磁铁矿纳米颗粒与Pb~(2+)复合物对大鼠肾细胞的毒性研究

磁铁矿纳米颗粒(magnetite nanoparticles, MNPs)是一种环境友好型吸附剂,广泛应用于废水中Pb~(2+)的处理。目前,有不少关于MNPs毒性的研究,但对MNPs处理Pb~(2+)形成的复合物的毒性却鲜有报道,其复合毒性亟待深入研究。本文以大鼠肾细胞(NRK)作为细胞模型,系统研究不同Pb含量的MNPs-Pb复合物,以及相应浓度的MNPs和Pb~(2+),对大鼠肾细胞活性、细胞形态和密度的影响,考察细胞对纳米颗粒的摄取以及细胞凋亡的作用机制,评估MNPs-Pb的毒性效应。结果表明,在本实验浓度和暴露时间(12 h)条件下,Pb~(2+)能够显著抑制细胞活性,改变细胞形态,促进细胞凋亡,对细胞有显著的毒性效应,并且呈现剂量相关性;利用MNPs吸附水环境中Pb~(2+)形成的复合物MNPs-Pb对大鼠肾细胞没有显著的毒性作用(P<0.05),MNPs对Pb~(2+)的吸附可能是Pb~(2+)的细胞毒性降低的原因。     

纳米氧化铁催化柠檬酸还原Cr(Ⅵ)及其土壤环境意义

研究了纳米氧化铁吸附Cr(Ⅵ)反应特征及其对柠檬酸还原Cr(Ⅵ)的催化作用,并探讨了该作用的土壤环境意义.结果表明,纳米氧化铁对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附能力较强;提高p H和离子强度对吸附过程有抑制作用;吸附速率可区分为快、慢阶段,5 min内吸附量可占总吸附量80%以上.纳米氧化铁可加速柠檬酸还原Cr(Ⅵ),且还原过程主要发生在溶液相,部分机理是柠檬酸与Fe(Ⅲ)相互作用生成的Fe(Ⅱ)将Cr(Ⅵ)还原.同时,体系p H越低,上述催化作用越明显.此外,砖红壤-柠檬酸体系Cr(Ⅵ)还原转化为Cr(Ⅲ)的比例较低,但加入纳米氧化铁后则明显提高,说明后者将有助于消除土壤环境中Cr(Ⅵ)污染风险.     

Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合纳米材料对铀(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

采用化学共沉淀法制备Fe_3O_4磁性纳米粒子,利用正硅酸乙酯的水解在其表面包裹SiO_2,以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)对复合粒子进行表面氨基化制备出Fe_3O_4@SiO_2-NH_2;采用红外(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、磁滞回线等手段对复合粒子进行了表征.结果显示,制备的复合粒子呈微球形,粒径相对均匀,大约在200 nm.并采用静态吸附的方法进行批量实验,研究了该复合纳米材料作为吸附剂在不同条件下对U(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.实验结果表明,固液比1∶200、温度35℃、吸附平衡时间30 min、pH 5的条件下,复合粒子对U(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最佳,为95%左右.准二级动力学模型能更好地描述粒子对U(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学过程;吸附可用Freundich等温模型较好地描述,说明为多分子层吸附.实验表明所制备的氨基化磁性复合纳米粒子对溶液中U(Ⅵ)具有优良的吸附性能,有望成为一种能够有效处理含铀废水的吸附材料.     

重金属Cr(Ⅵ)、Pb及Cu胁迫对双齿围沙蚕体腔细胞的DNA损伤

为探讨重金属Cr(Ⅵ)、Pb以及Cu对沙蚕体腔细胞DNA的毒性效应,以双齿围沙蚕为受试动物,重金属按不同剂量水平,Cr(Ⅵ):10、100和200 mg· L-1,Pb:5、50和100 mg·L-1,Cu:1、10和20 mg· L-1,分别胁迫沙蚕24 h,以不加任何重金属离子的海水为对照,采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,检测其体腔细胞DNA损伤程度.结果表明,与空白对照组相比,3种重金属离子的各浓度组都能引起沙蚕体腔细胞DNA损伤,且3种重金属胁迫浓度与细胞DNA损伤程度之间存在显著的剂量-效应关系.双齿围沙蚕可以作为单细胞凝胶电泳的实验材料用于重金属所致环境污染的生物监测指示生物.     

