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1.
土壤铜铅锌复合污染对水稻的生态效应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用4水平3因子正交试验设计,通过盆栽试验,用添加法研究了铜、铅、锌及其复合污染的红壤性水稻土对水稻生长、产量、品质的综合影响。结果表明,当土壤受铜、铅、锌单一污染时,三元素对水稻的危害作用依次为锌>铜>铅;当土壤中铜、铅、锌都存在时,三元素之间具有协同危害作用,其危害作用依次为铜-铅>铅-锌>铜-锌。为使生态环境中食物链不受污染,提出了铜、铅、锌复合污染情况下红壤性水稻土中铜、铅、锌的临界限值为53、305和165mg/kg。  相似文献   

2.
土壤铜铅锌复合污染对水稻的生态效应   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
采用4水平3因子正交试验设计,通过盆栽试验,用添加法研究了铜、铅、锌及其复合污染的红壤性水稻土对水稻生长、产量、品质的综合影响。结果表明,当土壤受铜、铅、锌单一污染时,三元素对水稻的危害作用依次为锌〉铜〉铅,当土壤中铜、铅、锌都存在时,三元素之间具有协同危害作用,其危害作用依次为铜-铅〉铅-锌〉铜-锌。为使生态环境中食物链不受污染,提出了铜、铅、锌复合污染情况下红壤性水稻土中铜、铅、锌的临界限值为  相似文献   

3.
采矿废石中的重金属元素会由于废石长时间的露天堆放,受到风化、雨水侵蚀等的作用而释放出来,从而对环境产生一定的危害.以广西某锡钽铌多金属矿区采矿废石为研究对象,对采矿废石样品进行了性质鉴别,并考察了pH、温度和离子强度等环境条件对采矿废石中铅、砷、镉等重金属溶出的影响.结果表明:实验所选取的废石样品为第I类的一般工业固体废物.采矿废石中的铜、铅、镍在pH=4,镉和锌在pH=5,而砷在pH=6的条件下溶出较为明显;重金属元素砷,锌,铜,铅在离子强度为1 ms?cm-1时,浸出浓度最大,而镍和镉元素则是在0.1 ms?cm-1时出较多;砷,镉和铜在温度为35℃,镍元素在30℃,铅元素在25℃的条件下溶出质量浓度达到最大值,而锌元素的浸出质量浓度受温度的影响较小.  相似文献   

4.
东江流域底泥重金属分析及潜在环境生态风险   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王方园  洪华嫦  岑艳  陈昀 《环境化学》2012,31(9):1328-1334
对东江流域不同江段水环境的重金属底泥及底泥浸出液中铅、锌、铜、镉、铬、镍等重金属分布进行分析,结果表明铅和镉含量较高,存在一定程度污染或属于高背景值底泥;底泥的重金属因沉积引起,而锌、铜、铬和镍含量具有一定的污染同源性;利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价底泥重金属污染状况,镉污染较为严重,潜在生态风险大,污染程度镉>铜>锌>镍,铅存在一定的潜在生态风险,铅和铬污染风险较小,底泥和底泥浸出液中重金属含量的变化趋势较为一致,结果表明底泥是表面水重金属的重要来源.  相似文献   

5.
珠江广州河段底泥中有机质、硫化物和重金属汞、铜、铅的污染监测结果表明:各种污染物的含量范围分别为有机质20.8—74.4g/kg,硫化物28.7—538mg/kg,汞0.07-0.74mg/kg,铜20.9—101mg/kg,铅14.2—917mg/kg;它们在沿程各断面的分布表现为上游往中游递增,而中游向下游递减,基本上以猎德、广纸和黄沙三个断面的污染最严重;各种污染物的污染程度顺序是硫化物>汞>铜>铅。相关分析表明:汞、铜与有机质和硫化物的相关关系均达到极显著水平。说明随着底泥中有机质和硫化物积累的增加,汞、铜的富集量相应增加,污染加重。  相似文献   

6.
水中微量铅、锌、镉、铜、镍的测定,一般采用萃取法、加热浓缩法等。本文是利用活性炭在大体积水相中有吸附微量重金属的能力,富集河水中微量铅、锌、镉、铜、镍。探讨了吸附时pH条件、活性炭用量、洗脱条件及共存离子的影响,研究结果表明:镉、铅的富集浓度为0.002mg/L;锌、铜、镍的富集浓度为0.005mg/L。  相似文献   

