不同剂量解磷菌对滇重楼生长发育的影响

为了明确解磷菌在滇重楼生产上最适剂量,本文通过盆栽接种试验研究了在灭菌土壤中,不同剂量解磷菌处理对滇重楼生长发育的影响,为解磷菌在滇重楼生产中的应用提供理论依据.结果表明,与未接种对照相比,滇重楼苗期接种解磷菌可提高根系活力,增加叶片内叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,降低叶片内保护酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶)活性以及丙二醛含量;接种解磷菌可以显著地提高滇重楼各器官内的磷含量,尤其是地下部分(老根茎+新根茎+须根),还可以促进新根茎和老根茎内钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)和锌(Zn)含量的增加,普遍降低重金属铜(Cu)和锰(Mn)含量.这说明不同时期接种解磷菌均可延缓滇重楼幼苗叶片的衰老,维持细胞膜系统的稳定性,促进滇重楼植株的生长,进而促进其根茎内有益元素的积累,降低重金属元素含量,提高滇重楼根茎的药用价值.其中,接种35.00 g (P4)解磷菌对滇重楼幼苗生长的促进效果最佳.     

解磷接种物对垃圾堆肥中难溶性磷酸盐的转化及在农业上的应用

为了提高城市垃圾堆肥的速效磷含量，对供试的７种垃圾堆肥的解磷强度及解磷微生物进行了分析，并以分离富集的解磷微生物制成解磷菌剂进行了青菜盆栽及大田小区对比试验。结果表明：供试垃圾的解磷强度一般为１１７００～１６１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ；每ｇ垃圾堆肥含３．５～８．６亿个解磷微生物。出现的解磷能力强的微生物有芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）、假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｐ．）、节杆菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｐ．）、黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）、产碱菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐｐ．）和赛氏杆菌属（Ｓｅｒｒａｔｉａｓｐｐ．）等。它们可分别使昆阳磷矿粉和／或摩洛哥磷矿粉释放２８４００～４６６００ｍｇ／ｋｇ和２９１００～３６９００ｍｇ／ｋｇ可溶性磷，利用解磷接种物可使垃圾堆肥提高２３～２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ速效磷，在往堆肥中添加植物物质和磷矿粉的情况下效果更好。将拌有解磷菌剂的垃圾堆肥在红壤荒地上施用，对青菜有良好的增产效果。     

石灰性土壤中高效解磷细菌菌株的分离、筛选及组合

对石灰性土壤样品进行了解磷细菌的分离和筛选,得到具有明显溶磷圈的解磷细菌71株.分析了菌株分泌磷酸酶、释放速效磷及pH降低等综合因素和特征,研究了菌株生长动态.最后筛选出解磷能力较强且无拮抗反应的6株解磷细菌,并将其组合成为解磷细菌菌群.图8表2参17     

Characteristics of bacterial community in Poyang Lake sandy land under different vegetation restoration conditions北大核心CSCD

为掌握不同植被恢复措施下鄱阳湖沙地土壤细菌群落变化特征,以湿地松、香根草、单叶蔓荆、狗牙根等植物恢复措施的沙地土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析植物恢复前后细菌群落变化.结果显示,相较对照组,土壤细菌多样性均有提升,在门水平上,绿弯菌门丰度大幅降低,而变形菌门、放线菌门和厚壁菌门丰度增加.在属水平上,副伯克霍尔德氏菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、芽孢杆菌属、分枝杆菌属等丰度提升,而假单胞菌属丰度大幅下降.植被恢复后,不同植被固氮功能细菌丰度提升,而香根草、狗牙根土壤磷细菌丰度下降,湿地松土壤固氮、解磷功能优势细菌提升幅度为76.11%、51.12%,单叶蔓荆为65.04%、23.17%.土壤容重、有机质、全磷、有效氮是影响功能细菌变化的重要因素,其中有效氮与芽孢杆菌属、分枝杆菌属呈显著水平以上相关性.本研究表明鄱阳湖沙地植被恢复措施提升了固氮细菌的丰富度,但不同植被土壤解磷细菌群落变化差异大;研究结果可为沙地治理提供科学依据.(图6表3参34)     

一株高效解磷细菌的筛选及其在红壤性水稻土中的施用效果

解磷菌能使土壤中被活性铁、铝等吸附固定的难溶性或不溶性的非有效态磷转化为易于被植物吸收利用的有效态磷,从而大大提高磷肥的利用率.通过对江西鹰潭红壤分离筛选,获得一株性状稳定的高效解磷细菌T4.经鉴定,菌株T4为伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia sp.);T4溶解AlPO4、磷矿粉的能力均比较高,分别为334.2 mg L-1、193.1mg L-1;研究了各种理化因子对T4解磷能力的影响,确定了T4的最佳培养条件为乳糖15 g L-1,KNO3 1.0 g L-1,pH为7.0,温度为30℃,在该条件下T4溶解AlPO4的量为806.3 mg L-1.在江西鹰潭红壤性水稻土的施用试验表明,将菌株T4制成微生物菌剂施用于水稻田可起到减施化肥的作用.图6表2参28     

