEs的土壤污染现状及其对高等植物、土壤微生物和土壤无脊椎动物等的生态毒性研究进展,以期为PAEs污染土壤的生态毒理学深入研究和发展提供参考。研究发现,中国许多地区的农业土壤中均有PAEs被检出,部分土壤中PAEs总量可高达几十mg·kg~(-1),一些PAEs单体含量超出了美国环保局土壤PAEs控制标准。PAEs对植物体在个体、生理、细胞及分子水平上均具有生态毒性效应;PAEs对土壤微生物的群落结构、种群数量和活性均可产生影响,进而影响土壤的正常功能;PAEs对土壤无脊椎动物蚯蚓的生态毒性效应研究则刚刚起步,高浓度的PAEs对蚯蚓具有急性毒性和繁殖毒性,蚯蚓分子及基因水平毒理学指标研究有望为低浓度PAEs的生态毒性效应研究提供新的敏感的生物标记物。     

多氯联苯对我国土壤微生物的生态毒理效应

作为持久性有机污染物(POPs),多氯联苯(PCBs)一旦进入土壤将长期存留并对土栖生物产生潜在危害。土壤微生物是土壤生态系统重要组成部分,研究外源PCBs对土壤微生物的生态毒理效应,筛选出指示PCBs污染的敏感指标并获取可靠的生态毒理数据十分重要。研究以江西红壤和天津潮土为供试土壤,在室内25℃连续培养28 d的条件下进行了生态毒理实验,选择了微生物量碳、呼吸强度、代谢熵、硝化作用、脱氢酶活性、脲酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性为微生物指标。结果显示:1)在28 d培养时间内,多氯联苯(PCBs)的毒性作用随培养时间的延长而增强,且在红壤中的毒性作用强于在潮土中,表明PCBs对土壤微生物的毒性作用存在时间效应并受土壤性质的影响。2)各微生物指标的敏感性不同,微生物量碳、脲酶活性和微生物功能多样性对PCBs污染反应不够敏感,而土壤呼吸强度、代谢熵、硝化作用和脱氢酶活性对PCBs污染反应敏感。3)14 d时,红壤中PCBs对脱氢酶活性、呼吸强度和代谢熵的EC10值分别为1.20、3.18和1.09 mg·kg-1,而在潮土中分别为6.31、4.73和50 mg·kg-1;28 d时,红壤中PCBs对硝化作用、脱氢酶活性、呼吸强度和代谢熵的EC10值分别为2.32、0.77、0.51和0.71mg·kg-1,而在潮土中分别为5.91、1.65、3.00和50 mg·kg-1。综合考虑经济和实际需要等因素,建议将呼吸强度、硝化作用和脱氢酶活性作为PCBs污染土壤生态毒理评价中的首选敏感指标,并建议培养时间设置为28 d。     

人工纳米材料对斑马鱼生态毒理效应研究进展

随着纳米技术的快速发展,人工纳米材料在光电、生物医药、化妆品等诸多领域得到了广泛应用。人工纳米材料在生产、使用和废弃处理等过程中,不可避免地通过水体、土壤、大气等进入环境,其对环境产生的生态效应逐渐引起国内外的广泛关注。斑马鱼(Danio rerio)作为一种重要的脊椎模式生物,在环境毒理学研究中应用广泛,可以作为检测人工纳米材料生态毒理效应的一种重要工具。本文介绍了人工纳米材料对水生态环境的影响及斑马鱼在生态毒理学研究中的优势,总结了其对斑马鱼的毒性效应,主要包括急性毒性和对个体发育的影响、对组织细胞及基因表达的影响,分析了人工纳米材料对斑马鱼的毒性机制,以期为人工纳米材料毒理学研究提供基础信息。     

污染生态学的研究前沿与展望

根据污染生态学国内外研究现状与发展趋势 ,对该领域的最新研究前沿进行了较为系统的分析和归纳。与此同时 ,从生态学发展战略的角度 ,对今后的研究重点进行了阐述。认为污染生态过程是污染生态学研究的中心议题 ,污染生态修复与污染生态工程是污染生态学应用研究的重点。通过研究 ,将会推动污染生态化学和污染生态毒理学等学科新的生长点和新的分支学科的形成和发展。     

