不同有机体系的混凝特征研究:以硫酸铝为例

选择牛血清蛋白和腐殖酸作为实验对象,考察了硫酸铝投加量和p H对两种有机体系有机物去除率、电荷性质以及絮体性质(粒径分布、分形维数和沉降性)的影响.实验结果发现,硫酸铝混凝对腐殖酸的去除效率要高于BSA,当硫酸铝投加量为5 mmol·L-1时,两种体系中DOC的去除率均达到最高.电中和在腐殖酸的混凝去除过程中占主导地位,而吸附架桥是BSA去除的主要机理.对于两种有机体系,随着硫酸铝投加量的升高,絮体粒径逐渐减小,而分形维数增大.相比腐殖酸体系,BSA混凝形成絮体粒径大但分形维数更小,同时絮体沉降性较差.此外,两种体系中DOC去除率在p H值等于6时均达到最高.同时,当p H值从5上升到9的过程中,BSA体系粒径逐渐增加;而在腐殖酸体系中,在p H值小于6时,絮体成长平衡时间延长,同时平衡后絮体粒径要明显大于p H值大于7条件下形成的絮体.     

不同泥龄下活性污泥絮体性状的研究

采用序批式反应器对不同泥龄下污泥絮体的化学性状(胞外聚合物成分及含量)、物理性状(表面电荷)、形态性状(粒度分布、分形维数)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:泥龄对胞外聚合物总量及各组分含量的影响规律并不明显;多糖/蛋白质愈大,污泥絮体表面电负性愈强;污泥絮体的平均粒径随泥龄的延长呈逐渐减小的趋势,且粒度分布愈来愈均匀;不同泥龄下,污泥絮体形态结构亦不相同,泥龄短时,絮体表面粗糙,结构开放疏松;泥龄长时,絮体表面平滑,结构紧凑;随着泥龄的增大,絮体分形维数逐渐增加.由于不同泥龄下所表现出的污泥絮体性状的差异,直接影响了污泥的絮凝和沉降性能.     

温度对海水微絮凝-超滤工艺的影响

采用微絮凝-超滤工艺处理不同温度的海水,研究了温度对有机物的去除效果、絮体特性以及超滤膜通量的影响规律.以三氯化铁为絮凝剂,分析了微絮凝-超滤对海水UV254、DOC及三维荧光光谱的影响,监测了不同海水温度下微絮凝过程中产生絮体的絮凝指数、分形维数等特性,考察了微絮凝对超滤膜污染的减缓作用.实验结果表明,当FeCl_3投加量为1.0 mg·L~(-1)时,对5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃海水的UV254去除率分别为84.4%、81.3%、78.1%、71.9%,DOC去除率分别为81.8%、75.8%、65.0%、57.5%,微絮凝-超滤工艺对低温海水的去除效果优于常温海水,可去除海水中的芳香族蛋白类和腐殖酸类有机物;温度对絮凝指数FI的影响较小,说明其不同温度下微絮凝形成的絮体粒径变化不大;但低温海水形成的絮体分形维数要小于常温海水,说明低温海水的絮体结构更加疏松,疏松的絮体结构更有利于减缓后续超滤膜通量的下降.     

聚合氯化铁一腐殖酸絮体的空间异质性研究

采用专业的软件对聚合氯化铁一腐殖酸（PFC—HA）絮体二维图像进行灰度解析与高度校正,确定了聚合氯化铁混凝腐殖酸的体系中不同PFC投药量时典型絮体的空间高程分布矩阵;并据此分别计算了PFC絮体的二维分形维数（Ds）、不同方向的Hurst指数及一维自仿射分形维数日．结果表明,不同PFC投药量下,利用TPSAM、PCM、C...     

混凝-超滤预沉积对去除腐殖酸的影响

探索利用在膜表面经过混凝预处理,调节膜-颗粒物作用行为的机制,从而改进超滤膜的净水效果是本文的研究核心.研究通过将AlCl_3及Al_(13)两种混凝剂形成的絮体以自然沉降的方式预先沉积在超滤膜表面,考察了对腐殖酸(HA)的去除情况及膜的净水行为.结果表明,使用Al_(13)混凝剂在膜表面沉积的絮体能更好的去除HA,并在一定程度上缓解膜污染,而使用AlCl_3则会加强膜污染现象.随着Al_(13)混凝剂投加量从0.08 mmol·L~(-1)增加到0.18 mmol·L~(-1)时,对HA的去除率也从26%升高到34%,并在超滤膜表面形成预沉积层.在较高投加量0.18 mmol·L~(-1)时,Al_(13)混凝剂在膜表面形成的絮体分形维数(2.45)较AlCl_3(2.29)大,但Al_(13)形成的絮体粒径(300 nm)小于AlCl_3形成的絮体粒径(600 nm),致使在膜表面形成的沉积层相对致密.Zeta电位分析结果表明,Al_(13)混凝剂较AlCl_3混凝剂具有更高的正电荷,较易吸附负电性的HA分子,因此去除HA效果更好,提高膜通量程度更大.     

