长春市主要蔬菜中农药残留分析

采用速测法和气相色谱法研究了长春市市场销售的主要蔬菜中的农药残留问题。2002年秋季对长春市的9个蔬菜批发市场的16种蔬菜进行抽样检测，蔬菜中有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类农药平均超标率为11．05％，残留的主要农药种类是甲胺磷、氧化乐果和敌敌畏。检测16种蔬菜中有9种超标。2003年春季同样对9个蔬菜市场的17种蔬菜进行抽样检测，农药残留平均超标率为11．0％，残留的农药主要种类是甲基对硫磷、对硫磷、甲拌磷、敌敌畏、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯等，检测的17种蔬菜中有3种严重超标。由此可见蔬菜中农药残留还是很严重的问题，政府与有关部门仍需加强管理。     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的发光菌快速检测

本文建立了一种用发光细菌快速检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的方法，以３％ＮａＣｌ（Ｗ／Ｖ）溶液从蔬菜中洗涤出残留的农药，加入定量发光菌溶液，通过其发光量的变化来检测农药的含量。分析了发光菌对蔬菜中六种有机磷农药的响应情况，探讨了检测空心菜中甲胺磷农药残留的最佳参数，实验表明，新建立的方法是检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的一种快速有效，价廉的方法。     

广东省农产品污染状况分析

对广东省农产品各主要污染物(重金属、农药、硝酸盐和氟化物)的污染状况进行了综述，同时对各污染物的来源、危害也进行了介绍。分析显示，韶关、茂名、广州等地的部分水稻、蔬菜以及珠海市场上的少数海鱼、甲壳类及贝壳类水产品Pb、Cd污染相当严重；茶叶农药残留超标率也逐年增加；尽管粮食作物、蔬菜的农药残留量有所下降，但有机磷等农药在蔬菜里的残留仍比较严重；此外，全省蔬菜还受到了硝酸盐和氟化物一定程度的污染。     

中国食品中农药残留污染状况

总结了近十几年来我国城市蔬菜等食品中农药残留污染的研究成果。调查表明，随着农药使用量的增大，蔬菜等食品中农药残留污染尤其是一些高毒有机磷农药在食品中的残留污染已不容忽视，而有机氯农药的污染则呈下降趋势。     

荧光传感器阵列检测农药污染物研究进展

农药的滥用已造成严重的环境污染,因此开发高效、简便和灵敏的农药检测技术是环境科学领域的研究焦点。荧光传感检测因其灵敏度高,检出限低,操作简单,成本低,目前已逐渐成为农药快速定量检测的一个发展方向。然而,在真实样品检测环境中,污染物不是单独存在的,常伴随结构或化学性质上与待检测分析物相似的污染物进行干扰。而基于阵列的荧光传感器检测技术能够在复杂环境中同时识别和预测多种分析物,已广泛应用于环境样品中农药残留的监测。荧光传感器阵列包含多个传感器元件,它们与目标分析物进行不同程度的交互,最终生成特定的识别模式,结合机器学习算法,实现对多种污染物的识别和预测。本文回顾了荧光传感器阵列检测在农药监测中的研究进展,重点介绍了荧光传感器阵列检测技术在环境样品(如河水、蔬菜、药品等)中的应用。分析现有阵列传感器在设计、构建、数据处理等方面的优点和问题,并提出了相关解决方案。最后,讨论了未来可能改进的方向,促进其潜在商业价值应用研究。     

PVA-SbQ法固定乙酰胆碱酯酶检测农药残留

以PVA-SbQ固定乙酰胆碱酯酶,检测蔬菜中的农药残留.对六种农药的提取效率在50%-105%之间.低于20%的丙酮和低于30%的甲醇对固定乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性具有一定的促进作用.六种农药在四种蔬菜中的检出限在0.05-0.8mg·kg-1之间.     

夏季蔬菜中有机磷农药残留调查

报道了夏季蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的调查。结果表明：在西红柿、青椒和豆角中，乐果平均残留量为０．０８１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，甲基对硫磷为０．０１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，二嗪农为０．００３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，而敌敌畏在这三种蔬菜中均未检出。夏季蔬菜中农药残留量的超标率甲基对硫磷＞乐果＞二嗪农＞敌敌畏。三种蔬菜中，豆角的有机磷农药检出率最高，其次为青椒、西红柿。     

海藻多糖稀土配合物对蔬菜有机磷农药残留的降解作用

以小白菜、甘蓝、芹菜为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了海藻多糖稀土配合物对蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的影响.试验结果表明,叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对小白菜、甘蓝、芹菜中毒死蜱、氧化乐果、敌敌畏等有机磷农药残留具有明显的降解作用;对甘蓝中毒死蜱和氧化乐果的降解效果优于小白菜,但对芹菜中毒死蜱的降解效果远不及甘蓝和小白菜,表现出一定的作物选择性.叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对敌敌畏等磷酸酯类有机磷农药的降解作用比毒死蜱、氧化乐果等硫代磷酸酯类有机磷农药的降解强烈,表现出一定的农药选择性;另外,喷水对叶片表面残存农药具有一定的冲洗作用,可减少叶面农药的残留量;叶面喷施海藻多糖稀土配合物对甘蓝和小白菜中有机磷农药的降解率远高于叶面喷水.以上结果表明海藻多糖稀土配合物确实具有降解有机磷农药残留的作用.在蔬菜生产中将海藻多糖稀土配合物作为农药残留降解制剂是可行的,有利于蔬菜安全生产和提高蔬菜产品的食用安全性。     

