全氟化合物的生物富集效应研究进展

研究污染物的生物富集效应,对于预测污染物在生物体内的含量、建立环境标准以及评估污染物的生态风险具有重要的意义。结合近年来国内外报道的有关全氟化合物（PFCs）的生物浓缩因子（BCF）、生物富集因子（BAF）、生物放大因子（BMF）和营养级放大因子（TMF）等参数,对PFCs的生物富集效应及其影响因素进行了综述。研究结果表明,氟代碳原子数高于7的PFCs一般在生物体或食物链（网）上具有生物富集效应,而氟代碳原子数低于7的PFCs的生物富集效应较低。PFCs的理化性质（碳链长度、碳链末端基团类型和是否含有支链等）、生物的种类及其生理生化参数（体长、体重和性别等）和环境条件（生态系统的组成、水温和污染物含量等）等都影响PFCs在生物体内或食物链（网）上的富集。综观当前研究成果,PFCs在食物链（网）上生物放大效应研究主要集中于极地地区海洋食物网,应加强其他区域（特别是典型污染区域）、各种类型食物网（如淡水食物网和陆生食物网）上PFCs的生物富集效应及其影响因素研究,为全面评估PFCs的生态风险提供基础数据。     

多溴联苯醚在典型电子垃圾污染区域水生食物链上的生物富集特征

为调查电子垃圾回收活动对当地水生生物造成的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)污染,测定了广东某电子垃圾回收地附近水库中水生生物样品(水蛇、鱼类、草虾和田螺)和对照区样品(鲮鱼)中18种PBDEs含量,通过对样品氮同位素的测定,探讨了PBDEs在该地淡水食物链上的生物富集特征.研究结果显示,∑PBDEs(总PBDEs含量)在水蛇、鱼类、草虾和田螺中分别为39.6～186、1.82～75.7、4.60～17.1和7.26～17.0μg·g-1(脂重),比华南地区鱼体中∑PBDEs的平均含量高3个数量级,表明电子垃圾回收活动已对当地水生生物造成了PBDEs的严重污染.除BDE66、BDE99、BDE153、BDE183和BDE209外,其他13种PBDE单体在食物链上均存在着生物放大效应,但生物放大能力(B值)与正辛醇-水分配系数logKOW相关性不明显,可能是由于某些PBDE单体在生物体内存在代谢作用.以上结果表明,由电子垃圾回收活动导致的PBDEs污染存在较大的生态风险,应该引起高度关注.     

砷在海洋食物链中的生物放大潜力及发生机制探讨

砷是世界范围内危害最大的环境污染物之一,也是近海区域一种常见污染物。本文综述了近年来砷在海洋生态系统中累积、转化及传递的最新研究进展。海洋生物普遍具有较高含量的砷,这些砷主要为低毒性的有机砷形态。砷在许多海洋食物链/网中被生物放大,造成高营养级生物中的砷富集,可对生物与人类健康产生潜在危害;这与砷在淡水食物链/网中普遍被生物减小的现象形成鲜明对比。海洋鱼类和贝类等生物可将吸收的无机砷通过生物转化合成砷甜菜碱等有机砷形态,而有机砷比无机砷具有更高的食物链传递能力,可导致海洋鱼类富集更高浓度的砷。因此,砷在海洋生物中的有机形态可能有助于砷沿着海洋食物链/网富集,在某些情况下被生物放大。今后应该加强对不同砷形态在海洋食物链/网中传递及相应影响因素的研究,并通过室内模拟实验与野外调查相结合进行验证,从而加深对砷的生态毒理和生物地球化学作用的科学认识,对准确评估预测砷的生态风险和保障海洋生态安全有重要意义。     

海洋无脊椎动物重金属富集研究进展

污染物通过多途径进入海洋,以多种方式在海水和海洋沉积物中积累,成为海洋生物尤其是底栖生物体内污染物的主要来源.海洋无脊椎动物作为海洋食物链中的低营养级生物,多数种类均为底栖生活,具有较强的污染物富集能力.通过食物链的生物放大作用,其体内富集的污染物会传递到高营养级生物和人类体内,最终对海洋生物和人类产生危害,甚至引发公害事件.重金属(heavy metal)作为主要的污染物之一,具有毒性大、持续性长、耐还原性和耐降解性的特点,长久以来得到广泛的关注和研究.本文以海洋无脊椎动物为代表,从机体暴露途径、机体组织分布情况及过程、污染物在组织间的转移规律和变化因素4个方面入手,全面归纳和总结了重金属污染物在海洋生物体内富集的相关研究进展,并对目前的研究热点、存在的问题进行分析总结,对今后的研究方向进行展望,以期为国内外学者进一步开展海洋无脊椎动物重金属富集相关的研究提供有效参考.     

