中国东部河流沉积物中重金属含量与沉积物主要性质的关系

采集了我国东部１２条大、中河流的２６个相对清洁的表层沉积物样品，测定了沉积物中Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ和Ｃｏ的含量以及沉积物的主要地球化学性质（粒径分布、反应性和铁氧化物、无定型铁氧化物、总铁、隐晶型锰氧化物、总锰、铝氧化物、钛氧化物、有机碳和粘土矿物含量等）和表面性质（比表面和表面位密度）以非参数相关分析和偏相关分析研究了沉积的物中重金属含量与沉积物主要性质之间的关系，结果表明，在我国东部，这些相     

城市水样中首次检出痕量硝基多环芳烃（NO2—PAH）

本文利用还原衍生化高分辨ＧＣ－ＥＣＤ法，采用双柱定性首次在城市地表水样中检出环境潜在致癌物－硝基多环芳烃（ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ），结果表明，在不同的水样中共检出包括动物致癌物２－硝基萘在内的八种ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ。河水和饮用水中均有ｐｐｔ级ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ存在，其中溶解度较大的两环硝基多环芳烃的含量高于三环以上的。饮用水中ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ的浓度低于与其相邻的河水中相应硝基多环芳烃的含量，经煮沸处理后，饮用水中Ｎ     

负载型烯土复合氧化物燃烧催化剂的失活研究

本文探讨了负载型稀土复合氧化燃烧催化剂在使用过程中失活的主要特征，通过ＸＲＤ，ＴＥＭ，ＢＥＴ比表面测定及不同使用期的活性测定，证实催化剂在使用后的４－８个月内，烧结是失活的主因；因ＸＰＳ谱显示硫中毒积累性，以ＳＯ＾２－４形式沉积于催化剂表面，构成了燃烧催化剂后期失活的主要因素，由于催化燃烧反应在较高的温度进行，并充分供氧，所以积炭引起失活的可能性较小，这可以从孔容数据和一些电镜照片中得到证实。     

五氯酚及其钠盐中氯代二恶英类分析

采用ＨＰＬＣ和ＧＣ／ＭＳ的方法，对国产ＰＣＰ及其钠盐中的ＰＣＤＤｓ，ＰＣＤＦｓ进行了分析。测定了所有２，３，７，８－取代同系物。此外，还根据各ＣＤＤｓ，ＣＤＦｓ的毒性当量因于ＴＥＦｓ，计算了其毒性当量Ｉ－ＴＥＱｓ，分别为１４２，９２ｎｇ．ｇ＾－１。在前述基础上，仨算了由于ＰＣＰ及其钠盐的应用，引起的ＰＣＤＤｓ，ＰＣＤＦｓ环境输入。约为２４０ｋｇ／ａ。     

三种空气微生物采样方法的比较

在室内自然条件下，对三种空气微生物采样方法进行比较。结果表明，ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器法，ＬＷＣ－１笄样器法和平皿沉降法测定的室内空气微生物粒子浓度分别为２６３４个／ｍ＾％３，２３９５个／ｍ＾３和１３８０个／ｍ＾３，ＬＷＣ－１型和ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ二种采样器的采样结果之间没有明显差异，二种采样器的采样结果均明显高于平皿沉降法的采样结果。ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ采样器的采样效率高，且可同时测定空气微生物粒子的浓     

毛细管气相色谱—负离子化学电离源质谱法测定空气颗粒物中的硝基？…

本文用毛细管气相色谱－负离子化学电离源质谱法（ＧＣ－ＮＩＣＩＭＳ）测定了空气颗粒物中的硝基多环芳烃（ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ）,通过与标准的保留时间和质谱图的比较,确定了空气颗粒物中含有四种ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨ,它们是２９－硝基芴,９－硝基蒽,１－硝基芘和２－硝基萤蒽。用同一样品进行了毛细管气相色谱正离子电子轰击源质谱分析,并与ＧＣ－ＮＩＣＩＭＳ进行比较     

