电话机的寿命周期设计

电话机的寿命周期设计ＣａｒｌｏＶｅｚｚｏｌｉ,ＣＩＲ．ＩＳ－ＵＲ．ＰＳ,跨系研究中心,“为环境可持续性而革新”研究组,ＰｒｏｄｕｃｔａｎｄＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓＤＩＴｅｃＤｅｐｔ．,ＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＭｉｌａｎ,ＶｉａＢｏｎａｒ...     

阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对酞酸酯类化合物增溶性研究

用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对六种酞酸酯类化合物(五种脂肪链酞酸酯和一种苯基酞酸酯)进行了增溶性实验．结果表明,在表观浓度(Ｃｓ)小于临界胶速浓度(ＣＭＣ)时,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对四种酞酸酯(ＤＭＰ和ＤＰｈＰ除外)有一定程度的增溶作用;当Ｃｓ大于ＣＭＣ时,对六种化合物的增溶性显著增强．其增溶性(Ｓｔ/Ｓｗ)随Ｃｓ增大而线性递增:当Ｃｓ＜ＣＭＣ时,Ｓｔ/Ｓｗ＝ａ＋Ｋｍｎ·Ｃｓ,ｒ＞０．９０,ｎ＝５;当Ｃｓ＞ＣＭＣ时,Ｓｔ/Ｓｗ＝ａ＋Ｋｍｃ·Ｃｓ,ｒ＞０．９９,ｎ＝５． 各化合物增溶系数随各自固有水溶性(Ｓｗ)减小而增大(苯基酞酸酯有所反常),ｌｇＫｍｎ和ｌｇＫｍｃ与各自ｌｇｌ/Ｓｗ具有良好的线性正相关性．本文进一步对增溶机理进行了分析解释．     

黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎的种子产量

辽东栎种子产量对其种群更新和恢复具有重要意义.调查研究了黄土高原马栏林区天然辽东栎次生林的种子产量,结果表明.该区天然辽东栎次生林处于较成熟阶段,结实植株所占比例高且种子产量丰富.分析发现,辽东栎结实植株数目表现出密度依赖效应,即样地结实植株密度与辽东栎植株的大小呈极显著的负相关,而辽东栎结实植株比例与样地密度呈极显著的负相关.通过埘标准枝上发育良好种子和败育种子数目的分析发现,在植株水平受精胚珠数与其发育种子数呈极显著的正相关;单株理论种子产量与胸径呈极显著的线性关系,表明辽东栎个体大的植株产生更多的种子;而对不同结实枝条,其高度与受精胚珠数、败育种子数和发育种子数均呈饭显著的线性关系,表明传粉或光照可能起到重要作用.此外,阳坡辽东栎林结实植株比例显著低于阴坡,表明样地水平坡向对辽东栎林结实也有一定的影响.图5 表3 参19     

鸡贫血病毒的分子生物学研究进展

鸡贫血病毒 (ｃｈｉｃｋｅｎａｎｅｍｉａｖｉｒｕｓ,ＣＡＶ)是鸡传染性贫血病 (ｃｈｉｃｋｅｎｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｕｓａｎｅｍｉａ,ＣＩＡ)的主要病原 .ＣＡＶ感染可引起雏鸡骨髓造血组织和胸腺等淋巴组织萎缩 ,从而导致严重贫血 ,甚至造成死亡[1] ;同时ＣＡＶ感染还能导致免疫抑制[2～ 7] .自 1979年日本学者Ｙｕａｓａ等[8] 首次报道该病毒以来 ,西德、瑞典、英国、丹麦、波兰、美国、澳大利亚、荷兰、巴西和阿根廷等国先后发现该病毒的存在[9～ 11] .我国于 1992年首次在黑龙江省分离到ＣＡＶ[12 ] ,随后在河南、山东、江苏、辽宁、吉林…     

广州市环境卫生数据库信息系统的建立和研究

本文主要介绍了ＧＺＥＳＭＩＳ研制的意义,目标,系统的基本内容,系统功能分析,特点,开发的软硬件环境。本系统得在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ９８环境下,数据库采用ＭｉｃｒｏＳｏｆｔ Ｆｏｘｐｒｏ系列,空间图形处理软件,采用最新的ＡｕｔｏＤｅｓｋＷｏｒｌｄ专业版;图形制作软件选用ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ;工作语言软件则采用Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｂａｓｉｃ５．０专业版,建立了全中文界面的多媒体环卫管理信息系统。     