7.
伊犁煤矿土壤重金属累积对土壤酶活性的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
本文以伊犁地区的庆华煤矿、铁厂沟煤矿和达达木图煤矿为研究区,对矿区周边土壤4个土壤深度0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm、30—40 cm的重金属全量(铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍)和土壤酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶)进行分析,结果表明:(1)3个矿区中,重金属铜的含量为21.72—31.85 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.6—0.9倍;重金属锌的含量为79.28—114.94 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.8—1.1倍;重金属铅的含量为44.39—60.19 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的1.7—2.3倍;重金属镉的含量为0.54—2.33 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.9—3.9倍,重金属铬的含量为27.71—48.08 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.4—0.8倍;重金属镍的含量为9.25—18.07 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.15—0.3倍;(2)铜、锌、铬、镍、铅与脲酶活性呈显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为-0.391,-0.547,-0.502,-0.656,0.477,铜、锌、铬、镍、铅与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为-0.384,-0.563,-0.559,-0.693,0.447,这表明过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性可以反映重金属铜、锌、铬、镍、铅5种重金属元素的污染程度;蔗糖酶活性与锌、铬、镍、铅呈显著相关(P0.05),相关性系数分别为-0.359,-0.404,-0.371,0.312,这表明蔗糖酶活性能反映锌、铬、镍、铅4种重金属元素的污染程度.  相似文献   

8.
采用盆栽方法研究了在镉、铅、锌污染土壤上,石灰和泥炭对小白菜生长状况及对污染元素(Cd,Pb,Zn)和养分元素(N,P,K,Cu,Mn,Fe)吸收的影响。结果表明,石灰消除了重金属的毒害症状.显著促进小白菜的生长、显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收。石灰对氮、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。泥炭对小白菜生长的改善效果及对铜、铅、锌吸收的抑制效果较石灰差。提高酸性土壤pH值是减少作物对重金属吸收的有效方法。  相似文献   

9.
改良剂对中国两种典型土壤铜锌有效性的影响及机理   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
王宝奇  李淑芹  徐明岗 《生态环境》2007,16(4):1139-1143
研究了改良剂对土壤铜锌有效性的影响,以期对重金属复合污染土壤的修复有一定的指导意义。在红壤与黄泥土中施用石灰、重钙和沸石,观测土壤有效态铜锌含量及pH,并测定了不同pH值下土壤有效态铜锌含量,以阐明改良剂影响土壤重金属有效性的机理。向供试土壤中外源加入一定量的铜锌溶液,制成铜、锌污染土壤,稳定平衡30d,采用CaCl2浸提法测定土壤有效态铜锌的含量。结果表明,施用改良剂能显著降低土壤铜锌的有效性,其中石灰的效果最佳,沸石次之,重钙最差。两种土壤中,复合污染下铜锌有效态含量均高于单一污染,其中铜单一污染有效态含量与复合污染差异显著(P<0.05),而锌单一污染与复合污染差异不显著(P>0.05)。可能是因为锌比铜竞争力更强,更易于被土壤吸附固定。随着土壤pH升高,两种土壤的有效态铜锌含量均显著下降,且复合污染高于单一污染;而在相同pH值下,两种土壤中有效态铜锌含量的差异不显著。可见,pH值是影响土壤重金属有效性的关键因素。改良剂影响土壤重金属有效性的主要机理在于其能显著提高土壤pH值,致使有效态重金属含量明显下降。  相似文献   

10.
以安徽省宿州市埇桥区奎河、沱河岸边2 000 m范围内的9个村庄作为研究区域,在距离河岸500 m、1 000 m、2 000 m处采集表层土壤样品.使用ICP-MS法检测土壤样品中砷、镉、铬、镍、铅、铜和锌7种重金属的含量,并通过单因子评价法、内梅罗污染指数法及潜在生态风险指数法,评价奎河、沱河周边土壤的污染等级和潜在生态风险.共采集土壤样品27个,砷、镉的超标率为100%(27个),锌超标率37.0%(10个),镍超标率29.6%(8个),铜超标率25.9%(7个),铬超标率22.2%(6个),铅不超标.砷、镉、铬、镍、铜、锌的浓度均超过其背景值.单因子评价结果显示镉为中度污染,砷、铬为轻度污染,其他镍、铅、铜、锌4种重金属属于轻微污染范畴.内梅罗综合污染指数结果显示,奎河、沱河周边土壤综合指数为3.1,属于重度污染.奎河、沱河附近土壤的土壤生态风险值为166.8,该地区生态风险等级为强烈风险.评价结果显示该地区土壤存在一定程度的重金属污染,其生态风险已经超过可接受水平,亟待治理.  相似文献   

