典型杀虫剂类内分泌干扰物对水生溞类的毒性效应研究进展

内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs),尤其是具有内分泌干扰效应的杀虫剂,因能显著影响水生生物的生长发育和生殖系统,其潜在生态毒性效应引起了人们的广泛关注。溞类在水生生态系统食物链中起着重要的连接作用,更易受到水体中残留的杀虫剂类EDCs的影响,其毒性效应在水生生态系统毒理学研究中有着重要的意义。本文重点综述了杀虫剂类EDCs对溞类产生的生长发育毒性和生殖毒性,从酶活性变化角度分析由此产生的氧化应激和神经毒性,并在基因表达水平上揭示其毒性作用机制,发现杀虫剂类EDCs通过扰乱神经系统和内分泌系统发挥作用,并展望了杀虫剂EDCs在联合毒性、多代效应的研究前景,旨在为研究杀虫剂类EDCs对大型溞的毒性作用和生态环境风险评估提供依据。     

双酚S毒理学、人体暴露水平与健康效应研究进展

双酚S(BPS)是类雌激素干扰物双酚A(BPA)的主要替代品.尽管BPS已被广泛用于塑料等产品中,但其生态安全性和对人体暴露产生的毒性作用却不明了.随着BPS分子和细胞水平毒理学研究的深入,特别是其对动物体繁殖和神经内分泌系统表现出的毒性,使BPS人体暴露的安全性遭到了质疑.本文以BPS毒理学和人体暴露水平研究为聚焦点,阐述了近年来BPS不同水平毒理学研究进展和结论.在此基础上介绍当前人体BPS暴露研究的相关内容,包括人体BPS暴露途径、暴露水平和健康效应最新的调查结果.基于当前研究中存在的争论和有待解决的科学问题,未来的热点将集中在暴露的潜在毒性和风险评价方面.应该加快人体BPS暴露水平及暴露毒性研究,而BPS暴露形态、浓度及时间是人体BPS暴露毒性、特别是BPS早期暴露毒性深入研究不可忽略的重要因素.     

环境毒理学研究进展

综述了近年来环境毒理学的研究进展,内容包括:环境污染物对机体的影响及其环境行为、环境污染物及其转化物的毒性和评估方法、实验室模式生物、生物标志物以及环境毒理学在其他相关学科中的应用等.此外,还对环境化学品管理和安全性评价、Hormesis(兴奋效应)现象、遗传毒性致癌物的危险度评价、室内环境毒理学分析与研究等热点问题进...     

人多能干细胞在环境污染物风险评估中的应用与展望

在环境污染问题日益严峻的今天,人们亟需一套高效的毒理学评价体系来全面评估各类环境污染物的毒性效应和致毒机制,并阐明化合物结构与毒性效应之间的关系,进而指导安全化合物的合成。人多能干细胞(hPSCs)具有近乎无限的增殖能力和分化成所有成体细胞的潜能,近年来在毒理学的应用中崭露头角,显现出极大的应用潜力。由hPSCs分化而来的细胞可以代替原代细胞进行高通量的毒理学研究; hPSCs分化模型便于在体外研究环境污染物暴露对人体胚胎发育过程的毒性;基于hPSCs构建的类器官技术也使环境污染物的器官毒性研究成为可能。hPSCs在环境污染物风险评估中有很高的应用价值。     

