免耕与常规耕作下黑土腐殖酸含量与结构的差异

以东北农业科学院长期耕作定位实验为研究对象,结合元素分析和红外光谱来研究免耕与翻耕两种耕作方式对黑土腐殖酸含量与胡敏酸结构的影响。结果表明：免耕处理的腐殖酸含量高于常规耕作处理18.28%,两种耕作处理间HA/FA值差异很小;免耕处理的碳、氮和氢元素含量分别高于翻耕处理5.48%、36.49%和27.65%,N/C和H/C值也高于翻耕处理,而翻耕处理的O/C值高于免耕处理;不同耕作处理的红外光谱吸收带表现相似趋势,其中2920、2580、1620、1420和1220σ·cm-1处吸光度免耕信号高于翻耕,而1026、721σ·cm-1处吸光度相反。免耕增加了腐殖酸、胡敏酸及富里酸含量;免耕增加了黑土胡敏酸的芳香度、脂肪化程度和聚合程度,而翻耕作增加了黑土胡敏酸的氧化程度,这说明经过长达26年的免耕处理使黑土腐殖质结构趋于稳定,而翻耕处理使黑土腐殖质结构趋于简单。     

不同施肥处理的养分利用率及甘蔗效益研究

在广西坡耕地赤红壤下,研究不同施肥处理对养分利用效率、甘蔗生长、单茎重、生物产量、蔗茎产量、锤度及经济效益的影响,寻求低成本、高经济效益和养分利用率的施肥模式.设5个处理,(1)不施肥的甘蔗对照(CK),(2)甘蔗常规施肥(SF),(3)80%的甘蔗常规施肥量(SF80%),(4)60%的甘蔗常规施肥量(SF60%),(5)甘蔗常规施肥+农家肥(SF+N).(SF+N)处理的甘蔗茎粗、株高、地上部干物质含量、生物产量、甘蔗产量、锤度、经济效益均最高,分别为33.93 mm、368.6 cm、82.78%、149.92 t/ha、139.58 t/ha、18.83BX、69 792.45元/hm2,与其它各处理相比,差异均达极显著水平;与SF处理相比,SF60%处理提高了N、P利用率,分别提高了4.87%、1.63%;与SF处理相比,(SF+N)处理提高P利用率42.04%,SF80%处理提高K利用率4.12%.(SF+N)处理的甘蔗产量和经济效益均最高.甘蔗K利用率最高的是SF80%处理,甘蔗N利用率最高的是SF60%处理.因此,在广西较肥沃的坡耕地上种植甘蔗,可以适当的减少化肥施用量,配施农家肥可以提高产量和经济效益,也能提高养分利用率.     

长期施肥对太湖地区水稻土磷素转化的影响

对江苏常熟生态站长期施肥条件下的水稻土进行了磷素转化的研究.结果表明,不同施肥处理的土壤全磷(T-P)含量为926~934mgkg-1,只有对照(CK)比本底值下降0.49%,其它施肥处理的T-P含量都比本底值增加14.24%~28.0%,增幅最大的是半数秸秆 磷肥(1/2OM NPK)处理(28.0%),增幅最小的是NPK(氮磷钾)处理(14.24%).增幅最大的1/2OM NPK处理的T-P含量比CK增加28.0%,年平均增加2.9%;增幅最小的NPK处理的T-P含量比CK增加14.8%,年平均增加1.5%.有机磷(Po)占全磷(T-P)的比值小于无机磷(Pi)占全磷的比值,即:Po/T-P(15%~23%)O-P(143~101)>Fe-P(103~54)>Al-P(65~29)>Ca8-P(45~18)>Ca2-P(22~3);1/2OM NPK处理能增加水稻田土壤中的Al-P和Fe-P含量,而施用NPK肥有利于水稻对Al-P和Fe-P的吸收,因为NPK处理的土壤中Al-P和Fe-P含量只比CK大而比其它处理低;施磷肥会增加水稻土中O-P的含量.图3表3参23     