11.
Heavy metals,occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Metal contamination issues are becoming increasingly common in India and elsewhere, with many documented cases of metal toxicity in mining industries, foundries, smelters, coal-burning power plants and agriculture. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury are major environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Heavy metal accumulation in soils is of concern in agricultural production due to the adverse effects on food safety and marketability, crop growth due to phytotoxicity, and environmental health of soil organisms. The influence of plants and their metabolic activities affects the geological and biological redistribution of heavy metals through pollution of the air, water and soil. This article details the range of heavy metals, their occurrence and toxicity for plants. Metal toxicity has high impact and relevance to plants and consequently it affects the ecosystem, where the plants form an integral component. Plants growing in metal-polluted sites exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, lower biomass production and metal accumulation. Various physiological and biochemical processes in plants are affected by metals. The contemporary investigations into toxicity and tolerance in metal-stressed plants are prompted by the growing metal pollution in the environment. A few metals, including copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc and chromium are, however, essential to plant metabolism in trace amounts. It is only when metals are present in bioavailable forms and at excessive levels, they have the potential to become toxic to plants. This review focuses mainly on zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, lead, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron.  相似文献   

12.

Goal and Scope

The heavy metal burden of the soil and of earthworms from representative long-term forest observation plots has been measured since 1984 as one component of the media-embracing environmental monitoring network of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg. These investigations are aimed at elucidating and assessing adverse effects of pollutants on the soil biocenosis

Methods

So-called characteristic curves for the metals Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were developed for the assessment. Earthworm toxicity data and background values in soil served as criteria. This procedure facilitates a comparative assessment of different pollutants. The mobility of the metals, which greatly influences their bioavailability and toxicity, was taken into account for the effects assessment.

Results and Conclusion

Besides inventorying the heavy metals (Part 1), the question of threshold values for toxic reactions as well as for accumulation was raised. The metal concentrations were assessed in the soil with regard to its habitat function. The ecotoxicological assessment revealed that the heavy metal burden of the investigated plots lies within the background- or precautionary range, well below the screening value established here to indicate the effect threshold in earthworms. This result means that a pollution of the forest observation plots with the metals cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc is low or absent. Only the distribution of the lead content is centered slightly above background (but clearly below the toxicity threshold). This slight lead burden of the soil of the observation plots can be explained by emissions from motor vehicles. Investigations at sites that are contaminated with either chromium or copper or cadmium showed that an accumulation of these metals in the body of the worms can be observed only above a threshold concentration of several hundred micrograms of mobile metal per kilogram in the upper layer of the soil.

Recommendations and Perspectives

The hitherto unknown threshold values for the accumulation in the body of the earthworm should be statistically validated and extended to other elements. Further research is needed in order to build a well founded basis for the ecotoxicological assessment of soil pollution. Acute and chronic earthworm effect thresholds are neither available yet for arsenic, cobalt, and mercury nor for some other elements occurring less frequently as soil pollutants. Background values depending on the kind of rock have been measured so far for total chromium only. They are lacking for the more toxic chromium (VI) which is a frequent soil pollutant but naturally occurs in traces only.  相似文献   

13.
为探讨深圳市农林土壤重金属的污染现状,系统采集了深圳市菜地、果园、林地和荒地4种土地利用的52个土壤样品,测定了Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Ni6种重金属的全量,对深圳市农林土壤重金属20余年来的累积状况进行了分析并进行了初步的风险评价.结果发现,深圳农林土壤均存在不同程度的重金属累积,总体而言,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Ni的累积较轻,Zn的最大含量尚未超过其80年代末背景值的最大值;Cd的累积最为严重,其最大含量已为背景最大值的16倍.以GB15618-1995为标准,对深圳农林土壤的重金属风险进行评价后发现,Cu的污染最轻,仅20%的菜地土壤超过国家一级标准,Pb50%超过国家一级标准,但尚未超过二级标准;Zn、Cr和Ni均有一定比例的样点超过二级标准,最少4%,最高50%,但未有超过三级标准的样点;Cd的风险最大,不仅有大量超过一、二级标准的样点,而且超过三级标准的样点也占有一定的比例(菜地、果园、林地和荒地土壤中Cd含量超过三级标准的比例分别为10%、23%、29%和50%).深圳农林土壤中的Cd污染应该引起相关部门的重视.  相似文献   