"川中岛"白桃雄性不育小孢子发育的细胞形态学

“川中岛”白桃是 2 0世纪 90年代初期从日本引进的优良晚熟品种 ,系日本长野县池田正元以“上海”ד白桃”杂交育种 .在生产中发现该品种花粉少、无发芽力 ,需配置授粉树 ,属于雄性败育品种[1～ 3 ] .关于“川中岛”白桃花粉败育的途径、机制尚未见报道 ;因此 ,对其小孢子发生发育细胞学特征进行观察研究 ,以揭示其雄性败育的途径 .1　材料与方法1.1　材料2年生盆栽”川中岛”白桃和对照品种庆丰 .1.2　方法为了避免早春低温等不适的环境因子对桃花器官发育造成不良的影响 ,试验在控制环境条件下进行 ,即在人工生长箱内对 2年生盆栽庆丰 …     

二氯苯在盐水溶液中活度系数的研究

本文采用紫外分光光度法测定了２５．００±０．００１℃下间位和对位二氯苯在ＨＣＯＯＮａ,ＣＨ３ｃＯＯＮａ,（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４,ＭｇＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＳＯ４水溶液中活度系数（ｆ）,它们的ｌｇｆ－Ｃ关系符合Ｓｅｔｓｃｈｎｏｗ盐效应公式。     

海南省几种草本植物微量元素的组成

海南省位于我国热带地区,草本植物微量元素组成可反映热带区域生物地球化学特点。海南植物微量元素含量属正常范围值,仅个别植物Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ含量偏高。植物Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ含量大多在５ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上,Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｄ含量一般低于２ｍｇ／ｋｇ,Ｈｇ、Ａｓ、Ｎｉ通常不足１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。雀稗（Ｐａｓｐａｌｕｍｃｏｍｍｅｒｓｏｎｉ）、地胆草（Ｅｌｅｐｈａｎｔｏｐｕｓｓｃａｂｅｒ）等微量元素含量普遍较高。红裂稃草（Ｓｃｈｉｚａｃｈｙｒｉｕｍｓａｎｇｕｉｎｅｕｍ）、白茅（Ｉｍｐｅｒａｔａｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｉｃａ）等微量元素含量一般较低。植物微量元素组成与植物种类及其生境条件有关。生物吸收系数反映植物摄取元素的强度,Ｍｏ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ的生物吸收系数通常大于１．０,属强积聚元素,Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ的生物吸收系数大多低于０．３,是弱摄取元素。     

一个新型水稻不育突变体91FS受精卵发育的时间和空间表达

水稻 91FS是一个稳定遗传的籼粳型不育突变体 ,大约 2 5 %的受精卵能正常发育成胚 ,约 75 %的受精卵核仁不融合 ,受精卵不再分裂 ,导致不育和不结实 ,育性六代稳定遗传 ,受精卵致死时空位点发生在精细胞进入卵细胞完成受精作用后。开花前后 ,91FS、籼粳杂种可育材料 91FM和以 91FS为父本的杂种F1代的花药、颖壳、叶片和子房的可溶性蛋白质SDS PAGE和IEF/SDS PAGE分析表明 ,91FS、91FM和F1代的蛋白质谱带多代保持稳定 ,3个材料间蛋白质谱带的异同 ,既表明了它们在遗传和发育上的某些共同功能和相互关系 ,又表明不同品种、器官和组织在遗传和发育上的某些特异性 ;91FS的子房在开花 1～ 2天 ,具有一条Mr=15 8.5× 10 3 的特有蛋白带 ,结合 91FS受精卵发育的细胞学和胚胎学时空定位 ,表明它们极有可能与 91FS稳定遗传的受精卵发育的时间和空间表达有关 .图 4表 1参 16     