不同基肥处理对山原红壤土壤理化特性、酶活性及作物产量的影响

采用完全随机区组设计,在等量养分供应条件下,以单施化肥(NPK)为对照,研究基施猪粪有机肥替代化肥的10%(M10)、20%(M20)、30%(M30)、40%(M40)4个比例对玉米不同生育期土壤养分变化及土壤酶活性的影响,为山原红壤化肥减施、有机培肥和作物增产提供科学依据.结果表明:随基施有机肥替代比例的增加土壤养分呈增加趋势,与NPK处理相比,M10处理土壤养分含量无显著变化;M20、M30、M40处理玉米拔节期至抽雄期土壤养分含量显著增加,成熟期土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量增幅分别高达7.10%-8.46%、24.18%-26.37%、13.00%-18.31%、12.43%-17.43%(P 0.05);与基肥处理前相比,M40处理土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别增加了2.64 g/kg、0.31 g/kg、15.36 mg/kg、3.96 mg/kg、16.09 g/kg.基施有机肥玉米生育期土壤转化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶总体上先增后降,转化酶、磷酸酶活性相对高峰为抽雄期,脲酶活性相对高峰为大喇叭口期,过氧化氢酶呈逐渐升高趋势;M40处理土壤转化酶、磷酸酶活性较高,由25.24 mg/g、0.262 mg/g分别增加到31.53 mg/g、0.328 mg/g,成熟期较NPK处理分别提高了80.54%、77.29%;而土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性M30处理最高,成熟期较NPK处理分别增加了11.25 mg/g、1.28mL/g.同时,M30、M40处理较NPK处理相比,玉米籽粒产量由6808.38kg/hm~2提高到7860.58 kg/hm~2和7463.66kg/hm~2,分别显著提高了15.45%、9.62%(P 0.05),且M30、M40差异不显著.多因素方差分析显示基肥处理和生育时期对有机质、全氮、有效磷、转化酶和磷酸酶有极显著的交互作用,而玉米产量与土壤养分和酶活性之间总体上呈显著或极显著正相关.本研究表明在山原红壤上进行基施有机肥替代化肥,短期内能改善与土壤碳、氮、磷循环密切相关的土壤酶活性,培肥土壤,提高作物产量,替代范围在30%-40%作用效果较好.(图4表3参38)     

太湖地区典型轮作与休耕方式对稻田水稻季N2O和CH4排放量的影响

轮作休耕是实现"藏粮于地、藏粮于技"的重要途径之一,目前在太湖稻田区域主要推广紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)-水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)-水稻和休耕-水稻典型轮作与休耕方式。在太湖地区典型稻田水稻生长季设置了6个处理:(1)紫云英-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,MRN0;(2)紫云英-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2,以纯氮计,下同),MRN300;(3)油菜-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,RRN0;(4)油菜-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),RRN300;(5)休耕-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,FRN0;(6)休耕-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),FRN300。通过田间试验,研究了不同轮作与休耕方式对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,从而为综合评价轮作休耕方式提供科学依据。田间试验结果显示,与不施氮肥处理相比,在不同轮作休耕方式下施氮300 kg·hm^-2,可增加53.7%—60.0%的水稻产量,以MRN300处理水稻产量最高,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,水稻产量分别提高了1.6%和6.0%。在不施氮水平下,MRN0、RRN0和FRN0各轮作处理间N₂O排放通量和累积排放量均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。而在施氮300 kg·hm^-2下,紫云英-水稻轮作可降低N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,N₂O排放通量分别降低了36.0%(P<0.05)和2.1%(P>0.05)。在同一施氮水平下,紫云英-水稻轮作CH₄排放通量和累积排放量最小,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,MRN300处理CH₄排放通量分别降低了1.1%和6.7%,CH₄和N₂O的全球增温潜势(GWP)分别降低了3.3%和6.5%,单位水稻产量温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低了4.6%和11.6%。综上,紫云英-水稻轮作对提高水稻产量,降低温室气体排放效果最好。     

滤速对慢滤池深度处理生活污水的影响

为进一步提高再生水水质,将慢滤池用于污水二级处理出水的进一步处理。选取浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数4个指标,利用实验室小试装置,研究了0.1、0.3、0.5m/h这3种滤速下慢滤池的性能。结果表明,滤速由0.1m/h升高至0.3m/h时,慢滤池出水水质略有下降。而滤速由0.3m/h升高至0.5m/h时,慢滤池出水水质下降显著。滤速小于等于0.3m/h时,慢滤出水浊度、COD、色度和细菌总数平均为0.4NTU、25.9mg/L、14.9°、5×10^3CFU/mL。慢滤对这4个指标的平均去除率分别为78.6%、36.0%、34.0%、62.3%。为获得优良的水质,建议慢滤池用于污水深度处理时,滤速宜小于0.3m/h。但实际工程中,用户对再生水水质要求不高时,则可适当增大慢滤池滤速。     