三苯基锡和三丁基锡对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的毒性作用研究

本研究测定了三苯基锡（ＴＰＴ）和三丁基锡（ＴＢＴ）对大型蚤（Ｄａｐｈｎｉａ ｍａｇｎａ）的急性毒性及慢性毒性，同时研究了环境因素（腐殖酸、硬度、酸度）对ＴＰＴ和ＴＢＴ的２４ｈ－ＥＣ５０的影响。结果表明，ＴＰＴ和ＴＢＴ对大型蚤的２４ｈ－ＥＣ５０分别为１３．３３ｕｇＳｎ．１＾－１和３．９１ｕｇＳｎ．１＾－１，慢性实验结果表明，ＴＰＴ对大型蚤的生长繁殖有一定的抑制作用。     

SO2和O3动态胁迫烟草致病的暴露试验

ＳＯ_２和Ｏ_３动态胁迫烟草致病的暴露试验陈锦云，兰志斌，苏珍山，曾军，王阳青（福建龙岩地区烟科所龙岩３６４０００）关键词Ｓ）_２和Ｏ_３；烟草；气候斑点病，动态胁迫暴露ＴＨＥＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＴＲＥＳＳＥＸＰＯＳＵＲＥＴＥＳＴＯＮＴＯＢＡＣＣＯＢＬＡＤＥ...     

用^32P后标记方法测定典型有毒污染物的DNA加合物

＾３２Ｐ后标记方法测定生物样品里的有毒污染物－ＤＮＡ加合物的过程是用小球菌核酸酶和脾核酸酶将ＤＮＡ及加合物酶解成为２‘－脱氧核苷３’－单磷酸，以它为底物，在Ｔ４多核到激酶的催化下，与γ＾３２ＰＡＴＰ进行文笔磷的转移反应，形成带放射磷的２‘－脱氧核苷３’，５‘－二磷酸酯ＯＤＳ－ＴＬＣ吸附薄层板和ＰＥＩ－ＴＬＣ阴离子交换薄层板将标记过的带放射磷的＾＊３’，５‘－二磷酸酯分离分辨，然后用自显影技术制成加     

六六六热解废渣中2,3,7,8—取代PCDDs和PCDFs的测定

采用ＨＰＬＣ和ＧＣ／ＭＳ法对六六六热解废渣中的ＰＣＤＤｓ和ＰＣＤＦｓ进行了测定，使用此种方法，于废渣中检出了所有２，３，７，８－取代的同系物。此外，还根据各ＣＤＤｓ，ＣＤＦｓ的毒性当量因子ＴＥＦｓ，计算了废渣的毒性当量ＴＥＱｓ，约为６１２－９２４μｇ／ｇ。分析表明，ＯＣＤＤ是含量最丰富的导构体，而１，２，３，４，６，７，８－ＨｐＣＤＤ，１，２，３，４，６，７，８－ＨｐＣＤＦ和１，２，３，４，７，８     

Determination of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in sediment samples of twelve rivers in eastern China

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener concentrations and their distributions were determined for the first time in 12 major rivers of eastern China. It was found that the PCB contamination level in those rivers was relatively low compared to the levels reported in most developing countries. Total amount of PCBs in the river sediments ranged from 10 to 22 ng/g dry weight and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) ranged from 0.89 to 7.62 ng/g. The PCB concentrations were basically homogeneous in different rivers; however, they consistently changed with the percent of total organic carbon (TOC). The PCB concentrations and compositions found in the 12 river sediments were very similar, with the tetra‐ and penta‐ groups as the dominants. Given that distributions and contaminant levels in sediments reflect the number of PCBs, the contamination of the 12 major rivers in eastern China is probably due to atmospheric deposition rather than the point source contamination.     