饮用水有机类消毒副产物毒理学研究方法进展

伴随着饮用水消毒技术的改进,有机类消毒副产物(DBPs)的种类日趋多样化,其生物毒性和健康风险受到广泛关注。基于国内外对DBPs毒理学效应的研究成果,结合消毒技术的发展历程,对有机类DBPs进行了系统的分类,针对含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)中典型的DBPs的毒理学研究方法进行了详细的介绍,在此基础上分析了相关研究的不足之处和发展趋势,对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的土壤生态毒理学研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)化合物的生产量和使用量不断增加,导致土壤环境的PAEs污染问题日益突显。一些种类PAEs具有雌激素效应和"三致"效应,因此,PAEs化合物对土壤生态系统各类生物体的生态毒性已引起广泛关注。文章在国内外现有文献研究基础上,综合论述PAEs的土壤污染现状及其对高等植物、土壤微生物和土壤无脊椎动物等的生态毒性研究进展,以期为PAEs污染土壤的生态毒理学深入研究和发展提供参考。研究发现,中国许多地区的农业土壤中均有PAEs被检出,部分土壤中PAEs总量可高达几十mg·kg~(-1),一些PAEs单体含量超出了美国环保局土壤PAEs控制标准。PAEs对植物体在个体、生理、细胞及分子水平上均具有生态毒性效应;PAEs对土壤微生物的群落结构、种群数量和活性均可产生影响,进而影响土壤的正常功能;PAEs对土壤无脊椎动物蚯蚓的生态毒性效应研究则刚刚起步,高浓度的PAEs对蚯蚓具有急性毒性和繁殖毒性,蚯蚓分子及基因水平毒理学指标研究有望为低浓度PAEs的生态毒性效应研究提供新的敏感的生物标记物。     

多溴联苯醚暴露的神经行为效应及其毒理机制

溴代阻燃剂多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类在各类环境介质、生物体和人体中均能检出的普遍存在的环境污染物。我国的主要污染源之一集中于东南部地区的电子废弃物回收场地。由于PBDEs具有结构稳定性、亲脂性和生物累积性,电子废弃物拆解回收活动对当地生态系统和居民健康存在着巨大的潜在风险。PBDEs的发育神经毒性受到研究者的极大关注,但其神经行为毒性效应和机制仍需深入研究。行为学效应既是内在神经毒性机制的外在反映,也是推测环境污染物在高级别生物学水平(如种群、群落)影响的最有力试验手段。近年来,基于视频追踪系统技术的商业行为学分析设备迅速发展,使行为学效应测试在环境毒理学领域具备极大的潜力。本文结合近年来国内外环境毒理学研究进展,回顾了PBDEs的神经行为毒性效应,包括运动行为、掠食行为和认知行为,并分析了其可能的毒理机制,最后总结了当前研究存在的问题和未来研究需要关注的重点方向。     

全氟化合物污染现状及与有机污染物联合毒性研究进展

全氟化合物(perfluorocarbons,PFASs)作为一种新型污染物已引起广泛关注.PFASs在环境中具有持久性和生物毒性,并可以通过食物链传递,在生物体内富集并产生生物学放大效应.近年来已成为全球性污染物,并已在各类环境介质、生物体及人体内被检出.因此本文主要综述了当前国内外PFASs在不同环境介质中的污染现状,比较分析了 PFASs及与其他有机污染物对生物的单一、联合毒性并对PFASs污染治理和防控提出了展望,为今后PFASs的研究及毒理学评价提供参考依据.     

人工纳米材料对斑马鱼生态毒理效应研究进展

随着纳米技术的快速发展,人工纳米材料在光电、生物医药、化妆品等诸多领域得到了广泛应用。人工纳米材料在生产、使用和废弃处理等过程中,不可避免地通过水体、土壤、大气等进入环境,其对环境产生的生态效应逐渐引起国内外的广泛关注。斑马鱼(Danio rerio)作为一种重要的脊椎模式生物,在环境毒理学研究中应用广泛,可以作为检测人工纳米材料生态毒理效应的一种重要工具。本文介绍了人工纳米材料对水生态环境的影响及斑马鱼在生态毒理学研究中的优势,总结了其对斑马鱼的毒性效应,主要包括急性毒性和对个体发育的影响、对组织细胞及基因表达的影响,分析了人工纳米材料对斑马鱼的毒性机制,以期为人工纳米材料毒理学研究提供基础信息。     

3D类器官模型的研究进展及其在化学品毒理学评价中的应用展望

化学品毒理学评价主要采用2D细胞培养体系和动物实验模型,但2种模型均存在一定的局限性.2D细胞培养常用特定细胞系,与体内多细胞组织及其生理功能差异较大.动物实验耗时、昂贵,并受伦理学限制,且存在种属差异问题.3D类器官模型可模拟组织器官的复杂结构和功能,产生细胞间和细胞-基质相互作用,与体内生理反应更为相似,因此能更准确地反映毒性效应和机理.类器官模型在化学品毒理学评价领域具有良好的应用前景,将显著提升毒理学基础研究能力以及对化学品风险评价和管理的支撑作用,但相关研究尚处于起步阶段.本文从类器官的生理学特性、构建方法及组织类型等方面,重点讨论了类器官模型在化学品毒理学研究中的适用性,并提出了存在的挑战和对策.     