六价铬诱导的肝细胞线粒体依赖性凋亡中VDAC1的作用

铬(chromium)是一种在工业生产过程中广泛使用的重金属,进入人体后可导致急慢性中毒,具有神经毒性、基因毒性、致癌性和免疫毒性。了解六价铬(hexavalent chromium,Cr(Ⅵ))的细胞毒性,进一步探究Cr(Ⅵ)的毒作用机制,可为防治Cr(Ⅵ)对人群健康的损害提供实验依据。电压依赖性阴离子通道蛋白1(voltage-dependent anion channel-1,VDAC1)参与调控线粒体外膜通透性,影响细胞凋亡;同时VDAC1也是BCL-2家族的重要结合位点,它可与BAX/BAK相互作用形成孔道,使线粒体内的凋亡相关蛋白,如细胞色素C等,进入胞浆,引起细胞凋亡。但VDAC1影响细胞凋亡的确切路径与分子机制,目前尚未完全研究清楚。使用L02人正常肝细胞作为实验对象,通过慢病毒包装法建立VDAC1低表达细胞系,检测在相同浓度Cr(Ⅵ)处理的条件下,与非染毒组相比,不同受试细胞的生存率、凋亡情况、活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成量、线粒体功能和凋亡诱导因子(AIF)的变化情况是否存在差异。结果表明,与VDAC1正常表达的细胞相比,VDAC1低表达组在Cr(Ⅵ)染毒的情况下,细胞生存率升高,凋亡率下降,细胞内ROS生成量减少,MPTP活性增加不明显,胞浆内细胞色素C(Cytochrome C,Cyt C)和AIF含量降低。上述研究结果表明VDAC1参与了由六价铬诱导的线粒体依赖性肝细胞凋亡,并且抑制VDAC1的表达可减轻因Cr(Ⅵ)暴露而引起的L02肝细胞损伤。     

表面活性剂对二氧化钛纳米颗粒和锌离子复合细菌毒性的影响

纳米颗粒和重金属的复合生态毒性已受到广泛关注.作为水体中的常见污染物,表面活性剂可能会影响纳米颗粒和重金属的复合毒性.本文选取常见的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和非离子表面活性剂Tween 80,以Zn~(2+)为重金属代表,通过细菌毒性实验研究表面活性剂对nano-TiO_2和Zn~(2+)对大肠杆菌复合毒性的影响,通过纳米颗粒性质表征、颗粒沉降实验、吸附实验、细菌细胞外膜渗透性测定等揭示毒性影响机制.研究表明,nano-TiO_2通过吸附Zn~(2+)降低了Zn~(2+)在介质中的溶解浓度,两者复合毒性小于其叠加毒性; SDBS和Zn~(2+)作用后降低了Zn~(2+)自身的生物可利用性,同时增强了细胞外膜渗透性.当SDBS浓度大于50 mg·L-1,Zn~(2+)浓度大于4 mg·L-1时,两者复合毒性表现为协同效应.3种污染物共存时,nano-TiO_2的存在降低了Zn~(2+)和SDBS的复合毒性.Tween 80对nano-TiO_2和Zn~(2+)的单独毒性及复合毒性影响均不明显.本研究结果可为表面活性剂存在下纳米颗粒和重金属对细菌或其它生物的复合毒性评价提供理论依据.     

氨基化氧化石墨烯(AGO)的制备及其对六价铬的吸附机制

以乙二胺盐酸盐(EDH)为改性剂改性氧化石墨烯(GO),水热法制备氨基化氧化石墨烯(Amino-functionalized;graphene;oxide,AGO).SEM、XRD、FTIR和Zeta电位表征分析发现,AGO表面含有羟基、羧基及氨基基团,Zeta电位为pH=10.14.以水中低浓度六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)为污染物,探讨了乙二胺盐酸盐(EDH)用量、pH、AGO用量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度以及常见干扰离子对AGO吸附Cr(Ⅵ)影响.结果表明,在pH=6.0、7-AGO用量为0.8;mg·L^-1和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为2.0;mg·L^-1,7-AGO对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率可达95.1%;SO₄^2-会明显抑制AGO对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附.AGO对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程符合二级动力学模型,吸附机制主要为静电作用.     

