山一村农业生态系统营养物质循环

本文研究了浙江省萧山市山一村农业生态系统中农田、山地和水域３个子系统的氮、磷、钾养分循环。结果表明：该村土壤有机质含量属较高水平，无机氮肥施用量偏大，流失量也较大，磷的总投入量远低于总输出量，钾的输入量也偏低；水体属富营养型，鱼的生长系数仅２．９６。     

三座不同营养类型水库春季细菌生理群分布特征

运用实验室培养的方法,于2005年4月调查了热带亚热带过渡区的三座不同营养类型的水库:大镜山(富营养型),梅溪(贫中营养型),流溪河(贫中营养型),并对3座水库水体和底泥异养细菌及N、P细菌生理群的分布特点进行了初步分析。3座水库水体和底泥细菌生理群的分布差异明显,这些差异主要取决于水库水体和底泥的营养状况。大镜山水库和流溪河水库底泥中有机营养物质丰富,2座水库底泥中主要细菌生理群的分布相似。流溪河水库与梅溪水库为贫中营养型水库,两座水库水体中主要细菌生理群的密度分布相近。在流溪河水库和大镜山水库中不同采样点之间细菌生理群的分布存在一定的空间差异,梅溪水库大坝和出水口之间差异不显著,这种差异取决与水库的水动力学特征。3座水库水体硝酸还原菌与TP(R2=0.6668,P<0.05)和Chl.a(R2=0.6734,P<0.05)以及有机磷分解菌与TP(R2=0.5977,P<0.05)和Chl.a(R2=0.5968,P<0.05)之间存在着显著的相关关系。     

谢桥采煤塌陷水域氮、磷时空分布特征

选取具有代表性的谢桥塌陷水域为研究对象,分别于2011年8月和10月进行现场采样,分析研究了不同形态氮、磷空间分布特点及不同季节的分布规律.结果表明,在空间分布上,靠近农田的塌陷水域水体中氮、磷的含量高.从季节变化上,塌陷水域各监测点的总氮(TN)含量秋季高,夏季低,季节性差异较为明显;氨氮(NH4+-N)秋季含量明显高于夏季,且整体波动性大;塌陷水域中总磷(TP)的含量差异性及波动性不显著.     

水中天然含氮有机物的形成、迁移转化及分布

天然含氮有机物是水环境中的重要组成部分,其在天然水体中的形态及分布对环境质量有显著影响.本文围绕水中天然含氮有机物在氮循环中的地位、迁移转化以及其在国内主要水域中的分布情况,对天然含氮有机物的研究现状进行了梳理.我国不同水域中溶解性含氮有机物(DON)浓度相差较大;其中水体中DON浓度一般在1.0 mg·L^-1以下;沉积物中DON浓度通常为几十至几百mg·kg^-1.水体DON以分子量<1 kDa的有机物为主,主要成分是尿素、氨基酸等物质.沉积物DON以分子量<1 kDa和>30 kDa的有机物为主,其中前者主要由芳构化程度较高的氨基酸等小分子有机物构成,后者以腐殖质类为主.水体中部分胺类物质本身具有一定毒性,游离氨基酸等DON还是卤乙腈、卤代酰胺、卤代硝基甲烷、卤化氰和亚硝胺等含氮消毒副产物的重要前体物.由于水体中许多含氮有机物具有生物可利用性,有机氮可能是引起水体富营养化的重要原因之一.     

上海大莲湖水域浮游植物群落结构特征及水质评价

分别于2009年春、夏、秋、冬4季对上海大莲湖水域浮游植物和水质进行了4次采样调查,应用Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数及优势度等指标分析了不同季节大莲湖水域浮游植物的群落结构特征;并结合理化指标,对大莲湖水域的水体营养状况进行了综合评价。结果表明,大莲湖水域检出浮游植物共计7门40属64种,其中,以绿藻门种类数最多,其次是蓝藻门和硅藻门;浮游植物密度变化范围为0.35×106~10.87×106L-1;浮游植物优势种季节性变化明显,优势种种类较多,为9~14种,优势度不高,变化范围为0.02~0.60。依据浮游植物密度、优势种等群落结构特征评价得出,大莲湖水域水质介于中营养化至富营养化状态之间;由Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Margalef物种丰富度指数得出的评价结果差异较大,其中利用Pielou均匀度指数获得的评价结果与依据理化指标、浮游植物密度及优势种获得的评价结果基本一致,说明该指数适用于大莲湖水域水体营养状态的评价。     