杉木人工林针叶养分含量对模拟氮沉降增加的响应

由于人类活动加剧,世界许多地区的大气氮沉降出现明显的增加,对森林植物和土壤产生明显影响.在福建沙县,通过野外模拟试验研究了杉木人工林针叶养分含量对氮沉降增加的响应.试验设计为4种处理,分别为NO (N,0kg hm-2 a-1,对照)、N1(N,60 kg hm-2a-1)、N2(N,120 kg hm-2a-1)和N3(N,240 kg hm-2a-1),每处理重复3次.通过3a监测发现,相对于NO处理,N1、N2和N3处理分别使杉木针叶平均N含量增加18.25%、11.68%和13.14%,而C/N比值分别下降15.07%、9.96%和12.01%.尽管养分含量随时间变化表现出一定的波动,但氮沉降增加在一定程度上降低了针叶中的P、K、Ca、Mg含量,致使N/P、N/K、N/Ca、N/Mg比值上升,影响了针叶的养分平衡.图2表1参33     

受污染底泥固化/稳定化处理及营养物质释放特征研究

以广州市车陂涌受污染底泥为研究对象,通过掺杂不同比例的粉煤灰、水泥、石灰和膨润土,对底泥进行固化/稳定化处理试验,探讨底泥经处理后的产物中碳素和营养盐的释放特征。结果表明：实验条件下底泥固化/稳定化处理基本不会减少碳的释放,但会改变其释放形态,未经处理的底泥释放的TOC被迅速矿化,而底泥固化/稳定化处理产物释放的TOC稳定存在。在试验期内,底泥固化/稳定化处理对产物的硝态氮释放无明显影响;固化/稳定化处理能有效促进氮磷的稳定,固化体氨氮和磷酸盐的释放量明显降低,分别比未经处理的底泥减少了67.4%和76.4%以上。不同来源的粉煤灰由于成分不同,在底泥固化/稳定化处理中的作用存在差异,掺杂珠江电厂的粉煤灰Z对氨氮和磷酸盐的稳定化效果优于恒运电厂的粉煤灰H。固化/稳定化技术为疏浚底泥提供了一种安全的处理方法,为粉煤灰提供了一种有效的资源化途径。     

水稻叶绿素荧光特性对CO_2浓度升高的代际响应研究

为研究不同CO_2浓度升高水平对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的代际影响,基于CO_2浓度自动调控系统开展田间试验,以上一生长季经CO_2浓度升高处理(CO_2浓度比自然环境高40μmol·mol~(-1))的粳稻(Oryza sativa L.)种子(SI)和没有经过CO_2浓度升高处理的粳稻种子(SII)为试验材料,设置3种CO_2浓度水平:以背景大气CO_2浓度为对照(CK)、CO_2浓度比CK分别增加80μmol·mol~(-1)(T_1)和200μmol·mol~(-1)(T_2),测定叶片叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明,与CK相比,T_1处理使SI和SII蜡熟期的基础荧光(F_o)分别下降了8.6%(P=0.004)和8.0%(P=0.033),T_2处理使SI和SII扬花期的F_o分别下降了12.5%(P=0.033)和18.0%(P=0.015)。T_1处理使SI和SII蜡熟期的最大荧光(F_m)分别上升了10.1%(P=0.001)和11.0%(P=0.001),T_2处理使F_m分别上升了12.0%(P=0.000)和10.6%(P=0.001)。T_1处理使SI和SII蜡熟期的可变荧光(F_v)分别上升了16.2%(P=0.001)和17.7%(P=0.001),T_2处理使F_v分别上升了18.2%(P=0.000)和17.6%(P=0.000)。T_1处理使SI和SII蜡熟期的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)分别上升了6.2%(P=0.001)和6.5%(P=0.005),T_2处理使F_v/F_m分别上升了6.2%(P=0.001)和6.8%(P=0.003)。与CK相比,T_1和T_2处理使SI和SII的单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)、单位反应中心捕获用于还原QA的能量(TRo/RC)、单位反应中心以热能形式耗散的能量(DIo/RC)在乳熟期、蜡熟期和完熟期下降,单位面积光合反应中心的数量(RC/CSo)在蜡熟期上升。SI与SII相比,它们的F_o、F_m、F_v、F_v/F_m、ABS/RC、TRo/RC、DIo/RC、RC/CSo、ETo/RC没有显著差异。研究表明CO_2浓度升高有利于提高水稻叶片光合系统的光能转换能力,对光合功能有促进作用,而叶绿素荧光特性对CO_2浓度升高的响应没有代际差异。     