蔬菜主要污染问题

根据国内外有关资料及杭州市菜区调查结果，讨论了重金属、硝酸盐、农药、氟化物、苯并（ａ）芘及塑料薄膜等对蔬菜污染的途径和危害，阐述了目前我国蔬菜所面临的主要污染问题。     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的分光光度法快速检测

以鸡脑为酶源提取乙酰胆碱酯酶,利用酶抑制分光光度法检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量.用此方法测定了对硫磷、辛硫磷、氧化乐果三种农药,结果满意,回收率分别达到97%,101%和99%.     

Nitrate content of vegetables commercially grown on land subject to inorganic or organic fertiliser

A relatively quick and simple spectrophotometric method of measuring nitrate concentrations in vegetables has been used incorporating a Cu−Zn couple to provide a nitrate-free reference sample. This technique has been used in a preliminary study of the nitrate content of carrots and cabbages commercially grown on soils treated with either inorganic or organic fertiliser and available through normal retail outlets. Although it cannot be concluded that the nitrate levels in the organically fertilised vegetables were lower than those grown using conventional inorganic fertiliser, it can be concluded that the precise conditions of cultivation and soil do affect the nitrate levels in carrots and cabbages grown commercially.     

痕量亚硝酸根的极谱测定

在酸性介质中,次甲基蓝与亚硝酸根发生亚硝化反应,本文选用0.08mol/l的盐酸,其亚硝化产物在—0.65V(us.SCE)附近产生一灵敏的极谱波,亚硝酸根浓度在0.002—0.24ug/ml范围内与二次导数波高成直线关系,本法用于水样和蔬菜中亚硝酸根的测定,选择性好,灵敏度较     

高效液相色谱法同时测定青菜中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留

研究并建立了同时测定青菜中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留量的高效液相色谱紫外检测分析方法。冷冻干燥并均质后的青菜样品经V（氨水）：V（甲醇）=5：95的混合溶液超声辅助浸提、离心、旋转蒸发、固相萃取等浓缩净化处理后，用高效液相色谱定量。分离色谱柱为AgilentNH：柱，流动相为矿（乙腈）：V（水）=90：10的混合溶液，流速为1mL·min-1，检测波长为214nm。环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺的标准曲线在0．05～10．0mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积线性良好，相关系数不低于0．9995，在0．2～4．0mg.kg-1添加范围内，环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺的平均回收率分别为81．26％～87．69％和78．24％～82．33％，相对标准偏差分别为2．75％～6．18％和3．99％～6．67％，方法的最低检测浓度分别为11．30和20．38μg·k-1。该方法操作简单且灵敏度高，适用于青菜样品中环丙氨嗪和三聚氰胺残留检测。     

Levels of selected essential and toxic elements in the foodstuffs of Islamabad as analyzed by DPASV

Typical dietary components such as vegetables, wheat flour, milk, chicken and drinking water samples have been analyzed for the quantification of essential trace elements like Zn and Cu and potentially toxic trace elements like Pb and Cd. The sensitivity, selectivity and cost effectiveness of Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetric method at Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode has been evaluated and used for the analysis. A database covering the adequacy and safety of trace elements through common food articles was first contrived for the Islamabad region. This was followed by assessment of the mobility rate of the heavy metals in the soil, plant system for evaluation of the environmental impact. The method used was also validated using appropriate certified reference materials.     

徐州市售蔬菜中多环芳烃污染与健康危害

为了分析徐州市蔬菜中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染及其对人群的健康危害,本研究于2016年5月在徐州大型农贸市场和超市采集了当地居民经常食用的7种蔬菜样品,使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了蔬菜样品中的8种中低环PAHs。结果表明PAHs总含量为27.7~53.8 ng·g-1,其中2、3环分别占总PAHs的45.53%、45.65%。不同类型蔬菜中PAHs含量为:叶菜类>根菜类>果菜类。运用毒性当量法计算得到徐州市不同人群对PAHs的摄食暴露量为7.88~14.65 ng·d-1,引起的致癌风险在1.79×10-7~1.08×10-6范围内,处于低致癌风险水平,但是其健康影响仍不容忽视。     