河蚬在我国沉积物毒性评价与鉴定中的应用研究

河蚬作为原产并广泛分布于我国及东南亚的双壳类淡水软体动物,是我国众多水域的底栖优势种。河蚬对水体污染物具有较强累积能力,已成功用于水体沉积物生物富集及生物毒性效应研究。但应用于沉积物毒性鉴别评估(TIE)研究整体上仍处于起步阶段,尚未形成一套标准指标测定方法和技术体系。为此,本研究在调查底栖生物在我国沉积物毒性研究的基础上,以河蚬为主要研究对象,探讨其在我国生态分布等生物学背景,系统分析其对重金属和有机污染物的生物富集特征以及相关生物毒性效应方面的研究进展,以期为河蚬作为我国特色的沉积物毒性鉴别评估(TIE)受试生物提供参考依据。     

基于宏基因组学的三峡库区重庆主城段水体浮游微生物群落的组成和功能分析

三峡水库建成以来,水生环境发生了显著的变化,水库浮游微生物在关键生源要素循环中发挥关键驱动作用。为了分析三峡库区重庆段水体浮游微生物的功能及多样性,于2015年5月对三峡库区重庆主城段(北碚、朱沱、木洞)表层水环境总DNA样本进行了提取。调查水域总磷(total phosphorus,TP)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)已分别达到IV、V类水标准,水体污染主要是由TN,TP造成的,各调查水域均处于中营养至重富营养状态。基于宏基因组学技术在Illumina HiSeq 4000平台上对总的浮游微生物进行了序列测定,分析了重庆主城段水环境浮游微生物的物种以及功能结构特征。结果显示,朱沱和木洞点位水体优势门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。北碚点位水体优势门为放线菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)。在属水平上,颤藻属(Oscillatoria)和微鞘藻属(Microcoleus)只出现在北碚点位的嘉陵江表层水体,其余两处几乎没有。在对3组样本一共99 472条基因进行通路分析时,有54 340条有功能注释结果。由直系同源聚类(cluster of orthologous group,COG)注释结果得知,浮游微生物物种基因的主要功能为翻译、核糖体结构和生物合成、氨基酸转运和代谢。Pearson相关分析结果显示:水温(T)、总碳(total carbon,TC)、溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)是影响三峡库区重庆段浮游微生物群落结构的重要环境因子。     

秦皇岛海域春季海月水母碟状幼体空间分布及其与海洋环境因子的关系

基于2020年春季秦皇岛海域水母幼体和海洋环境调查数据,分析该海域春季海月水母(Aurelia sp.)幼体丰度的空间分布特征,并探讨了海月水母幼体空间分布与海洋环境因子之间的关系。水母幼体样品利用标准的浅水Ⅱ型浮游生物网(网口内径31.6 cm,网衣孔径160μm)采用全水柱拖网方式进行采集。调查结果显示,4月秦皇岛海域水体温度范围在9.8—12.2℃之间,近岸水体温度高,离岸水体逐渐降低。盐度范围在31.49—32.03之间,受河流冲淡水的影响,汤河口和新开河口水体盐度较低。溶解氧质量浓度范围在7.70—9.56 mg·L~(-1)之间,在新开河口较低,高值区分布在石河口、莲花岛和金山嘴外侧海域。水体p H范围在8.01—8.32之间,在汤河口和新开河口水域较低。4月海月水母主要以碟状体形式存在,伞径范围在1—10 mm之间。海月水母碟状幼体丰度分布中心位于金梦海湾内莲花岛水域。该水域海月水母碟状幼体丰度最高(94ind·m~(-3)),伞径较小,在1—1.5 mm之间。金梦海湾以外水域,海月水母碟状幼体伞径逐渐增大,丰度较少。4月莲花岛水域温暖、富氧和低盐的水体环境为海月水母碟状幼体的大量聚集提供了有利条件。统计分析结果显示,海月水母碟状幼体丰度与海水盐度呈极显著负相关性(P0.01),与温度和溶解氧含量呈显著正相关性(P0.05);海月水母碟状幼体伞径与海水温度呈极显著负相关性(P0.01)。综上,该海域海月水母为本地生长型,研究结果为深入研究该海域海月水母的时空变化规律及关键驱动因子提供了基础数据。     