高锰酸钾预氧化并复合高岭土与聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝去除水中颤藻

采用高锰酸钾预氧化复合高岭士与聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝,对去除水中颤藻进行了研究.通过正交试验得出了在试验水质条件下,颤藻去除最佳条件为:高锰酸钾投加量为0.5mg·l~(-1),预氧化时间为15min,PAc投加量为2.5mg·l~(-1),粒径为160目的高岭土投加量为50mg·l~(-1).在此条件下,高锰酸钾可氧化颤藻失活但并没有破坏藻细胞壁,防止了藻毒素的释放.预氧化产生的水合二氧化锰作为凝结核促进了絮体的形成,并使之更加密实、易沉降,且沉降后藻絮体不再上浮,提高了处理后的水质.     

铝矿赤泥强化聚合氯化铝混凝除磷试验研究

对聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加赤泥前后的除磷效果及絮体进行了研究.结果表明,赤泥对PO3-4有吸附作用;投加一定量赤泥,提高了实验室模拟废水和实际污水中磷的去除率;与单用PAC相比,赤泥的加入增强了絮体的持磷性,增加了絮体的密实度,缩小了底泥的体积,强化了PAC的除磷性能.     

絮凝体的DLA分形模拟及其分形维数的计算方法

运用有限扩散凝聚(DLA)模型对絮凝体的成长过程进行了二维模拟.模拟絮凝体分别采用密度函数法、回转半径法、图像分析法进行分形维数计算,分形维数均随模拟絮凝体尺寸的增大而减小.三种计算方法的结果显示,密度函数法和回转半径法得到的分形维数基本相当,但图像分析法所得到的分形维数较小,约为密度函数法和回转半径法所得到的分形维数的0.8左右,其原因可能是图像分析过程中计算机对图像的识别误差所致.以DLA模型模拟得到的絮凝体内部的孔隙率随絮凝体尺寸的增大而增加.絮凝体中孔隙率的增加是絮凝体密度减小、结构松散的主要原因,也是絮凝体分形维数降低的主要因素.     

PAC-改性淀粉复合混凝剂对铜绿微囊藻的去除

利用阳离子型淀粉复合聚合氯化铝（PAC）制得的混凝剂对铜绿微囊藻进行处理,并进行多因素影响下的比较分析.Zeta电位、扫描电镜等结果表明,相比传统PAC,复合混凝剂所带正电荷量升高,它对藻细胞的电中和作用是对蓝藻重要的去除机理,而PAC水解产物和改性淀粉的吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用也有重要作用.在所选范围内,复合混凝剂在弱酸性（pH=5.5）和中性条件下（pH=7.5）的去除效果较好,最佳去除率能超过80%.不同pH下复合混凝剂对蓝藻的去除存在最佳投加量,投加量过高时它对蓝藻的去除率发生下降.当达到最佳去除率时,延滞期蓝藻所需复合混凝剂投加量最低,稳定生长期蓝藻需要的投加量最高,蓝藻生长过程中产生的胞外物质是导致该结果的重要原因,具体表现为:蓝藻的胞外多糖（EPS）会增加混凝剂的消耗量,但一定量EPS也有助于混凝剂的作用效果.随着初始藻密度提高(1×10⁵—5×10⁶ cells·mL^-1),复合混凝剂对蓝藻的处理效果逐渐发生下降.由于搅拌是为了使混凝剂与藻细胞充分混匀并形成尺寸较大且结构稳定的絮体,因此快搅拌速率不宜过高或...     