一株高效解磷细菌的紫外诱变选育及其在红壤稻田施用效果

红壤对磷有强大吸附固定力,磷肥易被土壤中活性铁、铝固定而使有效态磷转化为各种形态的非有效磷,从而大大降低磷肥的利用率。解磷菌能使土壤中难溶性或不溶性的磷转化为易于被植物吸收利用的磷。通过对江西鹰潭红壤分离筛选并经过紫外诱变获得一株性状稳定的高效解磷细菌Y8。经鉴定,菌株Y8为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）。通过与生产中应用的徐州华龙高效复合菌肥厂的解磷细菌X3相比,菌株Y8降解有机磷、溶解Ca3（PO4）2的能力均比较高,分别为155.3mg·L^-1和240.1mg·L^-1。研究各种理化因子对菌株Y8解磷能力的影响,确定了菌株Y8的最佳培养条件为葡萄糖20g·L^-1、NH4（SO4）21.5g·L^-1、pH7.0、温度为35℃,在该条件下菌株Y8溶解Ca3（PO4）2的量为295.6mg·L^-1。在江西鹰潭红壤稻田的施用试验表明,将菌株Y8制成微生物菌剂施用于水稻田可起到减施化肥的作用。     

四种不同生态系统的土壤解磷细菌数量及种群分布

通过分析农田、林地、草地和菜地土壤有机磷细菌和无机磷细菌的数量及种群结构，发现有机磷细菌数量比无机磷细菌多；有机磷细菌主要是芽孢杆菌属，其次是假单胞菌属；而无机磷细菌主要是假单胞菌属。菜地土壤解磷细菌的数量和种类最多。不同的细菌解磷能力差异很大，其解磷能力与培养介质的ｐＨ值有一定的关系；许多菌株在进一步的纯化过程中失去了解磷能力。     

简单复垦对磷矿废弃地磷释放的影响模拟实验

针对简单复垦方式对磷矿废弃地污染物释放的影响开展研究,通过室内培养实验,比较磷矿石、废土石和对照土壤栽培烟草和玉米后污染物的释放量和土壤生物理化性质的关系.研究结果表明,根际土壤可溶性PO43-、F-和Ca2+均比非根际土壤和空白土壤显著提高(P0.05),解磷细菌增加了1—2个数量级.矿土Ca2+的释放不受作物类型的影响,可用于指示矿物相分解程度;PO34-的释放主要受土壤Al-P组分控制;矿土F-的释放量与可溶性Ca2+和PO34-紧密相关.研究结果表明经过简单复垦,废土石的磷污染物释放量最大,磷矿石存在较高的潜在分解风险。     

烟区烟草根际与非根际土壤微生物的生态因子作用分析

烟草根际和非根际土壤的理化性质、微生物区系和土壤酶之间的相互关系尚缺乏系统研究。对南阳烟区6种土壤包括黄褐土和黄棕壤等共13个取样点的烟草根际和非根际土壤的分析表明,根际与非根际微生物之间没有对应相关关系。根际土壤真菌数与解钾菌数、硝化细菌数显著正相关;非根际土壤荧光假单胞菌数与细菌芽孢数极显著正相关,氨化细菌数与放线菌数显著负相关。与土壤容重和空隙度显著相关的仅有根际真菌数(正相关)。与土壤全氮呈显著正相关的分别有根际荧光假单胞菌、纤维素分解菌(正相关)以及根际解磷菌和非根际真菌(负相关)。土壤全C与根际细菌总数显著负相关。土壤pH与非根际纤维素分解菌显著正相关。速效P与非根际放线菌数呈显著正相关。根际土壤蛋白酶活性与根际细菌总数极显著负相关。非根际土壤蛋白酶活性则分别与非根际放线菌和解钾菌显著正相关。根际土壤脲酶活性分别与根际真菌、解磷菌显著正相关,非根际脲酶活性则与非根际纤维分解菌显著正相关。非根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性与非根际细菌总数显著正相关。     

配施解磷菌肥对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤磷有效性的影响

选取采煤塌陷区复垦5 a的土壤为对象,采用田间小区试验方法,研究解磷菌肥对复垦土壤无机磷形态及磷吸附-解吸特性的影响。结果表明,配施解磷菌肥可以提高复垦土壤有效磷含量,提高土壤Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P和闭蓄态磷(O-P)含量,降低Al-P、Fe-P和Ca_(10)-P含量。Ca_2-P含量、Ca_8-P含量与有效磷含量之间存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.997和0.926,对提高有效磷含量的贡献较大。有机肥+化肥+解磷菌肥(MCFB)处理可显著降低土壤对磷的吸附常数(K)和土壤最大缓冲容量(MBC)。与不施解磷菌肥处理相比,施用解磷菌肥处理对土壤最大吸附量(Xm)的影响较小。解磷菌肥可以提高复垦土壤磷的最大解吸量和解吸率,提高土壤磷素有效性。配施解磷菌肥对土壤有机质含量有一定影响,MCFB处理可以显著提高玉米产量,比有机肥+化肥处理提高3.82%。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.