鄱阳湖网箱养殖对水环境的影响——以都昌水域为例

为了探讨网箱养殖对水体的影响,选取了位于鄱阳湖北岸的都昌县网箱养殖水域为研究对象,于2017年10月和2018年3月对网箱区、外围区和对照点的水体环境进行了分析调查,探讨了网箱养殖对养殖区水体水环境(水温、DO、pH、Chla、TN、TP等)的影响,并利用综合营养状态指数对水体的富营养化状态进行了评价.结果表明,网箱养殖活动对养殖区水体水温和pH几乎没有影响;而对DO、Chla和营养盐含量的影响较明显.3月和10月研究区水体的DO明显低于对照点,Chla明显高于对照点.3月和10月网箱区水体的TN变化范围分别为2.26—2.40 mg·L~(-1)和2.05—2.72 mg·L~(-1),对照点分别为1.49 mg·L~(-1)和1.14 mg·L~(-1);TP的变化范围分别为0.24—0.42 mg·L~(-1)和0.11—0.23 mg·L~(-1),对照点分别为0.18 mg·L~(-1)和0.11 mg·L~(-1);TN和TP含量的最大值均出现在网箱区;网箱区水体NH~+_4-N的变化范围分别为0.66—1.05 mg·L~(-1)和0.18—0.39 mg·L~(-1);NO~-_3-N的变化范围分别为0.72—1.01 mg·L~(-1)和0.38—0.62 mg·L~(-1);3月研究区水体的NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N、TN和TP含量整体高于10月.养殖水体处于中营养,尚未出现富营养化.     

规模化控养水葫芦改善滇池草海相对封闭水域水质的研究

在滇池草海的封闭水域东风坝和老干鱼塘开展修复富营养化水体的试验性工程示范。定期监测水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)生长规律,富集氮、磷能力,以及2个水域水葫芦种养后水质的周年动态变化。结果表明,2个水域水葫芦最大生长速率均出现在7月,生长速率分别为759.3和601.6 g·m-2·d-1,12月基本停止生长,东风坝和老干鱼塘水域新鲜水葫芦对氮、磷的富集量分别为1.95、0.17和1.74、0.14 kg·t-1,水体营养化程度直接影响水葫芦生长特征。规模化控养水葫芦明显提高水体透明度,降低水体溶解氧浓度和pH,但既未明显影响鱼类生长,又有利于水葫芦的生长与繁殖。在水葫芦种苗初始投放覆盖度10%、投苗量为22.5 t·hm-2条件下,水葫芦种养后(7—12月)东风坝水体TN、TP和NH4+-N平均浓度比种养前(6月)分别下降7.79、0.67和0.91 mg·L-1,老干鱼塘水体TN、TP和NH4+-N平均浓度比种养前分别下降1.03、0.08和0.09 mg·L-1。水葫芦被机械化打捞后,2处水域水体TN和TP浓度并未明显回升,水质变化较平稳,表明规模化控养水葫芦修复封闭的富营养化水域水质效果明显。     

A Marine Pollution Study of Northeast Coastal Water Off Taiwan Island

The coastal water of northeast Taiwan island, called 'Yin-Yang Hai' for its distinct yellow colour compared with blue offshore water, was investigated from 1989 to 1990 by the authors. Biological study showed the dominant species of plankton to be Copepoda, Cladocera, planktonic eggs and Diatoma. Dominant species of benthos were young crabs, Amphipoda and Annelida, with Amphipoda usually occurring in heavily polluted areas. Heavy metal data showed that the concentration of copper was high. the copper and iron concentration in algae of the intertidal zone was also high. the concentrations of iron and copper in inshore water were also higher than in offshore water. By comparison of the pH and salinity distribution of this area, we conclude that this coastal water has been polluted by acid waste water from coastal industry. the suspended solids concentration in sea water is high. Flocculation occurring at the boundary of fresh and saline water might be a reason for the distinct yellow colour of the water of this area. Further study is required.     

珠三角工业城市污染物入河量空间特征分析

以东莞市第一次全国污染源普查成果为数据基础,调查估算2010年东莞市33个镇街和25个水功能区的COD、氨氮入河量,并应用GIS技术及相关分析法分析污染物入河量空间分布特征及其影响因素。研究发现：①东莞市各镇街及水功能区的污染物入河量呈明显不均匀分布,人口、GDP是影响污染物入河量空间分布的主要因素。②河网区、非河网区镇街的工业污染物入河量与GDP均呈较好的正相关关系,但非河网区单位污染物入河量GDP产出拟合曲线斜率是河网区的31倍,显示河网区镇街每增长单位污染物入河量所产生的GDP远远小于非河网区,河网区镇街往往付出巨大的污染代价而经济增长却非常有限。     

A Marine Pollution Study of Northeast Coastal Water Off Taiwan Island

Abstract

The coastal water of northeast Taiwan island, called ‘Yin-Yang Hai’ for its distinct yellow colour compared with blue offshore water, was investigated from 1989 to 1990 by the authors. Biological study showed the dominant species of plankton to be Copepoda, Cladocera, planktonic eggs and Diatoma. Dominant species of benthos were young crabs, Amphipoda and Annelida, with Amphipoda usually occurring in heavily polluted areas. Heavy metal data showed that the concentration of copper was high. the copper and iron concentration in algae of the intertidal zone was also high. the concentrations of iron and copper in inshore water were also higher than in offshore water. By comparison of the pH and salinity distribution of this area, we conclude that this coastal water has been polluted by acid waste water from coastal industry. the suspended solids concentration in sea water is high. Flocculation occurring at the boundary of fresh and saline water might be a reason for the distinct yellow colour of the water of this area. Further study is required.     