景观格局破碎化的粒度特征及其变异的分形定量研究

文章构建一种用于定量测度景观破碎化指标空间粒度特征的分形方法.该方法基于景观粒度特征中的幂律关系,利用双对数线性回归方法,获取了景观破碎化指标在粒度变换过程中的2个数量关系:拟合优度R2与分维数D,分别刻画景观指标粒度变换的分形特性和随空间粒度变化的程度.以1992—2011年间上海市景观破碎化的过程为例,利用提出的分形方法进行分析.研究显示,总体上内部生境面积破碎化指标FI1和FI2没有清晰的分形特性;均匀性指标EI在1992年分形特性显著而在2011年分形特性却不清晰;斑块形状破碎化指标FS1其分形特性同样不清晰,而指标FS2呈现显著的分形特性,并且分维数D表现为正值,即随空间粒度的增大景观指标FS2的值减小.结果表明,拟合优度R2与分维数D的有机组合,能够定量地刻画景观破碎化中的粒度变化特征.研究同时发现,景观指标随空间粒度的变化特征,受指标内在特性、研究数据、研究区域的景观结构以及实验数据重采样方法和方案的影响.该分形方法不但可以用来测度所例举的5种景观破碎化指标的粒度特征,更适用于测度Fragstats中被广泛使用的各种景观指标.     

Suspended solid abatement in a conical fluidized bed flocculator

With the random movement of silica gel beads in a conical fluidized bed, micro-vortices resulting from the fluidization promoted the collision and aggregation of suspended fine kaolin powders. The abatement efficiencies of the suspended fine solids under several hydrodynamic conditions were studied, and a suitable control strategy for operating the conical fluidized bed flocculators was identified. The suspended solids abatement efficiency was found to increase with increasing Camp Number and flocculation time (T), but decreased with the increase of velocity gradient (G) within the range studied in this research (165.1–189.6 s^-1). The abatement efficiencies were all more than 60% at the range of G = 165–180 s^-1 and T = 15–33 s at an initial kaolin solid concentration of 150 mg·L^-1, polymer aluminum chloride dosage of 60 mg·L^-1 and sedimentation time of 20 min. However, the formation of flocs was influenced by the liquid backmixing. Excessive backmixing caused the breakup of flocs and resulted in difficulty for the fine powders to aggregate and sediment to the reactor bottom. The results of the calculated fractal dimension and measured free sedimentation velocity of flocs obtained at different runs showed similar flocs properties, and indicated an easy control strategy for sedimentation of the flocs.     

石材开采加工区域受污染溪水絮凝处理的研究

针对花岗石开采加工区域受污染溪水的特点,研究聚合氯化铝PAC（絮凝剂）与聚丙烯酰胺PAM（助凝剂）在不同加入量、不同搅拌转速、不同絮凝反应时间和不同静置沉降时间条件下的污水处理效果。首先通过设计影响絮凝的单因素试验与正交试验,获得影响絮凝效果的主次因子顺序（PAM加入量〉静置沉降时间〉PAC加入量〉絮凝反应时间〉搅拌转速）与絮凝效果最佳的工艺条件（PAC=20mg.L-1、PAM=2.5mg.L-1、搅拌转速=300r.min-1、絮凝反应时间=8min、静置沉降时间=15min）。然后依此对受污染溪水原样进行絮凝处理,使受污染溪水的浊度与SS分别从原来的17.6NTU与300mg.L-1下降至0.98NTU与17mg.L-1,达到《污水综合排放标准》GB8978-1996中的一级标准（SS≤20mg.L-1）,这为受污染溪水的降浊处理提供一条有效途径,对保护环境、节约水资源、降低石材企业生产成本与可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Surface water treatment benefits from the presence of algae: Influence of algae on the coagulation behavior of polytitanium chloride

• Emerging titanium coagulation was high-efficient for algae-laden water treatment. • Polytitanium coagulation was capable for both algae and organic matter removal. • Surface water purification was improved by around 30% due to algae inclusion. • Algae functioned as flocculant aid to assist polytitanium coagulation. • Algae could enhance charge neutralization capability of polytitanium coagulant. Titanium-based coagulation has proved to be effective for algae-laden micro-polluted water purification processes. However, the influence of algae inclusion in surface water treatment by titanium coagulation is barely reported. This study reports the influence of both Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii in surface water during polytitanium coagulation. Jar tests were performed to evaluate coagulation performance using both algae-free (controlled) and algae-laden water samples, and floc properties were studied using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer for online monitoring. Results show that polytitanium coagulation can be highly effective in algae separation, removing up to 98% from surface water. Additionally, the presence of algae enhanced organic matter removal by up to 30% compared to controlled water containing only organic matter. Polytitanium coagulation achieved significant removal of fluorescent organic materials and organic matter with a wide range of molecular weight distribution (693–4945 Da) even in the presence of algae species in surface water. The presence of algae cells and/or algal organic matter is likely to function as an additional coagulant or flocculation aid, assisting polytitanium coagulation through adsorption and bridging effects. Although the dominant coagulation mechanisms with polytitanium coagulant were influenced by the coagulant dosage and initial solution pH, algae species in surface water could enhance the charge neutralization capability of the polytitanium coagulant. Algae-rich flocs were also more prone to breakage with strength factors approximately 10% lower than those of algae-free flocs. Loose structure of the flocs will require careful handling of the flocs during coagulation-sedimentation-filtration processes.     