杨树切口处不同根序细根内源激素与氮代谢关键酶对断根的响应

为探讨断根对杨树切口处不同根序细根的内源激素与氮代谢关键酶的作用效果,通过大田试验,研究了6-2(6倍胸径两侧)、8-2(8倍胸径两侧)与10-2(10倍胸径两侧)等不同断根处理对欧美I-107杨(Populus euramericana cv.‘Neva’)切口处1～5级根内源激素与氮代谢关键酶的影响。结果表明:同对照(未断根)相比,10-2处理1～5级根的吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)与玉米素(ZT)含量变化较小,6-2处理明显降低,而8-2处理则显著升高,其中8-2处理IAA含量的平均值较CK、6-2与10-2处理分别显著提高22.89%、36.04%与21.76%。随着根序等级的增加,各处理细根的IAA含量与IAA/ABA(脱落酸)比值逐渐降低,而GA、ZT、ABA含量和GA/ABA、ZT/ABA比值逐渐升高。8-2处理1～5级根的IAA/ABA、GA/ABA和ZT/ABA比值均显著高于其他处理,而ABA含量则明显低于其他处理。同时,不同处理细根的硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性随根序的增加而呈递减的趋势;8-2处理1～5级根的这4种酶活性均明显高于其他处理,而1～2级根的GS/GDH比值最低,其中NR活性的平均值较CK、6-2和10-2处理分别高出16.05%、32.06%和16.72%。此外,8-2处理的材积生长率最高,并与其他处理差异达显著水平。相关分析表明,材积生长率与IAA、GA、ZT、IAA/ABA、GA/ABA、ZT/ABA存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01);与NR、GS、GOGAT和GDH有显著正相关关系(P0.05)。综上,3种不同断根强度对杨树切口处不同序级细根的内源激素与氮代谢关键酶具有明显不同的影响作用,其中8-2处理通过调节各级细根的内源激素含量与平衡,以及增强氮代谢关键酶活性来提升切口处细根的活性,进而促进林木材积的增长。     

Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an SBBR treating domestic wastewater

An aerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) packed with Bauer rings was used to treat real domestic wastewater for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The SBBR is advantageous for creating an anoxic condition, and the biofilm can absorb and store carbon for good nitrification and denitrification. An average concentration of oxygen ranging from 0.8 to 4.0 mg/L was proved very efficient for nitrification and denitrification. Volumetric loads of TN dropped dramatically and effluent TN concentration increased quickly when the concentration of average dissolved oxygen was more than 4.0 mg/L. The efficiency of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) increased with increasing thickness of the biofilm. The influent concentration hardly affected the TN removal efficiency, but the effluent TN increased with increasing influent concentration. It is suggested that a subsequence for denitrification be added or influent amount be decreased to meet effluent quality requirements. At optimum operating parameters, the TN removal efficiency of 74%–82% could be achieved.     

Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units in municipal wastewater treatment plant

● Reduce the quantifying MPs time by using Nile red staining. ● The removal rate of MPs and PAEs in wastewater and sludge were investigated. ● MPs and PAEs were firstly analyzed during thermal hydrolysis treatment. ● The removal of PAEs from wastewater and sludge was mainly biodegradation. Microplastics (MPs) and plasticizers, such as phthalate esters (PAEs), were frequently detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP). Previous research mainly studied the removal of MPs and PAEs in wastewater. However, the occurrence of MPs and PAEs in the sludge was generally ignored. To comprehensively investigate the occurrence and the migration behaviors of MPs and PAEs in MWTP, a series of representative parameters including the number, size, color, shape of MPs, and the concentrations of PAEs in wastewater and sludge were systematically investigated. In this study, the concentrations of MPs in the influent and effluent were 15.46±0.37 and 0.30±0.14 particles/L. The MP removal efficiency of 98.1% was achieved and about 73.8% of MPs were accumulated in the sludge in the MWTP. The numbers of MPs in the sludge before and after digestion were 4.40±0.14 and 0.31±0.01 particles/g (dry sludge), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis showed that the main types of MPs were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). Six PAEs, including phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), ortho dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in the MWTP. The concentrations of total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in the influent and effluent were 76.66 and 6.28 µg/L, respectively. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in the sludge before and after digestion were 152.64 and 31.70 µg/g, respectively. In the process of thermal hydrolysis, the number and size of MPs decreased accompanied by the increase of the plasticizer concentration.     