钛酸盐纳米片光催化-吸附协同去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)

以锐钛型纳米TiO2为原材料,采用水热法合成了钛酸盐纳米片(TNS),系统研究了Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)在TNS上的吸附行为,以及不同pH下TNS光催化协同吸附对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的同步去除.TEM及XRD表征结果表明,制备的TNS呈现出锐钛矿与钛酸盐混合晶相,这对于其光催化和吸附性能的发挥极为重要.吸附实验证实,TNS对Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附显著受pH影响,高pH利于Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附,而Cr(Ⅵ)在低pH下吸附量更大.Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)在TNS上的吸附速度较快,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型(R20.99).吸附等温线结果符合Langmuir方程(R20.99),pH 5时,Cr(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量(13.19 mg·g-1)远大于Cr(Ⅵ)(0.63 mg·g-1),因此,单一吸附不是有效处理Cr(Ⅵ)的手段,光催化还原是必要的.光催化-吸附实验表明,随着pH的增加,TNS光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)反应速率逐渐降低,但产生的Cr(Ⅲ)在TNS表面的吸附量显著增加.综合可知,光催化-吸附协同反应最佳pH值为5,Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr的去除率可达97.6%,且体系中无Cr(Ⅲ)的积累.该研究为同步有效去除水体中的Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)提供了一种新的可参照的途径.     

纳米Fe3O4的制备及其辅助吸附重金属离子的特性

采用自制半透膜水解法,以自制生物聚合铁为原料,以NaOH为沉淀剂,制备Fe3O4纳米粒子,并用XRD和TEM等方法对产物进行了表征,研究它对Pb^2 ,Cu^2 及Cr(Ⅵ)的辅助吸附及分离特性,结果表明：Fe2O4纯度较高,平均粒度在15nm左右;利用Fe2O4的大比表面和表面原子配位不足及顺磁性的特点,将其与浮游球衣菌复合,提高了对重金属离子的吸附效果,该复合吸附剂经再生可重复使用;纳米Fe2O4粒子可成为浮游球衣菌的絮凝核心而有助于体系的澄清。     

砖红壤对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附-解吸反应动力学研究

研究了表面覆盖度、H2PO-4等因素对砖红壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)反应动力学的影响,以及土壤与Cr(Ⅵ)反应时间对表面吸附态C r(Ⅵ)解吸量的影响,还对土壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)机理进行了初步探讨.在所研究的pH值范围内,砖红壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随离子强度增加而减少,这表明砖红壤吸附Cr(Ⅵ)机理中存在静电吸附.动力学实验表明,当Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度较高时(0.1 mmo.ll-1),吸附反应速率开始比较快,持续约5m in,随后逐渐减缓.而当Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度较低时(0.05 mmo.ll-1),土壤对其吸附速率十分迅速,5m in内的吸附量占总吸附量的96%以上.该结果表明,表面覆盖度越低,吸附反应速率越快.H2PO-4的存在将降低吸附反应速率和吸附量.H2PO-4对土壤表面吸附态Cr(Ⅵ)的解吸反应动力学也表现出双速率特征,即开始比较迅速而随后逐渐变缓.当延长土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附时间后,Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量虽然没有增加,但其解吸量却减少,这说明吸附态Cr(Ⅵ)滞留在土壤表面期间,其结合形态向难解吸态方向发生了转变.     

Single walled carbon nanotubes induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HEK293 cells

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential toxicity and general mechanisms involved in single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-induced cytotoxicity using human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) cells. Carbon nanotubes (coded as CNT) used in this study were synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition method. To elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying SWCNT-induced cytotoxicity, cell viability, cell membrane damage (lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) assay), reduced glutathione (GSH), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and lipid peroxidation products levels were quantitatively assessed following SWCNT exposure for 48 hr using HEK293 cells. Exposure of cells to SWCNT at 3–300 μg/ml produced significant reduction in cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ value of SWCNT was found to be 87.58 μg/ml. Exposure of HEK cells to SWCNT at 10–100 μg/ml resulted in concentration-dependent cell membrane damage, increased production of IL-8, elevated levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances like malondialdehyde and decreased intracellular GSH levels. In summary, exposure to SWCNT resulted in a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in cultured HEK293 cells that was associated with increased oxidative stress.     