分形理论及其在混凝研究中的应用

随着人们对分形理论研究的深入,其在混凝研究中的应用日趋广泛.分形理论的出现使人们更清楚地认识了混凝过程中出现的复杂现象及无规则形态,从而为今后对混凝过程的进一步研究提供了有力工具.该文不仅对分形理论的基本知识进行了简单地介绍,并且还对其在絮体形态学和混凝动力学方面的研究应用进行了阐述,同时列举了分形维数在混凝工艺中的具体应用实例,最后提出了目前存在的问题及自己的见解.图1,参21.     

给水气浮工艺浮渣絮凝调理的最佳条件

针对给水气浮浮渣,选用阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)以及聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(HCA)作絮凝剂,调理后进行离心脱水试验,研究絮凝调理的最佳条件。试验结果表明低pH值有利于4种絮凝剂对浮渣离心脱水性能的改善;对于4种絮凝剂,都存在着一个最佳絮凝条件,其中阴离子型和非离子型PAM的最佳絮凝条件较阳离子型PAM和HCA需要更高的混合和反应转速以及更长的混合和反应时间。     

Flocculation model of cohesive sediment using variable fractal dimension

A new flocculation model using variable fractal dimension is proposed and validated with several experimental data and an existing model. The proposed model consists of two processes: aggregation and breakup due to flow turbulence. For aggregation process, the aggregate structure is considered to have the characteristic of self-similarity, the main concept of fractal theory. Under this assumption, a variable fractal dimension instead of a fixed one adopted by previous studies is utilized here for general cohesive sediment transport. For breakup, similar concept is adopted in a more empirical manner because breakup is too abrupt to entirely apply the concept of variable fractal dimension. By a linear combination of the formulations for aggregation and breakup processes, a flocculation model which can describe the temporal evolution of floc size is obtained. Flocculation model using variable fractal dimension is capable of predicting equilibrium floc size when compared with several experimental data sets using different types of mud provided that empirical coefficients are calibrated. Through model-data comparison with Manning and Dyer (Marine Geology 160:147–170, 1999), it is also clear that some of the empirical coefficients may depend on sediment concentration. Model results for the temporal evolution of floc size are less satisfactory, despite model results shows a more smooth “S-curve” for the temporal evolution of floc size as compared with the previous model using fixed fractal dimension. The proposed model is limited to mono-size of primary particle and dilute flow condition. These other features shall be investigated as future work.     

Evaluation and remediation of organics,nutrients and heavy metals in landfill leachate – a case study in Beijing

Leachate pollution in landfill sites is a major source of environmental concern. This study evaluates organics, nutrients and heavy metals in a landfill site in Beijing, and introduces a method combining coagulation–flocculation with filtration for the advanced treatment of leachate. The results confirm that COD_Cr, TN, NH₄⁺ ? N, TP, Mn and As in leachate treated by an anaeobic–oxic biological method are unable to meet discharge or surface water quality standards. When treated with coagulation–flocculation combined with filtration under optimal conditions (cationic polyacrylamide dosage of 8.0 mg/L; polyaluminium chloride dosage of 350 mg/L; 0.4–0.6 mm ceramsite media in the filtration process), the residual NH₄⁺? N, TN, Mn and As in the leachate meet the maximum allowed values for landfill leachate discharge or surface water quality standards in China; the exceptions are chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus. Leachate treatment processes could be further strengthened or improved.     

喹啉季铵盐絮凝-缓蚀剂FNQ-C的制备及其性能研究

本文研究了天然高分子改性喹啉季铵盐型阳离子絮凝-缓蚀剂FNQ-C的制备,确定了其最佳制备反应条件;考察了FNQ-C在模拟循环冷却水中的絮凝、缓蚀性能.絮凝实验表明FNQ-C的絮凝净水效果优于国产阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂PAM-C,挂片腐蚀实验表明FNQ-C的缓蚀性能与国产商品缓蚀剂EDTMP相当.实验亦证实FNQ-C的缓蚀用药量与其絮凝净化用药量相容,可以一次投药同步满足絮凝、缓蚀两种水质要求.