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

The concentration and distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs represents the mixture, and NPnEO represents the monomer) and its metabolites in the influent and effluent of four municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the north of China were measured. Moreover, the concentration and distribution of the above chemicals in the sludge of two STPs were also determined, and the transfer and fate of NPEOs in the sewage treatment process were discussed primarily by analyzing the distribution of the products in the effluent and the sludge. The results showed that NPEOs and its metabolites existed in all the samples of the influent, effluent, and sludge. NPEOs were degraded in the sewage treatment process with the removal efficiency in the range of 23.38%–77.11%, or an average of 52.86%. However, the large analogs of NPnEO were only degraded to small ones, whose degradation rate was rather slow, and consequently the degradation was not complete. Hence, the concentrations of some small metabolites, such as nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) were elevated in the effluent. These small metabolites are more toxic than the large NPnEO analogs, and some of them were reported to exhibit environmental endocrine disrupting activity. From this point of view, the process of sewage treatment does not reduce but elevate the risk of NPEOs, which becomes the main source of these small NPnEO in the environment. The sludge exhibited good adsorption ability for NPEOs, especially for the small analogs, which led to the high level of NPEOs in the sludge. Hence, reasonable disposal of the surplus sludge to avoid re-pollution is very important.     

Feedforward control for nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic plant for municipal wastewater treatment

To improve the efficiency of nitrogen removal with lower energy consumption, the study of feedforward control was carried out on a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) plant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The effluent qualities of the pilot plant under different control strategies were investigated. The results indicated that the change of external recycle was not a suitable approach to regulate the sludge concentration of plug-flow reactors; adjusting the aeration valve and dissolved oxygen set-point according to ammonia load could overcome the impact of influent fluctuation; and the denitrification potential could be estimated based on the transit time of anoxic zone and the relative content of carbon resource entering the anoxic zone. Simple feedforward control strategies for aeration and internal recycle were subsequently proposed and validated. The nitrogen removal was successfully improved in the pilot plant. The effluent total nitrogen had decreased by 29.9% and was steadily controlled below 15 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, approximately 38% of the energy for aeration had been saved.     

轻质陶粒滤料生态滤床的挂膜与启动研究

以自行设计的反应器作为生态滤床的基础,采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,采用轻质陶粒作为生态滤床的滤料,对其进行挂膜.在整个挂膜过程中,温度控制在中温条件下,进水pH值控制在7左右,水力停留时间为24 h,进水方式为连续进水,并根据需要对曝气量进行调节.在挂膜过程中对进、出水的COD、NH_3-N、TP、Cl~-和pH进行检测,并刮取少量轻质陶粒上的生物膜制成镜检切片后用多媒体显微镜对生物膜的形态进行观察.研究结果表明,在中温条件下采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,以轻质陶粒为滤料的生态滤床在15 d内挂膜成功;且随着进水污染负荷的提高,其去除率也逐渐提高,其中COD的去除率最后稳定在95%左右,NH3-N的去除率稳定在85%左右,TP的去除率在挂膜后期达到了80%以上;Cl~-作为微生物所需的微量元素在微生物生长高峰期为50%,稳定期保持在20%左右;进水pH保持在7左右,出水pH略高于进水,在8左右;从第13 d和第15 d的切片可观察到轮虫这种象征生物膜成熟的微生物的出现,此外还有大量的丝状菌和菌胶团.     

序批式生物膜法同步除磷脱氮特性研究

对淹没序批式生物膜法去除有机物和磷及同步部分脱氮的特性进行了研究。其适合的载体装填密度为30％，水力停留时间为9h，其中厌氧3h，好氧6h，进水COD负荷从0．27kg/(m^3.d)到1．32kg/(m^3.d)均可使除磷率达90％以上，脱氮率达50％－60％。淹没式生物膜法除磷脱氮工艺中的优势菌属为假单胞菌属，其次依顺序为气单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属，微球菌属，硝化矸菌属，生物膜具有生物量大（MLVSS达5531．7mg/L)，脱落污泥含磷量高（达5．67％），沉降性好（SVI为101．7）的特点，污泥产率为0．1996kg干泥／kgCOD。     

Optimization of phosphorus removal in uniFed SBR system for domestic wastewater treatment