EoNPV的限制性酶切图谱及polyhedrin基因和egt基因的定位

用８种限制性内切酶酶解茶尺蠖Ｅｃｔｒｏｐｉｓｏｂｌｉｑｕａ核型多角体病毒（ＥｏＮＰＶ）基因组ＤＮＡ,获得大于０．８８ｋｂ的片段数分别为７、３８、１９、１７、１６、９、３２和１４．由此统计,基因组平均大小大于１１８．５ｋｂ,即Ｍｒ约大于７８．６×１０６．用ＢｍＮＰＶ的多角体蛋白（ｐｈ）基因和ＡｃＭＮＰＶ的ｅｇｔ基因为探针,应用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交方法,将ＥｏＮＰＶ的ｐｈ基因定位于ＢａｍＨＩＡ、ＣｌａＩＤ、ＥｃｏＲＩＭ、ＥｃｏＲＶＬ、ＨｉｎｄⅢＦ、ＰｓｔＩＡ、ＳａｌＩＨ和ＸｈｏＩＢ片段上,将ｅｇｔ基因定位于ＢａｍＨＩＡ、ＣｌａＩｌ、ＥｃｏＲＩＫ、ＥｃｏＲＶＡ、ＨｉｎｄⅢＨ、ＰｓｔＩＡ、ＳａｌＩＢ、ＸｈｏＩＩ片段上．通过克隆和酶切鉴定ＥｃｏＲＩＭ和ＥｃｏＲＶＬ片段,测定ｐｈ基因部分序列,并以ＥｃｏＲＩＭ为探针对基因组酶切印迹进行杂交,制作了ＥｏＮＰＶｐｈ基因和ｅｇｔ基因区的酶切图谱,推定ｅｇｔ基因保守区位于ｐｈ基因上游约４．５５ｋｂ处．     

A_2型高粱细胞质雄性不育系与其保持系的胞质DNA和核DNA差异

以高粱细胞质雄性不育系A2 V4 (A)及其保持系V4 (B)的总DNA为模板 ,对 184个随机引物进行筛选 ,找到6个其RAPD扩增产物在A/B间存在稳定差异的引物 .将该 6个引物同时扩增A/B的总DNA、线粒体DNA(mtDNA)及叶绿体DNA(cpDNA) .以总DNA为模板时得到 12个扩增片段 ,以mtDNA为模板时得到 4个 ,以cpDNA为模板时得到 11个 .结果分析表明 ,在这些扩增片段中 ,有 7个仅仅出现在以胞质DNA为模板的扩增中 ,有 5个在以总DNA和胞质DNA为模板时同时出现 ,即认为这 12个片段来自胞质DNA .另有 7个片段 ,在以胞质DNA为模板时未出现 ,而是仅仅出现在以总DNA为模板的扩增中 ,认为是来自核DNA .来自核DNA的 7个扩增片段中 ,有 5个来自保持系 ,有 2个来自不育系 ,这表明 ,不育系与保持系在核DNA上存在差异 .对A/B核DNA在CMS中的重要性及研究对策进行了讨论 .图 2表 4参 19     

榨菜线粒体DNA雄性不育相关片段克隆及序列分析

研究了榨菜(Brassica juncea var．tumida Tsen and Lee)细胞质雄性不育性(CMS)与线粒体基因组的关系,以榨菜细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体DNA(mtDNA)为模板,设计合成引物进行PCR扩增,从榨菜胞质雄性不育系mtDNA上扩增得到与雄性不育相关的特异片段T1170,点杂交分析表明,T1170仅与榨菜胞质雄性不育系mtDNA有杂交信号,而保持系的mtDNA则无,序列测定该片段全长1173bp,编码389个氨基酸,其中疏水氨基酸占35％。图4参9。     

A tropical/subtropical biogeographic disjunction in southeastern Africa separates two Evolutionarily Significant Units of an estuarine prawn

Recent phylogeographic research has indicated that biodiversity in the sea may be considerably greater than previously thought. However, the majority of phylogeographic studies on marine invertebrates have exclusively used a single locus (mitochondrial DNA), and it is questionable whether the phylogroups identified can be considered distinct species. We tested whether the mtDNA phylogroups of the southern African sandprawn Callianassa kraussi Stebbing (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) are also recovered using nuclear sequence data. Four mtDNA phylogroups were recovered that were each associated with one of South Africa’s four major biogeographic provinces. Three of these were poorly differentiated, but the fourth (tropical) group was highly distinct. The nuclear phylogeny recovered two major clades, one present in the tropical region and the other in the remainder of South Africa. Congruence between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA indicates that the species comprises two Evolutionarily Significant Units sensu Moritz (1994). In conjunction with physiological data from C. kraussi and morphological, ecological and physiological data from other species, this result supports the notion that at least some of the mtDNA phylogroups of coastal invertebrates whose distributions are limited by biogeographic disjunctions can indeed be considered to be cryptic species.     