14.
In industrialized regions like Bozüyük, generally density of settlement and traffic is also observed. As a result of this density, the metal pollution that results from either industrial activities or traffic shall affect the air quality negatively. In determining this effect and sources thereof inspection of the depositing of heavy metals, which cause pollution, on the tree leaves and in the soil, and making comments by comparing with the values in the same kinds of plants and soil in the clean region has been aimed. For this purpose, zinc, copper, chromium, cadmium, iron, nickel, lead analysis have been carried out in order to determine the accumulation of pollution in plants and soils resulting from heavy industry and vehicles around Bozüyük (Turkey) region which is close to highway. These analyses have been carried out on washed and unwashed tree leave samples and surface soil from ten locations. Data used in the results were the average values of a series of data obtained from the experimental studies.  相似文献   

15.
土壤环境中重金属元素的相互作用及其对吸持特性的影响   总被引:55,自引:3,他引:55  
本文用正交试验法研究了Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn、As五种元素复合作用时土壤颗粒的吸附解吸特性.结果表明:供试元素的吸附过程均符合Langmiur方程,其吸持能力依次为Pb>As>Cu>Zn>Cd,而最大吸附量顺序正好相反.Cd,As为复合污染的主要因子,同时还显著地影响其它元素的吸附解吸过程.土壤对重金属元素的吸附和解吸量不仅与平衡溶液中元素浓度有关,而且还明显地受共存元素及其交互作用的影响,交互作用的结果与元素间的相对浓度及其比例有关.AsO_4~(3-)的存在使Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn的吸附解吸过程变得极为复杂,这可能与产生重金属盐沉淀和次级吸附和解吸有关.  相似文献   

16.
A reconnaissance soil geochemical and concomitant plant survey based on 318 soil (0-15 cm) and 122 plant samples was used for the assessment of heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils and crops of Thailand. Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in soils using aqua regia digestion, and in plants using nitric acid digestion. Organic carbon (C), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and available phosphorus (P) were determined on the soil samples using appropriate procedures. Results indicated that concentrations of heavy metals varied widely among the different regions of Thailand. Regression analysis between the concentrations of metals in soil (aqua regia extractable) and edible plant parts indicated a small but positive relationship for Cd in all the plants sampled in the survey (R2 = 0.081, p < 0.001). There was also a positive relationship between soil and plant Cd concentrations in rice (R2 = 0.242, p < 0.010), and negative relationships for Zn in rice (R2 = 0.385, p < 0.001), and Cu (R2 = 0.355, p < 0.001) and Zn (R2 = 0.122, p < 0.026) in glutinous rice. Principal component analysis of the soil data suggested that concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb were strongly correlated with concentrations of Al and Fe, which is suggestive of evidence of background variations due to changes in soil mineralogy. Thus, the evidence for widespread contamination of soils by these elements through agricultural activities is not strong. On the other hand, Cd and Zn were strongly correlated with organic matter and concentrations of available and aqua regia extractable P. This is attributed to input of contaminants in agricultural fertilisers and soil amendments (e.g. manures, composts).  相似文献   

17.
干旱区绿洲土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
测定了Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni等重金属在不同处理土壤中的全量和各赋存形态,以及它们在盆栽试验油菜(Brassica cole)中的质量分数,并利用Pearson相关系数分析了该区土壤-油菜体系的生物有效性。结果表明,供试绿洲土壤原状土中,Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni均以稳定的残渣态形式存在;而在处理土壤中,重金属被钝化的量有限,Cd的存在形式主要以碳酸盐态为主,Pb、Zn和Ni则主要以铁锰氧化态为主。根据相关性分析,油菜根部和叶部的Ni质量分数均与土壤中Ni的各非残渣态分布系数有相关性,表明当土壤中Ni以非残渣态存在时,活动性Ni的质量分数较高,其被生物吸收利用的可能性也较大;油菜根部的Zn质量分数与土壤中Zn的碳酸盐结合态分布系数显著的正相关性;油菜各部位Cd和Pb的质量分数与土壤中Cd和Pb的各形态分布系数之间无显著相关关系。  相似文献   

18.
杜彩艳  祖艳群  李元 《生态环境》2007,16(6):1710-1713
重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。  相似文献   

19.
Cd、Zn、Pb单因素及复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
通过Cd、Zn、Pb单因素处理和复合因素处理的对比性研究发现,无论是单因素或复因素对土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序均为 Cd> Zn> Pb;在所研究的 4种土壤酶中,脲酶受重金属的抑制作用最为敏感; Cd、 Zn、 Pb复合污染与各单因素的影响有较大差异,同时,Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染对4种土壤酶活性的影响效应亦不同。其复合污染对脲酶表现出协同抑制负效应的特征;对过氧化氢表现出一定的屏蔽作用或拮抗作用;转化酶和碱性磷酸酶主要因Cd浓度的变化而变化。  相似文献   

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