衍生液注入控制-离子色谱法同时测定环境水样中的三价铬和六价铬

以2,6-吡啶二羧酸和1,5-二苯碳酰二肼为衍生试剂,采用柱前和柱后衍生的方式建立了离子色谱法同时测定环境水样中三价铬和六价铬的方法.通过六通阀控制1,5-二苯碳酰二肼注入系统的时间,避免了六价铬衍生液本底对三价铬测定的干扰,提高了三价铬检测的灵敏度,将三价铬的检出限由原来的0.17 mg·L-1降低至5.9μg·L-1.同时,对检测波长、淋洗液浓度、衍生液流速和定量环体积进行了选择优化.该方法对0.72 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅲ)和0.24 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅵ)峰面积测定值的相对标准偏差分别为0.34%和0.65%,六价铬的检出限为3.2μg·L-1.测定了含铬污染废水、电镀厂处理前后的废水和河水共9个样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的含量,并进行了加标回收实验.结果表明,在0.02—0.48 mg·L-1加标范围内,Cr(Ⅲ)的加标回收率在83.7%—117.0%;在0.02—0.24 mg·L-1加标范围内,Cr(Ⅵ)的加标回收率在96.0%—104.5%.     

气相色谱质谱法测定土壤中的阿特拉津

建立了索氏提取、弗洛里硅土固相柱净化,质谱法测定土壤中的阿特拉津,考察了进样口分流模式、柱升温程序、索氏提取时间对测定的影响,确定了最佳测定条件:无分流进样;流速:1.0 mL·min-1;柱升温程序:100℃(1 min),10℃.min-1到250℃(3 min);离子源温度:250℃;索氏提取:4 h.方法的线性范围良好,相关系数为0.9997,线性范围:5.0—100.0μg.kg-1,方法检出限(S/N=3)为0.38μg.kg-1,相对标准偏差1.1%,平均回收率100.1%.     

水体与底泥中有机氯和除草剂农药残留的气相色谱串联质谱同步测定方法

本研究建立了水体和底泥中8种有机氯农药和5种除草剂的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)同步测定分析方法.水样以甲醇作为基体改进剂,利用官能化聚苯乙烯/二乙烯苯(PEP)固相萃取柱富集和净化;底泥样品加乙腈用超声波辅助提取,二氯甲烷反萃取,使用氟罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化.采用DB-5MS(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)色谱柱对待测物进行分离,多反应监测模式(MRM)测定.方法的线性相关性均大于0.999.空白水样在低、中、高等3个加标水平下的平均回收率为71%—115%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.0%—12.6%,检出限(LOD)0.12—2.0 ng·L~(-1).底泥样品在低、中、高等3个加标水平下,平均回收率为73%—120%,RSD为4.1%—11.0%,检出限(LOD)0.011—0.20μg·kg~(-1).该方法选择性好、灵敏度高且准确可靠,适合于水体和底泥中常见有机氯农药和除草剂类农药的检测.应用该方法测定了东北地区养殖池塘及松花江的水体和底泥样品.结果表明,莠去津检出率最高(100%),水体中残留量在11.2—1671 ng·L~(-1)之间,底泥中残留量在0.35—21.8μg·kg~(-1)之间.有机氯β-六六六检出率80%,水体中残留量在ND—6.76 ng·L~(-1)之间,底泥中残留量在ND—4.74μg·kg~(-1)之间.底泥样品中滴滴涕农药的残留量未超过我国淡水养殖产地环境限量标准.     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定饮用水中的五氯苯酚

建立了高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检测饮用水中五氯苯酚(PCP)。选用ZORBAXXDB-C18柱(50mm×2.1mm,3.5μm)为分析柱,流动相为V(甲醇):V(纯水)=88:12,流量为200μL·min-1;质谱条件选用气动辅助电喷雾离子源(ESI),检测方式为负离子多离子反应检测(MRM);PCP标准曲线线形范围为0.1～100μg·L-1;方法加标回收率达到90%以上;相对标准偏差为2.31%～2.92%(n=5);方法检测低限为0.1μg·L-1。结果表明该方法快速、简便、准确、灵敏、特异,适用于饮用水中PCP残留的测定。     

固相萃取-液相色谱/串联质谱法测定食品中噻酮磺隆的残留

建立了食品中噻酮磺隆残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.样品采用乙腈提取,C18固相萃取柱净化,经Hypersil GOLD C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离,电喷雾串联四极杆质谱多反应离子监测方式测定.结果表明,噻酮磺隆在0.5—50 ng·m L-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999.在5、10、50μg·kg-1加标水平下,平均加标回收率为73.4%—114.6%,相对标准偏差为4.38%—11.09%.该方法稳定、可靠,可满足食品中噻酮磺隆残留残留的检测与确证.     

UHPLC-MSMS测定环境水中的联苯胺

建立了一种使用超高效液相色谱仪和三重四极杆质谱仪联用(UHPLE-MSMS)测定环境水中联苯胺的方法.该方法为直接进样法,样品经0.22μm滤膜过滤后直接进行定量分析.对联苯胺的线性、仪器精密度、方法检出限(MDL)、定量限(LOQ)和加标回收率进行验证.联苯胺的线性良好,相关系数为0.9999;0.5μg.L-1、2μg.L-1和10μg.L-1标准溶液重复6份测试结果显示,其峰面积和保留时间的相对标准偏差分别在0.10%—0.17%和1.01%—4.87%之间,仪器精密度良好;MDL为0.08μg.L-1;LOQ为0.31μg.L-1;加标回收率为89.9%—103.8%.     