跳虫在土壤污染生态风险评价中的应用

随着土壤污染生态风险评价研究的逐步深入,选择适宜的生物作为风险评价的指示物成为研究热点.跳虫是一种分布极为广泛的土壤无脊椎动物,对土壤污染十分敏感,具有成为土壤环境质量指示生物的良好潜力.目前跳虫在土壤生态风险评价中的应用研究尚处于起步阶段.论文综述了跳虫在土壤生态系统中的作用,通过对当前跳虫生态毒性测试技术及其影响因素的综合分析,结合跳虫的分子生态效应的研究进展,详细阐述了跳虫在土壤生态风险评价中的应用.论文最后提出了跳虫应用于土壤污染生态风险评价所面临的技术障碍以及亟待解决的问题,并对该领域的前景进行了展望。     

土壤线虫生态毒理学研究现状及展望

线虫是土壤中最为丰富的无脊椎动物,在土壤生态系统腐屑食物网中占有重要地位.由于线虫具有形态特殊、分离鉴定相对简单,以及对环境变化敏感等特点,现已被作为模式生物用于生态毒理学研究,为环境污染评价提供有价值的信息.论文系统阐述了土壤线虫在物种和群落水平的生态毒理学研究现状,指出了目前线虫毒理学研究存在的薄弱环节,并对今后的研究趋势进行了展望.     

A theoretical‐methodological approach towards the evaluation of environmental pollutants

The recognition and analysis as well as a generally applicable ecotoxicological evaluation are parts of the strategy towards the determination of changes in the quality of environmental compartments and their effects on humans. The progress in the field of identification of qualitative effects calls for the creation of a theoretical basis for the empirical findings. With this task being the main concern, fundamental ideas on a theoretical‐methodological approach towards the ecotoxicological evaluation of environmental chemicals are discussed. The relationships between the molecular structure and the effect of the substances in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments are the basis of this approach.     

Ökotoxikologische und humantoxikologische Risikobewertung PAK-belasteter Böden vor und nach biologischer Behandlung

The goal of the present work is to assess the adverse effects of soil bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which remain in soils after biological remediation. We focus on risk assessment for mammalian species with respect to the oral uptake of contaminated soil particles and compare the results of a biomarker test with those of an ecotoxicological assay, the bioluminescence inhibition test withVibrio fischeri. As a biomarker effect in mammals, we determined the liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A1 which is induced by PAH in exposed rats. After biological soil treatment, different amounts of PAH remain in the soil depending on the soil properties and initial pollutant composition. Particularly, higher condensated PAH resists biological treatment due to its hydrophobicity. In addition, high amounts of organic carbon in the soils affect remediation efficiency. In the bioluminescence inhibition test, eluates of all biologically treated soils studied do not reveal any or only low inhibitory effects. In contrast, the oral uptake of biologically treated contaminated soils leads to induction levels for CYP1A1 similar to those in the untreated samples. A good correlation is obtained between CYP1A1 levels and the amount of 5 and 6-ring PAH in the soil samples. The main result is that the remediation efficiency determined by the luminescence test is not reflected by the biomarker test, a finding which indicates the high bioavailability of residual PAH in soils. Consequently, new criteria for human risk assessment can be delineated.     

新兴海洋生态毒理学模式生物——海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)

海洋污染日益加剧,适用于海洋生态毒理学研究的鱼类模型的建立意义重大。海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)在培养条件、生理和分子信息等方面的优势使其正成为海洋生态毒理学研究领域的代表性潜在模式生物。阐述了海洋青鳉鱼在海洋生态毒理学研究中的优势,系统介绍了海洋青鳉鱼在毒理学研究中的应用现状,并着重介绍了其在分子毒理学中的应用,最后对海洋青鳉鱼在海洋生态毒理学中的研究方向进行了展望。     

Current developments in soil ecotoxicology and the need for strengthening soil ecotoxicology in Europe: results of a stakeholder workshop

Background

Soil is one of our most important resources and fulfills many ecological functions such as storage and filtration of water and nutrients, transformation of chemical compounds and nutrients, biomass production, and carbon storage. Such soil functions support ecosystem services provided by soils, which need to be protected to protect soil fertility. However, European soils often contain elevated concentrations of contaminants, putting biodiversity of soil organisms as well as the ecological functions and services at risk. To promote soil ecotoxicology in Switzerland, the Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology together with the Federal Office for Environment and the Federal Office for Agriculture organized a stakeholder workshop on 7 June 2018 with participants from research, governmental bodies, and associations. One goal of this workshop was to inform participants about currently available risk assessment approaches for soil, the soil risk assessment for plant protection products in Europe, available bioassays and bioindicators, and results of research projects on soil contaminants in Switzerland. Another goal was to discuss the needs for research in soil ecotoxicology in Switzerland and to identify next steps, potential projects, and future collaborations.