Doubly uniparental transmission of mitochondrial DNA length variants in the mussel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">trossulus</Emphasis>

Doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an unusual feature found in marine mussels and a few other bivalve species. In addition to a mitochondrial genome (F) inherited through the female line, heteroplasmic individuals (males) contain a second highly diverged genome (M) that is inherited through the paternal line. The Baltic mussel Mytilus trossulus is characterized by the presence of two phylogenetically close female and male genomes. We examined M. trossulus sampled from the Gulf of Gdansk, southern Baltic. Somatic tissues and gametes were surveyed for the presence of different types of mtDNA. Length variants were identified using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of the mtDNA fragment containing the major noncoding region. Seventeen length variants present in homo- and heteroplasmic individuals were found in a sample of 343 individuals analyzed. Two length variants of the major noncoding region (PCR product lengths: 1520 and 1370 bp) were the most frequent. Length heteroplasmy was found in 46.8% of males, and was mostly caused by the presence of the short length variant (PCR product length: 1370 bp) of the major noncoding region. MtDNA variants were also detected by restriction analysis of a 1.3 kb segment of coding region (ND2-COIII) amplified by PCR. This study provides evidence that the short length variant is always transmitted to sperm and has taken over the role of the M genome. The remaining length variants were present in both males and females. Longer length variants were transmitted mainly through the female line. A possibility of much higher incidence of genome role reversals in Baltic M. trossulus, in comparison with other populations of mussels is discussed.     

Heteroplasmy in a deep-sea protobranch bivalve suggests an ancient origin of doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondria in Bivalvia

Most metazoan species have strict maternal inheritance of the mitochondrial genome. In bivalves, a unique inheritance pattern called doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) occurs in at least seven bivalve families. In this system of mitochondrial inheritance, males inherit and carry mtDNA from both parents, while females only carry mtDNA from the mother. Here, we present evidence of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in deep-sea protobranch bivalves. Divergent 16S rRNA and cytochrome b sequences were obtained within individuals of Ledella ultima. Ledella sublevis also exhibited divergent 16S sequences. Levels of divergence between 16S sequences within individuals were 27 and 15 % for each species, respectively. Ratios of homoplasmic to heteroplasmic individuals were not significantly different from 1:1, in agreement with sex ratios in protobranchs. The results provide the first evidence for mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the protobranchs and suggest DUI might have evolved much earlier in the evolution of the Bivalvia than previously thought.     

海洋微藻活体及乙醇固定状态下基因组DNA的微量提取方法

探讨了海洋微藻活体及固定状态下基因组DNA的提取方法,即作者改进的CTAB法.结果表明,CTAB改进法提取的基因组DNA蛋白质、酚、盐和小分子的污染较少,多糖成份也得到了有效去除.用5%乙醇固定样本提取DNA的效果最好,对原生动物抑制效果也较明显;10%以上的乙醇可杀死原生动物,但对DNA的降解率较大;30%以上的乙醇对细菌抑制较明显,但DNA都有较大程度的降解.本法提取的DNA可用于正常的酶切和PCR.用甲醛、甲醇/冰醋酸等其它固定液固定样品,DNA的得率低或者质量和纯度低.图7表1参27     

Utility of Mitochondrial DNA Barcodes in Species Conservation

Abstract:  Molecular tools are a standard part of many conservation studies and can be informative at many different levels of analysis, although there are inherent limitations and strengths of different genes or parts of genes to inform specific questions. Animal DNA barcodes, 600- to 800-base-pair segments of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I, have been proposed as a means to quantify global biodiversity. Although mitochondrial (mt) DNA has a long history of use at the species level, recent analyses suggest that the use of a single gene, particularly mitochondrial, is unlikely to yield data that are balanced, universally acceptable, or sufficient in taxonomic scope to recognize many species lineages. Mitochondrial and nuclear genomes have different patterns of evolution and modes of inheritance, which can result in very different assessments of biodiversity. The ramifications of choosing a particular definition of species (species concept) need to be carefully considered because current efforts have designated DNA barcodes as the universal species concept without demonstrating its superiority over preexisting concepts. The results of such a barcoding paradigm may include a failure to recognize significant portions of biodiversity or nuclear/mitochondrial mixed lineages and could spuriously focus conservation resources on populations with relatively minor mtDNA divergence. DNA barcodes are most likely to provide potentially useful information for groups that are already well studied, and such taxa do not constitute the majority of biodiversity or those in most need of research attention. DNA barcode-length sequences are an important source of data but, when used alone or out of context, may offer only a fraction of the information needed to characterize species while taking resources from broader studies that could produce information essential to robust and informed conservation decisions.     