Isotopic and hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater at Qusier-Safaga area,eastern desert,Egypt

The groundwater resources of the El-Qusier-Safaga area on the Red Sea coastal zone have still to be utilised fully for social and economic development. In the present study, an inventory of recharge sources and quality of groundwater in different water bearing formations is made to assist in management of these vital resources. From a hydrochemical point of view, the origin of salinity in the five investigated aquifers are mainly dissolution of terrestrial minerals, leaching of soilsvia floods or ion exchanges processes. Stable isotope data clarify the interaction between different aquifers and indicate that the source of recharge is mainly meteoric water originating from palaeowater of the Pleistocene pluvial period, and from local precipitation as well as some marine water. Evaluation of the groundwater quality for domestic, irrigation and industrial purposes is discussed.     

Amelioration of Streamwater Acidity by Catchment Liming-Response of Podzolic Soils to Pasture Improvement

The effects of agricultural improvement by cultivation, re-seeding, lime and fertiliser additions on the soil solution chemistry of acid podzolic soils have been investigated in a field experiment in a mid-Wales catchment. the treatment resulted in an increase in the pH, alkalinity and calcium content of soil waters from the surface, organic-rich horizon. in the year following treatment, soil waters in the mineral horizons became more acid and had higher aluminium concentrations than observed at the control site. This response is ascribed to soil water acidification resulting from increased nitrification rates following liming and cultivation. in subsequent years, soil water acidity in these lower horizons was neutralised by lime-rich water percolating from the surface. No changes in stream water acidity and calcium content were observed in the catchment containing the area of agriculturally improved soils. This suggests that the selective treatment of moorland catchments to improve agricultural productivity may not always be accompanied by amelioration of acid stream water.     

Hydrogeochemical study of the drinking water from the Khaybar village,SW Saudi Arabia

This paper presents the results of chemical analysis of four drinking waters from the Khaybar village, SW Saudi Arabia. Four main water‐wells in the Khaybar village were investigated. The Khaybar ground water is clear without odour but its taste differs according to the amount of total dissolved solids (T.D.S.). The pH values of such water are slightly alkaline. T.D.S. of the Khaybar water is higher than the Saudi highest desired level, but it is generally within the Saudi maximum permissible level.

Good drinking quality water can be found in Al Mazaab and Al Tilah water‐wells in the Khaybar village. The other two water‐wells can be used for irrigation purposes only.

The geological features of the Khaybar area suggest a meteoric origin for the Khaybar ground water which has been stored in the fractured metamorphic and igneous rocks and in alluvial deposits.     

Microdistribution of marine copepods in a small inlet

The pattern of microdistribution of 4 species of marine copepods in a small inlet was investigated, based on water samples of 20 l collected successively with a plankton pump. The distribution of each species in a limited area seemed to be related to the hydrographic conditions to some extent; on the other hand, a pattern of non-random and contagions distributions was also clearly indicated. The aggregation of organisms has considerable ecological significance in measurement of the zooplankton production in the sea and the feeding of fish larvae.     

猪场废水灌溉对地下水中氮素的影响

应用猪场废水处理工程中产出的厌氧水不同灌溉量和3个处理阶段V（出水）∶V（地下水）=1∶5混合对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统连续进行3年小区灌溉试验,地下水中总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮等指标的监测结果表明：（1）厌氧水不同灌溉量条件下地下水中4种氮素含量总体呈现高量厌氧水（Ha）〉中量厌氧水（Ma）〉低量厌氧水（La）的变化趋势;（2）混水灌溉处理地下水中4种氮素含量均呈V（原水）∶V（地下水）=1∶5混合（Tog）〉V（厌氧水）∶V（地下水）=1∶5混合（Tag）〉V（仿生态塘水）∶V（地下水）=1∶5混合（Teg）的变化趋势。文章的研究能够为制定合理的猪场灌溉制度提供数据支撑。     

南四湖沉积物营养盐释放特性

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