珠江三角洲地区水体表层沉积物中多环芳烃的来源、迁移及生态风险评价

检测了珠江三角洲河流及南海近海表层沉积物中25种多环芳烃的含量．其含量范围为138-6793ng·g-1．主成分分析/多元回归分析结果表明,珠江三角洲水体沉积物中多环芳烃来源主要有石油排放,煤、木柴等低温燃烧排放,机动车尾气排放及生物成因．其相对贡献分别为石油排放占36％、煤、木柴燃烧占27％、机动车尾气占25％,自然来源占12％．珠江、东江河流沉积物中多环芳烃主要来源于区域内工业和生活废物的直接排入和机动车尾气的近距离沉降．西江沉积物中多环芳烃大气沉降是主要输入途径．南海沉积物中多环芳烃河流输入是主要途径．在多环芳烃由河流向海洋的输送过程中,茈可以作为一个有效指标示踪河流输送的多环芳烃．风险评价表明,东江及珠江部分河段沉积物可能存在着对生物的潜在危害,其它区域多环芳烃的生态风险处于较低水平．     

成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

根据流经成都市内的三条河流（府河、南河、沙河）表层沉积物重金属数据，采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明（1）重金属潜在的生态危害因子（Er^i）说明大多属于轻微生态危害范畴，产牛生态危害的主要重金属是Hg、Cd，Cu、Pb次之，As影响最小；（2）多种重金属的生态系统的潜在生态风险指数（RI）表明河流重金属污染属于轻微生态危害和接近中等生态危害，其受危害程度由强至弱的次序为：府河，南河，沙河。     

莱州湾表层沉积物中重金属时空分布、污染来源及风险评价

运用污染风险评价标准和方法研究了2010年5月(春)、8月(夏)、10月(秋)和12月(冬)莱州湾表层沉积物中7种重金属污染物的时空分布特征、来源及生态风险。结果表明,表层沉积物中Cr、Zn和Pb含量均呈现春季低于其他季节特征,秋季Hg含量是其他季节的4倍,Cu、As和Pb含量无显著季节差异。表层沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Cd最高值出现在莱州湾中部及小清河河口等西部水域,来源呈现受自然作用影响较大的特征;而Hg和Pb最高值出现在龙口和界河河口等东部水域,来源呈现受周边工业污染物的人为排放影响较大的特征。基于地理累积指数、生态效应浓度以及Hakanson潜在生态风险指数的综合评价表明,13%~29%的研究区域的表层沉积物受到轻微程度的Cd、Hg和Pb污染,Cd和Hg高值水域达到中等生态风险程度;Hg和As在65%~68%的研究区域的表层沉积物中达到可能对沉积物底质环境及生物群落产生不利生态影响水平。基于对重金属污染物的评价结果,莱州湾表层沉积物质量较好,局部区域存在Hg、Pb、Cd和As的潜在污染风险。     

Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of metals in the river sediments from Dan River Drainage,China

This study investigates the partitioning of metals in surface sediments from the Dan River drainage basin, the source of drinking water for the South to North Water Transfer Project, China, to determine their bioavailability and associated levels of risk. Sediment samples were collected from 99 sites along the Dan River, and the concentration of each element fraction was determined using sequential extraction and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The residual fraction was the major phase for most metals sampled. Among the non-residual fractions, greater proportions of Zn, Mn and Cd were transported in in the available phase, whereas Ba, Sb, Pb and As were mainly found in the reducible phase. The oxidisable phase was important for the transport of Ni, Co, Cr and Cu in sediments. This analysis of sediments from the Dan River basin indicates a very high risk of pollution from Cd, Co, Mn, Sb and Zn. Combined with the sediments with extremely high concentrations, the Dan, Laoguan and Yinhua rivers, which have been affected by ore-mining activities, pose a very high risk to the surrounding areas and should be the subject of future studies.     