鸟类对卤系阻燃剂的累积及生物放大研究进展

卤系阻燃剂(Halogenated flame retardants,HFRs)是人工合成的,能阻止聚合物材料引燃或抑制火焰传播的含卤(主要是溴和氯)化合物,由于其具环境持久性、可生物富集性和潜在的生物毒性,近年来,HFRs所引起的环境问题已成为全球环境科学研究的热点。鸟类作为自然生态系统的重要组成部分,常被用作指示性生物来研究区域环境的污染现状。研究HFRs在鸟类体内的积累特性及其在鸟类食物链上产生的生物放大效应,对评价HFRs的环境行为和生态风险具有重要的意义。本文结合近年来国内外有关多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)、六溴环十二烷(Hexabromocyclododecane,HBCDs)、十溴二苯乙烷(Decabromodiphenyl ethane,DBDPE)、1,2双(三溴苯氧基)乙烷(1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane,BTBPE)和双(六氯环戊二烯)环辛烷(Dechlorane Plus,DPs)等HFRs在鸟类体内的积累特性及在食物链上的生物放大效应进行了综述。已有的研究报道显示:在鸟类的脑、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和鸟蛋等组织中都检测到了HFRs残留;而相关生物放大因子(Biomagnification factors,BMFs)的计算结果显示,几乎全部的PBDEs、α-HBCD和BTBPE都可以在鸟类食物链上产生生物放大效应,特别是BTBPE这种新型的替代型阻燃剂在鸟类食物链上产生的生物放大效应和已被禁用的五溴PBDEs相当,暗示这种新型溴系阻燃剂可能具有较大的生态风险。今后应对HFRs在陆生和水生鸟类中的生物放大效益及影响因素方面进行深入系统的研究,为认识HFRs的环境归趋,全面评价这些污染物的生态风险提供科学依据。     

生物体内环形挥发性甲基硅氧烷的分布、行为及效应研究进展

近年来,环形挥发性甲基硅氧烷(cVMSs)因其优异的物化特性而被广泛应用在工业生产和日常生活的各个方面,特别是经常被添加到个人护理品(PCPs)等各类消费品中。目前,人们对cVMSs在环境介质中的污染水平及其迁移转化行为有了一定的了解。另外,cVMSs兼有疏水性和挥发性,且难以进行生物降解,因此该类物质进入环境后潜在的生态风险,特别是其生物富集、生物累积、生物放大和毒性效应等已成为关注的热点。本文综述了cVMSs在全球生物体内的残留水平,并在此基础上总结了cVMSs生物效应等相关研究成果。总体上,众多研究表明cVMSs在某些水生生物体内呈现中等的生物富集性和累积性。然而,与其相对明确的生物富集/累积性相比,目前文献针对cVMSs生物放大效应的研究结果存在明显差异。建议后续的研究能够深入探索其生物效应,尤其是结合其在生物体内的降解过程以及中间产物的毒性数据,进一步评估其生态环境效应和人类健康风险。     

持久性有机污染物在食物链中积累与放大研究进展

研究持久性有机污染物(Persistent organic pollutants,POPs)在食物链中的积累与放大是进行环境风险评估和有效污染控制的生态学基础.本文综述了POPs的基本特征,POPs在食物链中的生物积累与放大的机制、影响因素以及POPs在食物链中积累与放大的模型等的研究进展.国外学者对POPs在水生食物链的积累与放大方面研究较多,并提出了较为完善的预测模型,而有关POPs在陆生食物链中的生物积累与放大的研究报道较少.大部分学者并未对完整食物链进行过系统而完整的研究.与国外相比,国内学者对POPs在水生陆生食物链中的生物积累、生物放大和预测模型探讨较少.目前POPs对环境和人体健康危害越来越严重,开展对POPs在食物链中积累、放大及相关预测模型更深入更完整的研究,已成为当前生态学和环境科学研究的重点课题和前沿领域.     

多溴联苯醚的环境毒理学研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,其大量生产和使用导致了越来越严重的环境污染.由于PBDEs具有较高的亲脂性,化学性质比较稳定,它们可远距离传输到地球各种环境介质中,并通过食物链累积放大,在生物体内蓄积产生毒性效应.本文针对近年来PBDEs毒性效应和致毒机制的研究进展,从PBDEs的内分泌干扰毒性、发...     