类二噁英物质及芳香烃受体(AhR)介导的有害结局路径(AOP)研究进展

二噁英及类二噁英物质(dioxin-like compounds,DLCs)是一类高毒性化合物的统称,对其毒理学的研究一直都是备受关注的焦点。已有证据表明,高毒二噁英及DLCs主要通过激活芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR),进而导致一系列生物毒性。近年来越来越多的新型有机污染物被发现具有类二噁英分子结构并存在潜在生物毒性或活性。与此同时,如何评估二噁英及DLCs对本土生态生物的危害及其风险也受到更多关注。本文综述了近几年发现的新型二噁英物质、二噁英及DLCs的AhR致毒机制、相应的有害结局路径(adverse outcome pathway,AOP)及AOP在指导探索新型物质及物种敏感性方面上的新观点和发现,同时也展望了二噁英及DLCs在生态毒理及风险评估领域的未来研究方向。     

氯代多环芳烃的污染现状及毒性研究进展

氯代多环芳烃(chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,Cl-PAHs)是一种多环芳烃的氯代衍生物,具有与二噁英相似的毒性效应,并且在各种环境介质中广泛存在。Cl-PAHs已成为一种新型有机污染物,对生态环境和人体健康造成潜在的威胁。本文从Cl-PAHs的来源、污染现状、毒性效应与人体健康风险评价等几个方面对国内外有关Cl-PAHs的研究现状和最新进展进行了系统综述。     

Human risk assessment of As,Cd, Cu and Zn in the abandoned metal mine site

The cancer risk and the non-cancer hazard index for inhabitants exposed to As, Cd, Cu and Zn in the soils and stream waters of the abandoned Songcheon Au–Ag mine area were evaluated. Mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in agricultural soils were 230, 2.5, 120, 160, and 164 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Mean concentrations of As, Cd and Zn of the water in the stream where drinking water was drawn was 246 μg L⁻¹, 161 μg L⁻¹ and 3899 μg L⁻¹, respectively. These levels are significantly higher than the permissible levels for drinking water quality recommended by Korea and WHO. The resulting human health risks to farmers who inhabited the surrounding areas due to drinking water were summarized as follows: (1) the non-cancer health hazard indices showed that the toxic risk due to As and Cd in drinking water were 10 and 4 times, respectively, greater than those induced by the safe average daily dosages of the respective chemicals. (2) the cancer risk of As for exposed individuals through the drinking water pathway was 5 in 1000, exceeded the acceptable risk of 1 in 10,000 set for regulatory purposes.     

基于多类支持向量机的化学物质生态危害分类研究

应用多类支持向量机(M-SVMs)方法研究了化学物质生态危害程度的分类,以提高分类的准确性和效率.对采集到的61种环境优先污染物的环境行为和生物毒性方面的7项指标进行相关性分析,建立了M-SVMs分类模型并对数据集进行10折交叉验证以评价模型的分类能力,运用所建模型对7种化学物质的生态危害进行预测.结果表明,去除与鱼毒有信息重叠的溞毒指标,选取鱼毒、藻毒、降解性、蓄积性、分配系数和吸附系数6项指标用于构建M-SVMs分类模型；M-SVMs模型识别率较高,交叉验证平均分类正确率达86.89％；对7种化学物质生态危害的预测结果与实际情况基本相符.     

Organochlorines in urban soils from Central India: probabilistic health hazard and risk implications to human population

This study presents distribution of organochlorines (OCs) including HCH, DDT and PCBs in urban soils, and their environmental and human health risk. Forty-eight soil samples were extracted using ultrasonication, cleaned with modified silica gel chromatography and analyzed by GC-ECD. The observed concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and ∑PCBs in soils ranged between?<?0.01–2.54, 1.30–27.41 and?<?0.01–62.8 µg kg^?1, respectively, which were lower than the recommended soil quality guidelines. Human health risk was estimated following recommended guidelines. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), non-cancer risk or hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for humans due to individual and total OCs were estimated and presented. Estimated LADD were lower than acceptable daily intake and reference dose. Human health risk estimates were lower than safe limit of non-cancer risk (HQ?<?1.0) and the acceptable distribution range of ILCR (10^?6–10^?4). Therefore, this study concluded that present levels of OCs (HCH, DDT and PCBs) in studied soils were low, and subsequently posed low health risk to human population in the study area.     