采用超高效液质联用法测定水体中十二烷基硫酸钠

采用离线固相萃取(SPE)对水体样品中的十二烷基硫酸钠进行了富集浓缩,同时,采用超高效液相色谱与质谱联用仪(UHPLC-MS)对样品进行了准确定性与快速分析.结果表明,该方法的线性回归方程为y=752.1x-5.97,相关系数r=0.995,线性范围为0.05—50μg·m L~(-1),方法定量限为0.05μg·m L~(-1).采用该方法对浦东某区域水体3份样品进行了分析,结果显示水体中十二烷基硫酸钠的含量为未检出—0.011μg·m L~(-1)之间,样品基质加标回收率为67.0%—105.0%,RSD值为5.8%.     

离子色谱法同时测定北京市不同区域水体6种阳离子

建立离子色谱法测定不同区域水体Li⁺、Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺等6种阳离子的方法，以及验证方法在实际应用的可行性.以ICS1000型离子色谱仪配有DionexIonPac CG12A阳离子保护柱(4 mm×50 mm)和CS 12A阳离子分离柱(4 mm×250 mm),CSRS 300型抑制器(4 mm)，甲基磺酸为淋洗液，流量为1.0 mL·min^-1,6种阳离子的质量浓度在0.01—0.50 mg·L^-1到5.0—100.0mg·L^-1范围内线性较好，相关系数> 0.9995，方法检出限为0.002—0.020mg·L^-1，与有证标准溶液相对误差-2.50%—4.38%(n=6)，不同环境水样加标回收率90.7%—107.5%.利用以上色谱条件分析北京市不同区域地表水阳离子分布特征，结果显示城乡结合部、城区和郊区水体p...     

吸附反应时间对除草剂阿特拉津吸附行为的影响

采用批量动态实验方法,对潮土中阿特拉津吸附特征随吸附反应时间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随反应时间的变化符合双曲线函数关系。在50μg·L-1～2000μg·L-1浓度系列下,在48h内,土壤颗粒对阿特拉津的吸附属于快反应,土壤吸附的阿特拉津量随吸附反应时间呈指数上升,为吸附实验结束(168h)时土壤吸附阿特拉津总量的58%到90%。当吸附反应时间超过48h后,随反应时间增加,土壤吸附阿特拉津量差异变化不显著。阿特拉津在潮土颗粒和土壤溶液中的相分配可用Freundlich方程描述。吸附容量因子Kf与吸附反应时间之间有极显著的线性正关系(r2=0.9063**,p<0.0001)。无量纲的非线性因子n与吸附反应时间之间也具有显著的线性负关系(r2=0.5666*,p=0.0192)。     

离子色谱-质谱联用测定瓶装水中的高氯酸盐和溴酸盐

以高容量、强亲水性的IonPac AS20(2mm)为分析柱,ESI-MS-MS串联质谱为检测器,同时测定瓶装水中的高氯酸盐和溴酸盐.该方法对高氯酸盐和溴酸盐的检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.01μg·l-1和0.1μg·l-1,线性相关系数分别是r＝0.9990(0.05-100μg·l-1)和r＝0.9998(0.5-100μg·l-1).对某样品连续进样7次,高氯酸盐和溴酸盐的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.2%和0.9%.运用该方法测定瓶装水,并加标回收,高氯酸盐和溴酸盐的加标回收率分别在101.0%-116.5%之间和87.5%-118.9%之间.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.     

Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices

Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.     

Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.     

Estimating freshwater turtle mortality rates and population declines following hook ingestion

Freshwater turtle populations are susceptible to declines following small increases in the mortality of adults, making it essential to identify and understand potential threats. Freshwater turtles ingest fish hooks associated with recreational angling, and this is likely a problem because hook ingestion is a source of additive mortality for sea turtles. We used a Bayesian‐modeling framework, observed rates of hook ingestion by freshwater turtles, and mortality of sea turtles from hook ingestion to examine the probability that a freshwater turtle in a given population ingests a hook and subsequently dies from it. We used the results of these analyses and previously published life‐history data to simulate the effects of hook ingestion on population growth for 3 species of freshwater turtle. In our simulation, the probability that an individual turtle ingests a hook and dies as a result was 1.2–11%. Our simulation results suggest that this rate of mortality from hook ingestion is sufficient to cause population declines. We believe we have identified fish‐hook ingestion as a serious yet generally overlooked threat to the viability of freshwater turtle populations.     

Content analysis of newspaper coverage of the Florida panther

Populations of large carnivores are declining globally, and analysis of public discourse about carnivores is useful for understanding public opinion and influences on management and policy. Portrayal of carnivores in the media affects public perceptions and support for their conservation. We conducted a content analysis of 513 articles about Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi) published from 2003 to 2006 in newspapers with local circulation in core panther habitat in southwest Florida and papers with statewide circulation to compare the differences in the amount of coverage and portrayals of panther risks to people and property on the basis of proximity of human communities to panthers. Local papers published significantly more news articles and significantly longer news articles primarily about panthers. Articles in local and statewide papers used both episodic frames, which focus on specific occurrences (e.g., a panther sighting or predation) and thematic frames, which focus on general trends (e.g., abundance of panthers over time). Local articles more often emphasized risks that panthers might harm people, pets, or livestock than statewide papers. Our results are consistent with theory that proximity to human-carnivore conflict influences perceptions and salience of risks posed by large carnivores. Most articles mentioned panthers as a secondary topic, which we believe was a result of the relevance an endangered carnivore has in discussions of public land management, development, and regulations in Florida. Claims made by sources quoted in each article had a neutral to positive depiction of panthers, and most quotations were from federal and state agency scientists. We suggest continued use by the media of agency sources provides the opportunity for clear, concordant messages about panther management. Content analysis provides a way to monitor media portrayal of carnivores for consistency with agency outreach goals.