多溴联苯醚分布特征及环境风险研究进展

多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)作为一种高效、添加型阻燃剂被广泛使用,因其具有蒸汽压低、亲脂性强、污染持久和可生物富集等特点,而成为近年来环境领域研究热点之一。在查阅近年相关文献和分析PBDEs性质的基础上,本文以PBDEs使用-环境分布-生物体内的分布-对生物毒性及机理为线索,重点总结了PBDEs在环境和尤其是在生物体内的分布情况,并分别从神经系统、甲状腺和肝脏等角度阐述了PBDEs产生毒性效应以及致毒机制的最新研究成果。在总结研究成果的基础上,提出了应逐渐重视十溴联苯醚的环境风险、电子垃圾拆解地PBDEs修复、PBDEs代谢过程以及代谢中间物的毒性等建议,以期为PBDEs相关领域研究者提供参考。     

藻类对甲基汞的富集与传递研究进展

甲基汞是一种高毒性的污染物，其易累积在水生生物体内，从而对水生生态系统和人体健康产生危害.作为水生生态系统的初级生产者，藻类控制着进入食物链的甲基汞浓度和总量.藻类对甲基汞的显著富集作用及水生食物链传递过程导致其在高营养级生物中显著累积.因此，厘清藻类在甲基汞的富集与食物链传递过程中的作用对于揭示甲基汞的生物累积和预测甲基汞的环境风险具有重要意义.本文概述了藻类对甲基汞的富集与食物链传递特征与机制，总结了影响富集与食物链传递的生物与环境因素，讨论了全球变暖和富营养化等环境变化对藻类富集与传递甲基汞的影响，并展望了藻类富集甲基汞研究的发展方向.     

Trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a tidal freshwater marsh

The John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) at Tinicum Marsh contains one of the last remaining tidal freshwater marsh communities along the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River Estuary. The marsh receives a significant load of nutrients and sediment-associated contaminants and is hypothesised to act as an effective trap for these chemicals. The goal of this study was to quantify the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at various trophic levels at two sites within Tinicum Marsh and assess the factors important in determining their bioaccumulation and trophic transfer. For both PCBs and PBDEs, lipid variation for all species was a large factor in determining contaminant body burden. Also, concentrations in biota increased with increasing trophic level as determined by nitrogen isotope analysis (δ¹⁵N values) at the downstream site within Tinicum Marsh. This trend was less apparent at the upstream site and may be due to differences in feeding behaviours among species between the two sites and/or differences in carbon and nitrogen sources and recycling. These data are valuable in assisting bioaccumulation/trophic transfer studies and serve as benchmarks to which future PCB and PBDE concentrations will be compared.     

Comparative Toxicity of PCBs and PBDEs Using Human Cancer Cell Lines and Zebrafish Embryos

研究了6种多氯联苯(PCBs)3,3′,4,4′-四氯联苯(PCB77)、2,3,3′,4,4′-五氯联苯(PCB105)、2,3′,4,4′,5-五氯联苯(PCB118)、3,3′,4,4′,5-五氯联苯(PCB126)、2,3,3',4,4',5-六氯联苯(PCB156)和商业型混合多氯联苯Aroclor1254,两种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)2,2′,4,4′-四溴二苯醚(PBDE47)、十溴二苯醚(PBDE209)对人类癌细胞生长和斑马鱼脱膜与不脱膜胚胎发育的影响.8种化合物均使用0.01、0.1、1.0、10μmol·L-14个浓度进行1~6d的暴露实验.结果表明,PBDE209在最高浓度10μmol·L-1下对结肠癌细胞HCT116(暴露3d后)和RKO(暴露5d后)具有显著的生长抑制作用,所有化合物均对乳腺癌细胞没有显著影响.相比之下,化合物对受精后5~6h(5~6hpf)的斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应显得比较明显,而各化合物对胚胎的致畸和致死效应又不相同,其毒性强弱依次为PCB126≈PCB156>PCB1254(Aroclor1254)>PBDE47>PCB77>PCB105≈PCB118≈PBDE209.其中PBDE209在未脱膜暴毒后均无致畸与致死现象,脱膜暴毒后最高浓度才表现出显著意义的致畸作用,而PBDE47在最高浓度下可产生高达80%的致畸率,这说明胚胎绒毛膜具有有效阻挡大分子物质如PBDE209进入的作用.PCBs的毒性效应与其空间结构密切相关.如PCB126和PCB105具有相同的分子式,前者在1μmol·L-1下就引起了显著的致死和致畸效应,而后者即使在10μmol·L-1下也没有显著的效应.实验结果也说明不同类型的实验对象所展示的毒性效应并不相同,化合物对体外培养的细胞和发育中的胚胎具有不同的影响.     

Changes in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in cooked food

Food surveys for levels of toxic chemicals frequently report the levels on an uncooked basis. It is known that cooking may in some conditions decrease the amount of dioxins and related chemicals in food. Surveys of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in food to date show data from uncooked food only. In this article, it was shown that broiling, with fat dripped from the foods reported here, ground beef, ground lamb, catfish, trout, and salmon, reduces the amount of PBDEs in these foods. This suggests that calculations of food intake need to take into consideration levels in the cooked food rather than in the uncooked food.     

Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in human blood and milk

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants (BFRs) which have recently been detected in human blood and milk in the USA, and presently these PBDE levels are found to be the highest globally. On a population basis, individual blood and individual milk analyses show similar congener patterns and levels. Until now, there has not been a study comparing PBDE levels in milk and blood of the same individuals. This study is the first to report these levels for PBDEs, though partitioning between blood and milk has been done previously for dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Twelve congeners in 11 nursing mothers’ blood and milk were found and the data describe partitioning ratios between blood and milk. The data suggest it may be easier for smaller, less brominated congeners to move from blood to milk.     

Aufnahmepfade von POPs in Biota

POPs (persistent organic pollutants) associated with aquatic sediments can pose a risk to aquatic food chains, since they can be re-introduced to the food web. One major pathway is the bioaccumulation of POPs by endobenthic, sedimentingesting invertebrates (especially tubificid oligochaetes). These worms serve as food for benthivorous fish, which thereby ingest the sediment-borne chemicals and may accumulate contaminant concentrations far higher than from water exposure alone, and consequently transfer them to organisms of higher trophic levels. In order to evaluate such a potential biomagnification, a laboratory test was developed. It consisted of a two-step food chain including the sediment dwelling freshwater oligochaete Tubifex tubifex (Müller) and the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus, Linné), a small teleost fish which often feeds primarily on benthic invertebrates. Artificial sediment and reconstituted water were used. To examine the influence of benthic prey on the bioaccumulation of a POP in the predator, fish were exposed to ¹⁴C-labelled hexachlorobenzene via spiked water, spiked sediment, pre-contaminated prey organisms, and to combinations of these exposure routes. Summarising the results of these experiments, it could be shown that the exposure to HCB via different routes resulted in a significantly higher accumulation in fish than an exposure to single pathways. It was concluded that the major uptake routes for fish were the overlying water and the food, whereas the contribution of spiked sediment itself was relatively small. HCB was biomagnified in the rested laboratory food chain. Therefore, concerning secondary poisoning, the environmental risk assessment of POPs like HCB should not be based on existing bioaccumulation tests alone, since they focus only on exposure via the water pathway. Instead, the influence of food and sediment as exposure routes should be considered as well, using comprehensive food chain modelling and/or laboratory studies.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in the blood of pure vegetarians (vegans)

Intake of many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including dioxins, dibenzofurans and PCBs is almost exclusively from gastrointestinal ingestion of animal fats in the diet. With polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) brominated flame retardants (BFRs), no consensus exists at present as to the extent of intake from food, from indoor dust or other routes of intake. Vegans, or pure vegetarians, were previously found to have low body burden of dioxins and dibenzofurans in blood. Data reported here for the first time show a trend towards lower PBDE levels with longer time periods without ingestion of food of animal origin in 8 adult residents of the United States. A stronger relationship between lower PBDE levels and time without meat, specifically, is consistent with substantial PBDE intake from meat relative to fish or dairy products in Americans. These vegans had somewhat lower PBDE levels with a range 12.4–127 and a median 23.9?ppb than published reports of US general population samples which had a range of 4–366 and median of 26?ppb. Our findings suggest that food of animal origin may be a major but not the sole contributor to human body burden of PBDEs.     

Increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in sediment cores from the inner Clyde Estuary,UK

The concentrations of 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in six short sediment cores from the Clyde Estuary were determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 1 to 2,645 μg/kg and the average concentration was 287 μg/kg. BDE-209 was the main congener and varied from 1 to 2,337 μg/kg. Elevated total PBDE concentrations were observed close to the sediment surface in the uppermost 10 cm of four of the six sediment cores. Comparison of the down core PBDE profiles revealed that the increase was driven by the accumulation of deca-BDE. Although the deca-BDE mix was dominant, the presence of lower molecular weight congeners BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-183 and BDE-153 at most sediment intervals suggested additional sources of penta-BDE and octa-BDE pollution. Changing PBDE source input was the major factor in influencing the proportion of nona-brominated congeners, although other explanations such as post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209 cannot be entirely discounted. A clear cascading to lower hepta-, hexa-, and penta-homologues was not found. The increase in total PBDE concentrations and particularly the deca-BDE may possibly be ascribed to the use and subsequent disposal of electrical appliances such as televisions and computers. In the Clyde sediments, the proportion of nona-brominated congeners was higher than that reported for commercial mixtures. This might be due to changing sources of PBDEs or post burial photo-debromination of BDE-209.