二噁英类减排的国际动向和我国的战略构想

二噁英类减排是履行<关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约>的重点和难点.本文在分析日本、美国、欧盟等发达国家在二噁英类减排控制方面成功经验的基础上,结合国际上的最新动向和我国二噁英类问题的实际特点,提出了解决我国二噁英类问题的初步战略构想.     

酵母基因报道系统检测环境二恶英类似物的污染

利用一套酵母基因报道检测系统，建立和标化了对二恶英类标准样品测定的方法，证明此系统可检测ng级的二恶英及其类似物，具有简单、快速的的特点．对广州市区工业和生活污水排放较为集中的水体进行的测定显示，二恶英及其类似物在部分地区超标，而各区经处理的自来水均无超标污染．对小鼠急性毒性实验的血清样品的测定同样证明系统能够测定未浓缩处理的复杂样本，具有一定的应用价值．图4参10     

Capacity estimation and preliminary strategy for reducing the release of dioxins in China

As a party of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, China must submit its national implementation plan (NIP) for this convention. The strategy and action plan for reducing the release of dioxins in China are the most important components of the NIP. Three problems are key points for developing such strategy and action plan—what are the key sources for applying the best available technology/best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) to reduce the release of dioxins? How about the capacity for reducing the dioxins release from the key sources? Where are the areas of priority for applying BAT/BEP? This paper shows the efforts towards the solution of these problems. The list of key sources covering about half of the total dioxins release was determined considering four criteria. The capacity of key sources were estimated based on the difference between the emission factor corresponding to the actual situation in 2004 and that corresponding to the scenario that all key sources have been applied BAT/BEP to reduce the dioxins release. The priority analysis using the geographical information system (GIS) tool has revealed that castern provinces should be of high priority in the future reduction activities of dioxins release in China.     

Thermodynamic investigation of the effect of oxygen and hydrogen chloride potential upon generation and decomposition behavior of dioxins

The thermodynamic equilibrium of the C‐H‐O‐Cl system has been calculated to elucidate the generation and decomposition behavior of dioxins, and is discussed from the viewpoint of the oxygen and hydrogen chloride potential. The dioxins behavior is greatly dependent on the oxygen potential, i.e. higher temperature and oxygen potential lead to the complete decomposition of dioxins, while low hydrogen chloride potential under insufficient oxygen condition leads to an increase of multi‐chlorine displacement of dioxins.     

Dioxin levels in the breast milk and estradiol and androgen levels in the saliva of Vietnamese primiparae

Human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF), especially 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), was investigated in Vietnam since initial severe adverse health effects were reported in the late 1970s. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dioxin exposure on steroid hormones of primiparae in an Agent Orange/dioxin hot-spot and a non-exposed area in Vietnam. Sixteen primiparae (8 at each site), all of whom were aged between 20 and 30 years with infants aged between 4 and 16 weeks, agreed to participate in this study. The mean dioxin levels in breast milk of primiparae from the hot-spot area, in terms of PCDD, PCDF, and PCDD?+?PCDF toxic equivalents (TEQ), were significantly higher than those for the non-exposed area. PCDD TEQ, PCDF TEQ, and PCDD?+?PCDF TEQ levels showed a significant correlation with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A-dione), and estradiol (E2) in the saliva of primiparae in a combination of hot-spot and non-exposed areas in Vietnam. The dose–response curve between salivary E2 or A-dione levels and dioxin levels was U-shaped in humans. This study provides an overview of studies regarding dioxin hot-spots and effects on human health and steroid hormone levels in particular, with a focus on the toxicity attributed to dioxins and furans. Furthermore, causal evidence regarding the effects of dioxins on endocrine disruption in humans is provided.