Distribution of male and female mtDNA lineages in populations of blue mussels,Mytilus trossulus and M. galloprovincialis,along the Pacific coast of North America

Geographic variation in mitochondrial large subunit (16S) ribosomal RNA haplotypes was examined for blue mussels, Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850 and M. galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819, sampled from ten sites along the Pacific coast of the USA in January of 1993. Using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) assays we determined haplotype frequencies for both the male and female mussel mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages. Populations from Morro Bay south to San Diego, California, contained only M. galloprovincialis male and female haplotypes, while those from Arcata Bay, California, north to Port Orford, Oregon, were fixed for M. trossulus haplotypes. Populations from Monterey Bay to Bodega Bay, California, contained a mixture of M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis haplotypes. Overall only 2 of 97 heteroplasmic individuals had a mixed M. trossulus/M. galloprovincialis mitochondrial genotype indicating that hybridization is uncommon in the populations sampled. Further, there was no evidence of extensive introgression between these mussel taxa at the level of mtDNA. This is in contrast to previously published results which suggested the significant introgression of M. trossulus haplotypes into southern populations containing primarily M. galloprovincialis nuclear genotypes. We feel the discrepancy lies in the ability of our assays to detect haplotypes corresponding to both the male and female mtDNA lineages. Potential explanations for the lack of mtDNA introgression include, low levels of backcrossing between hybrids and parental taxa, epistatic interaction between nuclear and mitochondrial genes and the breakdown of a sex-specific inheritance pattern for mtDNA in hybrids.     

Introgression and mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in the Baltic populations of mussels Mytilus trossulus and M. edulis

A strong clinal change in salinity occurs between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean, in the Danish Straits, where hybridization zone between mussels Mytilus edulis and M. trossulus has been reported. Eleven samples of mussels were studied from the Danish Straits and the inner Baltic Sea. Extensive introgression of M. edulis alleles from the North Sea into populations throughout the Baltic was ascertained for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and two nuclear markers (ME15–16 and ITS). In the opposite direction, introgression of M. trossulus alleles into the M. edulis background was observed at the EFbis nuclear marker in populations from Kattegat (Danish Straits). While only M. edulis F (female) mtDNA was present in the Baltic, there were still strong differences in frequencies in the control region length variants between the Danish Straits and the inner Baltic samples, and weaker variation in coding region ND2–COIII haplotype frequencies. In the assays of the two mtDNA regions, various patterns of heteroplasmy were detected in 32% of all the studied individual mussels; this includes the presence of distinct, independently inherited M and F mitochondria in males, as well as the presence of two different distinguishable F genomes. The male-inherited M mtDNA genomes are quite common in the mussels from the Danish Straits, but very rare in males from the inner Baltic. Instead, a recombined control region variant (1r), which seems to have taken over the role of the M genome, was present in a number of specimens in the Baltic. Observations of heteroplasmy for two F genomes in some females and males confirm disruptions of the doubly uniparental inheritance mechanism in the hybrid Baltic Mytilus.     

Patterns of evolution in the scleractinian coral genus<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Montipora</Emphasis> (Acroporidae)

One of the key issues in coral evolutionary biology is the significance of interspecific hybridisation in shaping modern reef corals. Despite this, few detailed studies of speciation and evolution exist for scleractinians. We examined molecular relationships among 25 species of the species-rich scleractinian genus Montipora sampled from Irian Jaya (Indonesia) and Magnetic Island (central Great Barrier Reef) using a nuclear and mitochondrial marker. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes are shared among several species and at least four species are not monophyletic based on the nuclear intron sequences. Moreover, although the mtDNA and nuclear trees have similar topologies, there are several important inconsistencies. These results, in combination with the observation of simultaneous spawning of and in vitro cross-fertility between some Montipora species, suggest that occasional gene exchange through interspecific hybridisation occurs between a small number of species in this coral genus. Little correlation was observed between morphological and molecular relationships.Communicated by M.S. Johnson, Crawley