A model for ecological assessment to pesticide pollution management

Applying the relational analysis in the Grey System Theory and Method, the comprehensive evaluation on five pesticide pollution controlling techniques in the vegetable production has been made and a comprehensive profit (cp–comprehensive cost (cc) evaluation system (composed of 15 comprehensive cost indices and 14 comprehensive profit indices) has been established, with a index optimization matrix of comprehensive cost indices and comprehensive profit indices obtained and a ratio model of comprehensive cost to comprehensive profit (R_cc/cp) built. Results show that the R_cc/cp value of vegetables intercropping soybeans in insect-proof thin film greenhouses is the smallest and the R_cc/cp value of vegetables intercropping taros in insect-proof net greenhouses, pheromones in insect-proof thin film greenhouses, pheromones in insect-proof thin film greenhouses and ground planting (only using chemical pesticide for insect-proof without covering materials and synthetic sex pheromone) other four techniques are 0.6268, 0.6393, 0.6407, 0.9809 respectively. In accordance with the R_cc/cp value, vegetables intercropping soybeans in insect-proof thin film greenhouses can be the most optimized pesticide pollution controlling technique in the vegetable growing.     

广州市菜园土主要蔬菜重金属背景含量的研究

研究了广州市几个主要的蔬菜生产基地种植的白菜、芥蓝、芥菜、菜薹、萝卜、大白菜、豆瓣菜、结球甘蓝、芹菜、菜豆、豌豆、结球莴苣、尖叶莴苣、菠菜、番茄等15种蔬菜中Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr和As等5种重金属的背景质量分数。其背景质量分数为：Pb 0．002～0．148mg/kg；Hg ND-0．006mg/kg；Cd 0．001～0．034mg/kg；Cr 0．002～0．150mg/kg；As 0.001～0．070mg／kg。由于不同种类蔬菜的吸收特性和遗传特性有所不同，其重金属背景质量分数也有很大差异。蔬菜中元素水平还与土壤条件等因素有关。     

蔬菜水果中的新烟碱类农药残留量与人群摄食暴露健康风险评价

新烟碱类农药是目前被广泛用于农业中的一类作用独特、高效广谱的内吸性杀虫剂,它们在蔬菜水果中的残留对人体健康构成威胁。本研究目的是查明北京市场上蔬菜水果中不同新烟碱类农药的残留量,并对人群摄食暴露健康风险进行评估。从北京市场上采集49种蔬菜和24种水果,采用Qu ECh ERS–高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定蔬菜水果中9种新烟碱类农药的含量。利用测得数据和中国居民膳食结构调查资料,采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法计算了不同年龄段人群的日均经口摄入暴露量的概率分布,并采用商值法计算了新烟碱类农药的非致癌风险。结果显示新烟碱类农药普遍存在于北京市场上的蔬菜水果中。49种蔬菜样品中检出7种新烟碱类农药,其中吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪检出率均达100%,噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉和呋虫胺的检出率分别为47%、14%、10%和4%。24种水果样品中检出5种新烟碱类农药,其中吡虫啉和啶虫脒的检出率均达100%,噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和噻虫啉的检出率分别为54%、13%和4%。不同新烟碱类农药在蔬菜水果中的含量范围为0.01 ng·g~(-1)~126 ng·g~(-1),均未超过我国食品安全国家标准或美国联邦管理条例中的限量值。小部分(约3%)人群因摄食蔬菜水果暴露于新烟碱类农药的非致癌风险商值大于0.1。新烟碱类农药在蔬菜水果中普遍存在,对人体健康有潜在的风险。     

Phytotoxicity and uptake of chlorpyrifos in cabbage

Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis L., and cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, are the main daily foliar vegetables of the vast majority of the population of eastern and southern China. Cabbages are also planted and consumed widely in other countries. The insecticide and acaricide chlorpyrifos is registered in many countries. Chlorpyrifos controls a variety of insects in plants and soils, and chlorpyrifos is extensively used in the Chinese market. Food poisoning due to the presence of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables has been reported in China provinces. Plant uptake of pesticide residues in air, water, and soil is a source of pesticide residues in vegetables. Here, phytotoxicity and uptake of chlorpyrifos by Chinese cabbage and cabbage were studied in the laboratory using the batch technique. From 0 to 16 days after chlorpyrifos treatment, vegetables roots, stems, leaves, and culture water samples were collected, and the residues of chlorpyrifos in culture water, plant tissues were analyzed using GC-FPD. The results demonstrate that culture solutions with chlorpyrifos had no significant inhibitory effects on vegetable plant height. However, at 1.0 mg/l, it had significant inhibitory effects on the root length and fresh weight of Chinese cabbage. Then, at 10.0 mg/l, it had only significant inhibitory effects on the root length and fresh weight of cabbage compared to the control treatment. The disappearance rates of chlorpyrifos in solutions were in sequence as: nutrition solution with Chinese cabbage, nutrition solution with cabbage, pond water, nutrition solution. The results showed also that chlorpyrifos can be taken up by roots of Chinese cabbage and cabbage from water and subsequently translocated as a function of time. Uptake dynamics of chlorpyrifos from culture solutions by the two cabbage plants were similar.