The characteristic of phosphorus removal and appropriate change of the traditional operation modes were investigated in UniFed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) laboratory-scale apparatus (40 L), treating actual domestic wastewater with low ratios of C/N (2.57) and C/P (30.18), providing theoretical basis for actual application of wastewater treatment plant. UniFed SBR system with its unique operation mode had the distinct superiority of phosphorus removal. On this occasion, the effect of volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and the method of influent introduction for phosphorus removal were studied. When the carbon source became the limiting factor to phosphorus release, the higher the VER, the lower the phosphorus concentration in the effluent. Three different influent patterns, including one-time filling, four-time filling, and continuous filling with the same quantity of wastewater could increase the release rate of anaerobic phosphorus from 0.082 to 0.143 mg·P·(L·min)^-1. Appropriate change of the traditional operation modes could optimize the efficiency of phosphorus removal. When the feed/ decant time was extended from 2 h to 4 h, the phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 59.93% to 88.45% without any external carbon source. In the mode of alternation of anoxic-aerobic (A/O) condition, phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 55.07% to 72.27% clearly. The carbon source in the influent can be used adequately, and denitrifying phosphorus removal was carried out in anoxic stage 2 (A2). This mode was optimal for the treatment of actual domestic wastewater with low C/N and C/P ratios.     

Evaluation of the performance of rural wastewater treatment plants using chemical measurements in combination with statistical techniques: a case study

The performance of a wastewater treatment plant was assessed statistically using multivariate cluster and principle component analysis. This was after measuring some physico-chemical properties in the influent, effluent, downstream, and upstream waters over a 4-month period. The cluster analysis grouped the sampling sites into three clusters: relatively non-polluted (upstream), medium polluted (downstream), and polluted (influent and effluent). The polluted water was further subdivided into very highly (influent) and highly (effluent) polluted. The grouping of influent and effluent into one cluster was due to some water quality parameters such as amount of copper, lead, and phosphates that are not efficiently removed by the plant. Using principal component analysis, samples from the same site taken over a period of 4 months were scattered, indicating inconsistencies in the performance of the plant. This was more pronounced during the rainy season, suggesting that increased water volumes from open sewers make the already poorly performing plant worse. The major loading factors found by principle component analysis were phosphate, lead, iron, zinc, copper, pH, and conductivity. Generally, the wastewater treatment system was found to be efficient in removing heavy metals and these were found in the sludge, but not anions. The mean percentage metal removal could be arranged in the following decreasing order: iron (85%)?>?zinc (57%)?>?copper (40%) and lead (38%) following the concentrations (mg?kg^?1) found in the sludge: iron (11,300)?>?zinc (820)?>?copper (180)?>?lead (20)?>?cadmium (3). Phosphate and iron concentrations in the effluent were found to be above the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) recommendations. The major cause of poor performance is the high volume of the wastewater, exceeding the capacity of the plant 10 times.     

Effect of iron addition on the performance of anoxic-oxic membrane process and biological phosphorus removal北大核心CSCD

In order to solve the problem of poor treatment of phosphorus in membrane bioreactor (MBR) with long sludge retention time (SRT), a ferric salt was added to enhance phosphorus removal; FeCl36H2O (Fe/P = 2.0) was added to the reactor. The removal efficiency of nitrogen, organic matters, and phosphorus in the MBR was investigated systematically. Moreover, this study focused on the membrane performance, the change of active sludge flora, and the effect of adding a ferric salt on membrane fouling before and after the addition. It was seen that adding the ferric salt could not affect the removal of COD and NH4 +-N and the removal rate of COD and NH4 +-N reached over 90%. However, the average removal rate of phosphorus was 52%, while the removal rate increased by nearly 40% after adding the ferric salt. The effects of adding ferric salts on the dominant bacteria and biological phosphorus removal of activated sludge were further studied. The results showed that the addition of ferric salt (Fe/P = 2.0) decreased the diversity of active sludge flora and relative abundance of some phosphorusaccumulating organisms and had a negative effect on biological phosphorus removal. The analysis of transmembrane pressure difference (TMP) recording revealed that the concentration of iron salts did not exacerbate membrane fouling. The results showed that the concentration of iron salts entering the membrane bioreactor would reduce the relative abundance and phosphorus removal efficiency of the activated sludge in the system to a certain extent, but it had no obvious effect on membrane fouling. It allowed the effluent to attain acceptable standards, especially with respect to phosphorus removal efficiency. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.