Role of the vitamin E model compound Trolox in the prevention of Cr(VI)-induced cellular damage

Given the wide industrial use of chromium (Cr) and its environmental contamination, chromium represents a risk to humans exposed to the metal. Considering that Cr(VI) is a potent oxidizing agent that increases intracellular oxidation and DNA damage, it would be worth considering the pretreatment of cells with antioxidants as a means of preventing Cr(VI)-induced toxicity. The objective of this study was to pretreat yeast cells with the water-soluble vitamin E analogue Trolox in an effort to increase cell tolerance against reactive chromium and reactive oxygen species formed during Cr(VI) reduction. Results revealed a decrease in Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and mitotic gene conversions in Trolox-pretreated cells. The protective effect of Trolox in Cr(VI) induced genotoxicity was confirmed also with the prokaryotic Salmonella typhimurium SOS/umu test. Pretreatment of cells with Trolox (1) increased total Cr bioaccumulation, (2) decreased Cr(VI)-induced intracellular oxidation, (3) decreased Cr(V) persistence and (4) increased OH^? formation in yeast extracts. These findings might be useful in directing future investigations concerning the use of Trolox as a human antioxidant supplement, and in clinical applications related to Cr-induced genotoxicity in occupational and environmental situations where chromium is a problem.     

Effects of Cr(III) organic compounds on Lactobacillus plantarum

Biotransformation of Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) has been known to produce insoluble Cr(III) compounds and soluble Cr(III) organic complexes. However, recent research reports have indicated that Cr(III) organic complexes are relatively stable in the environment. Little has been reported on the fate and toxic effects of Cr(III) organic compounds on organisms. In this study, the toxic effects of the soluble Cr(III) organic complexes [Cr(III) citrate, Cr(III) histidine, Cr(III) lactate and Cr(III) glutamate] to a local strain of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from sauerkraut was investigated. Growth inhibition, viable cell count and lactic acid inhibition were measured to determine the toxicity potential of the test compounds. The EC₅₀ values of Cr(III) citrate, Cr(III) histidine, Cr(III) lactate, and Cr(III) glutamate, calculated from the percent growth inhibition were found to be 56 mg L^?1, 70 mg L^?1, 81 mg L^?1, and 85 mg L^?1, respectively. Similar trend was observed in the viable cell counts and lactic acid production. Cr(VI) was observed to be more toxic than the Cr(III) organic compounds, while inorganic Cr(III) was the least toxic. The severity seemed to increase with increase in chromium compounds’ concentration. The results showed that Cr(III) citrate was the most toxic Cr(III) organic compound, while Cr(III) glutamate was the least.     

Dual-functional sites for synergistic adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) by polyaniline-TiO2 hydrate: Adsorption behaviors,sites and mechanisms

• PANI/Ti(OH)_n^(4–n)+ exhibited excellent adsorption capacity and reusability. • Adsorption sites of Cr(VI) were hydroxyl, amino/imino group and benzene rings. • Sb(V) was adsorbed mainly through hydrogen bonds and Ti-O-Sb. • The formation of Cr-O-Sb in dual system demonstrated the synergistic adsorption. • PANI/TiO₂ was a potential widely-applied adsorbent and worth further exploring. Removal of chromium (Cr) and antimony (Sb) from aquatic environments is crucial due to their bioaccumulation, high mobility and strong toxicity. In this work, a composite adsorbent consisting of Ti(OH)_n^(4–n)+ and polyaniline (PANI) was designed and successfully synthesized by a simple and eco-friendly method for the uptake of Cr(VI) and Sb(V). The synthetic PANI/TiO₂ composites exhibited excellent adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) and Sb(V) (394.43 mg/g for Cr(VI) and 48.54 mg/g for Sb(V)), wide pH applicability and remarkable reusability. The adsorption of Cr(VI) oxyanions mainly involved electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and anion-π interactions. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis, the adsorption sites were shown to be hydroxyl groups, amino/imino groups and benzene rings. Sb(V) was adsorbed mainly through hydrogen bonds and surface complexation to form Ti-O-Sb complexes. The formation of Cr-O-Sb in the dual system demonstrated the synergistic adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V). More importantly, because of the different adsorption sites, the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) occurred independently and was enhanced to some extent in the dual system. The results suggested that PANI/TiO₂ is a promising prospect for practical wastewater treatment in the removal of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) from wastewater owing to its availability, wide applicability and great reusability.     