Results

The main needs identified during the workshop were the establishment of (bio)indicators to measure soil fertility, functional parameters to determine soil functions, and the preservation of soil biodiversity. Another priority listed was the formation of a working group, which addresses the issue of the development of environmental quality standards for soil. The need for experimental field sites for implementing and testing new approaches or tools for assessing soil quality was also discussed.

Conclusion

The next steps planned are two workshops with national and international experts in soil ecotoxicology to develop a soil monitoring concept for Switzerland and to find suitable bioindicators to evaluate soil fertility. Additionally, a literature review will be performed summarizing the current ecotoxicological state of the art with regard to the development of bioindicators in relation to the monitoring of plant protection products in Swiss soil, to evaluate their effects on soil fertility. Furthermore, all attendees agreed on the need for annual meetings or workshops where experts can present scientific results, participants can exchange information, and future projects and collaborations can be developed.

     

Nematodentest

For the assessment of contaminated and remediated soils and substrates, and the estimation of chronic toxicity of soil contaminations, an ecotoxicological test was developed using the terrestrial nematodePanagrellus redivivus. The population dynamics expressed by the reproduction factor (VF) allows an estimation of soil quality within seven days. Due to the rapid generation time ofPanagrellus (< 5 d), the short test duration is considered to be sufficient. The suitability of this test duration is considered to be sufficient. The suitability of this test was evaluated by investigating soils which had been contaminated using applications of specific pollutants (lindane and PCB 52).     

Entwicklung von Prüfwertempfehlungen für ausgewählte Schadstoffe zum Schutz des Bodens als Lebensraum für Bodenorganismen

Goal and Scope

In the German Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance there are no ecotoxicological trigger values for the protection of soil as a habitat for soil organisms. The objective of this study was to derive preliminary trigger values for the habitat function of soils. This was done by collecting data on the impact of priority pollutants on soil organisms and plants followed by the parallel use of the Factorial Application Method (FAME) and Distribution Based Extrapolation (DIBAEX) and a final verification of the plausibility of the calculated trigger values by means of an ecotoxicological test battery.

Methods

Data on the effects of pollutants on soil organisms and plants were recorded in a specific data base (Soil Value). Subsequently, we derived so-called ‘working trigger values’ using the extrapolation methods FAME (factorial application method) and DIBAEX (distribution based extrapolation). In the second phase of the project, we verified experimentally the plausibility of these values by means of an ecotoxicological test battery. Test substrate was a sandy soil with low sorption capacity and organic carbon content which was mixed with fresh pollutants (e.g. heavy metal salts) and polluted soil material from contaminated sites (aged contamination), respectively. Organisms tested were microorganisms, plants, earthworms, springtails and nematodes.

Results and Conclusions

We calculated working trigger values for 12 pollutants based on 900 datasets compiled in he data base. The laboratory investigations showed the freshly added contaminants to be less strongly adsorbed to the soil than those added by the use of contaminated soil material. Nevertheless, aged contaminations displayed often the same inhibitive effects as the freshly added chemicals. The results achieved in the second phase of the project were also recorded in the Soil-Value database. Based on the new data set, final trigger values were derived for the experimentally tested substances.

Outlook

The procedure described in this contribution exemplarily for copper can be used for the derivation of recommended trigger values for the pathway soil ? soil organisms. Besides copper, preliminary trigger values were derived for zinc, mercury, lead and HCH.     

Fate of herbicides and nonylphenol in soil–plant–water systems amended with contaminated sewage sludge

We studied the fate of sludge spiked with ¹⁴C-labelled diuron, glyphosate and nonylphenol applied to the soil by the way of contaminated sewage sludge in the soil-plant-water system. Here we show that the mineralization of the chemicals in mixture is reduced by 40–80% by comparison with a direct soil contamination. The persistence of the chemicals in soils is increased in the presence of sludge. We showed also that the chemicals present in the sludge are mobile and partly transferred to soil leachates and plant seedlings. These results allow postulating that these compounds may induce an ecotoxicological impact on the soil ecosystem.