Recent advances in pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the surface water and sediments in China

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been regarded as an emerging problem in the surface water environment in the past few decades. In China, although related studies were initiated several years ago, an increasing number of studies on this topic have been conducted in recent years. These studies have expanded knowledge of their occurrence, behavior and associated risk in the surface water environment in China. This review compiles the most recent literature related to the studies of PPCPs in the surface water environment in China. It includes PPCP occurrence in surface water and sediments, their geographical distribution, and outcomes of the associated risk assessment. It shows that antibiotics have received much more attention in both surface water and sediments than other PPCPs. Compared to other countries; most antibiotics in the collected sediments in China showed higher contamination levels. Many more study areas have been covered in recent years; however, attention has been given to only specific areas. Environmental risk assessment based on risk quotients indicated that sulfamethoxazole presents the most significant environmental risk to relevant aquatic organisms; followed by ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, 17α-ethynylestradiol, ibuprofen and diclofenac. Despite limited research on the environmental risk assessment of PPCPs in sediments, higher risks posed by PPCPs in the sediments rather than surface water were identified highlighting the need for further risk assessment of PPCPs in sediment samples.

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湘江衡阳段沉积物中铊等重金属的污染特征及其生态风险评估

湘江是我国重金属污染最重的河流之一。为了更全面了解湘江衡阳段表层沉积物重金属污染现状及其潜在生态风险,在前期相关研究基础上,分析了重金属Tl及其他4种重金属(Mn、Co、Ni和V)的含量水平和分布特征,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,湘江衡阳段表层沉积物中Tl和Mn有一定程度的累积和污染,其含量分别为0.12～2.09mg·kg-1和234～4580mg·kg-1。由于Tl具有较强的毒性响应,其潜在生态风险不容忽视。综合前期相关研究结果,研究区域中10种重金属总潜在生态风险指数(RI)为27.8～6266,约70%采样点具有重度生态风险,其主要风险来源于Cd和Tl。     

Threats to Imperiled Freshwater Fauna

Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna in the U.S. were assessed through an experts survey addressing anthropogenic stressors and their sources. Specifically, causes of historic declines and current limits to recovery were identified for 135 imperiled freshwater species of fishes, crayfishes, dragonflies and damselflies, mussels, and amphibians. The survey was designed to identify threats with sufficient specificity to inform resource managers and regulators faced with translating information about predominant biological threats into specific, responsive actions. The findings point to altered sediment loads and nutrient inputs from agricultural nonpoint pollution; interference from exotic species; and altered hydrologic regimes associated with impoundment operations as the three leading threats nationwide, accompanied by many lesser but still significant threats. Variations in threats among regions and among taxa were also evident. Eastern species are most commonly affected by altered sediment loads from agricultural activities, whereas exotic species, habitat removal/damage, and altered hydrologic regimes predominate in the West. Altered sediment loading from agricultural activities and exotic species are dominant problems for both eastern mussels and fishes. However, eastern fishes also appear to be suffering from municipal nonpoint pollution (nutrients and sediments), whereas eastern mussels appear to be more severely affected by altered nutrient impacts from hydroelectric impoundments and agricultural runoff. Our findings suggest that control of nonpoint source pollution associated with agriculture activities should be a very high priority for agricultural producers and governmental support programs. Additonally, the large number of hydropower dams in the U.S. subject to federal re-licensing in coming years suggests a significant opportunity to restore natural hydrologic regimes in the affected rivers.     

大型水生植物对东太湖河湖交汇区矿质元素分布特征的影响

河流是湖泊物质运移的重要通道,对湖泊生态系统有重要的影响.各矿质元素及营养物质迁移、累积使得河湖交汇处成为重金属元素和营养物质的汇库.通过对太湖的入湖河流及其与太湖交汇区域不同植物群落沉积物中矿质元素、有机质含量分析.结果表明:河流表层沉积物重金属元素含量是其与太湖交汇区表层沉积物重金属元素含量的4～5倍.而元素间的相关系数因不同的生态环境存在差异,且P、Ca、Cu、Sr与其它元素间在河湖交汇区及定向河道均无显著相关关系;而SOM在河湖交汇区有强相关,而在河流中则否.