纳米二氧化铈对蛋白核小球藻的生物学效应研究

纳米二氧化铈(CeO_2)在被广泛使用的同时,其潜在的环境效应也受到人们越来越多的关注。以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为实验材料,研究纳米CeO_2的生物学效应,为探索纳米材料对微藻的生物学效应提供理论基础和数据支持。研究结果显示:1)纳米CeO_2在低浓度(≤80 mg·L~(-1))时可促进蛋白核小球藻的生长及色素、可溶性蛋白等的合成,但在高浓度(80 mg·L~(-1))下具有毒性效应;2)低浓度纳米CeO_2可诱导藻细胞合成超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等可溶性蛋白,以抵御纳米CeO_2的胁迫;但在高浓度时又会降低SOD活力;3)随着纳米CeO_2浓度的升高,藻细胞中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量显著增加,说明藻细胞中活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)过量积累,这将破坏藻细胞的膜结构与功能,使细胞遭受严重损伤。     

磁性纳米颗粒对不同模式生物的毒性研究

磁性纳米颗粒在生物医学等领域应用广泛,而其毒性研究尚未深入,对生物的影响及作用机制仍未阐明。本文综述了磁性纳米颗粒近年来对于细胞、鼠、家兔和秀丽隐杆线虫的毒理学研究,为磁性纳米颗粒的应用提供参考。     

Removal of chromium(VI) by ZnCl2 activated coir pith carbon

The adsorption of chromium(VI) onto ZnCl₂ activated carbon developed from coir pith was investigated to assess the possible use of this adsorbent. The influence of contact time, adsorbent dose, Cr(VI) concentration, pH and temperature were investigated. The two theoretical adsorption isotherms, namely, Langmuir and Freundlich were used to describe the experimental results. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (Q ₀) was found to be 120.5?mg Cr(VI) per g of the adsorbent. The adsorption followed the second-order kinetics and was found to be maximum at pH 2.0. The pH effect and the desorption studies showed that ion exchange mechanism might be involved in the adsorption process. The effects of foreign ions such as chloride, sulphate, phosphate, selenite, molybdate, nitrate and perchlorate on the removal of Cr(VI) have been investigated. The removal of Cr(VI) from synthetic ground water was also tested. The results show that ZnCl₂ activated coir pith carbon is effective for the removal of Cr(VI) from water.     

Cu2+、Cd2+和Cr6+对斑马鱼联合毒性作用和生物预警的研究

为了研究重金属对水生生物的联合毒性作用,以斑马鱼为受试生物,采用半静态法,在研究Cu2、Cd2和Cr6+对斑马鱼单一毒性的基础上,以获得的Cu2+、Cd2+和Cr6+的96 h-LC50数据,利用等效应曲线法研究了Cu-Cd、Cu-Cr和Cd-Cr的联合毒性作用,并综合分析环境毒理学指标的测定结果,考察利用斑马鱼作为水...     

ZnO纳米粒子通过线粒体通路抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性的作用研究

氧化锌(ZnO)纳米粒子已被发现具有生物毒性,氧化应激被认为是最重要的因素之一。前期实验证实,ZnO纳米粒子能显著减少锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)蛋白的表达,降低Mn SOD活性。本文通过检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放、线粒体活性氧(ROS)水平和膜电位(Δφm)、延迟整流钾电流变化和Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性等变化,检测ZnO纳米粒子对小鼠光感受器细胞的细胞毒作用。结果表明,ZnO纳米粒子可显著增强小鼠光感受器细胞中LDH的释放、增加线粒体内ROS水平并下调Δφm、阻断延迟整流钾电流,同时降低Na~+/K~+-ATP酶的表达及活性,从而对小鼠视网膜光感受器细胞产生细胞毒作用,提示ZnO纳米粒子可通过线粒体通路引起氧化应激,从而抑制小鼠光感受器细胞Na~+/K~+-ATP酶表达和活性,产生细胞毒性,导致细胞死亡。本文的研究结果有助于理解ZnO纳米粒子引起细胞毒性的作用机理。