中国红树林湿地资源、保护现状和主要威胁

以第二次全国湿地资源调查(2009—2013年)为基础,应用中巴地球资源卫星CBERS-CCD数据和其它数据,采用3S技术和现地调查相结合的方式,对中国的红树林湿地资源、保护现状进行了分析。结果表明,(1)中国红树林湿地面积从上世纪50年代至今总体上呈现先减少后增加的趋势,由20世纪50年代的42 001 hm~2迅速减少到2000年的22 024.9 hm~2,后又快速增加到2013年的34 472.14 hm~2。(2)从省级层面看,海南省红树林面积近年来保持相对稳定,但与20世纪50年代相比减少幅度较大,约减少52.6%;广西和广东红树林面积近年来保持稳定且有一定增长,分别恢复到20世纪50年代87.8%和92.8%的规模;福建红树林面积近年来稳定增长,已达到20世纪50年代规模的1.6倍;浙江红树林面积基本保持稳定。(3)形成了包括国际重要湿地、国家重要湿地、红树林湿地自然保护区和红树林湿地公园等级别在内的红树林保护体系。(4)中国红树林湿地面临的主要威胁是污染、围垦、过度捕捞和采挖、基建和城市建设以及外来物种入侵。     

可持续生产;公司的挑战

《２１世纪议程》已经成为很多以实现可持续性为目标的新工业举措的基础。联合国可持续发展委员会监测《２１世纪议程》的实施进展，联合国环境署在其中发挥关键作用的跨机构可持续发展委员会为此提供服务。本文综述了ＣＳＤ的工作以及在工业“绿化”方面的成功和挑战。     

20世纪90年代以来《Science》关于全球气候变化研究述评

近年来气候变化引起人们关注。世界许多学者对气候变化开展了广泛研究，已经取得了丰硕成果。为了了解国际上气候变化研究的进展及前沿，作者查阅了《science》于20世纪90年代以来关于气候变化的相关文章400余篇。这些文章的内容涉及地球科学、医学、物理学、微生物学等许多领域。该文主要从地球科学角度归纳总结了全球气候变化与陆地生态系统、气候变化与碳循环、全球气候变化与土地利用方式、气候变化与人类活动等方面的研究，并进行了典型研究成果的透视分析。最后提出了需要进一步研究的建议。     

中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）的科学目标与近期方向

生态与环境是人类社会可持续发展的基础。进入20世纪90年代以来，生态学研究愈来愈受到广泛重视，已成为自然科学和社会科学共同关注的重点领域。近年，国际生态学联合会和美国生态学会都提出了相应的生态学研究计划和优先领域，其中全球变化、生物多样性和生态系统的可持续性被列为生态学的研究前沿。     

《保护人类赖以生存的生命系统:〈生物多样性公约〉回顾与展望》简介

20世纪80年代以来,生物多样性逐渐成为全球环境保护的热点问题之一,国际社会于1992年制定了《生物多样性公约》(以下简称《公约》)。《公约》生效以来,强化了对全球生物多样性的保护和管理,提高了人们的生物多样性保护意识。     

基于景观格局的辽河三角洲湿地生态安全分析

以1990年和2005年遥感影像为基本信息源,在GIS技术支持下,在对辽河三角洲湿地景观格局分析的基础上,采用破碎度、分离度、优势度等景观格局指数和景观类型脆弱度为评价指标研究辽河三角洲湿地景观生态安全。20世纪90年代以来大规模的资源开发,加剧了辽河三角洲湿地景观的破碎化程度,使景观优势度增高,多样性下降。从1990-2005年,研究区主要湿地景观类型水稻田、苇田、滩涂的干扰程度有所增加,生态安全度均有所下降,表明人类对自然湿地生态系统的干扰越来越明显。总体来说,15年来研究区整体景观生态安全度呈现下降趋势。以往湿地生态安全的研究主要集中在环境脆弱性和保护策略方面,研究层次着重在生态系统层面,而从景观格局角度对湿地景观生态安全的研究涉及较少,文章涉及的是景观生态学可持续发展研究的一个新领域,所提出的内容实质上是景观生态安全定量表征的方法探讨。应用景观生态学方法研究生态安全,揭示景观结构与功能关系并进一步分析区域生态环境的变化趋势及其内在因素,不但为辽河三角洲湿地及其生物多样性的保护和资源开发提供了科学依据,而且丰富和发展了我国生态安全研究的理论与方法。     

社会学习理论对可持续发展行为的启示

当代美国新行为主义心理学家A﹒班杜拉于20世纪60、70年代提出了新的行为理论----社会学习理论。作为人类行为特别是人类学习行为的指导思想,社会学习理论对人类正在探索和追求的可持续发展的实践具有重要的启迪意义。本文通过对社会学习理论及可持续发展行为的相关性的分析,来探求普遍行为理论指导可持续发展下行为的实施策略,进而为丰富和完善可持续发展的理论与实践提供新的参考思路。     

企业家的可持续发展职责：事实与数字

1992年在里约热内卢召开的联合国环境与发展大会上,商业和工业1都被确定包含在实施21世纪议程(UNCED行动计划)的9个主要的集团之中.10年后,在约输内斯堡的世界可持续发展峰会(WSSD)中的商业代表们正在回顾21世纪议程的进展和为向前推动它而工作.本期《产业与环境》是联合国环境规划署向世界可持续发展峰会投稿的一部分.它研究了商业在需要可持续发展发生变化时的任务.本文介绍了商业界、学术界、非政府组织、政府间组织和贸易协会联盟的观点.为了帮助提出这些论文和准备在这方面参与WSSD,下面将研究影响全世界商业的主要趋势.有关的大…     

苏南河网水体负荷削减工程及其效果分析

太湖流域的污染负荷主要来自入湖河流,开展入湖河流水环境综合治理对太湖流域水环境和湖体富营养化改善具有重要的意义.20世纪80年代以后,河流生态修复成为国际上的热点.欧洲、美国、日本等国家,河流生态修复的相关研究与实践开展得较多,修复技术已相对比较成熟.自20世纪90年代末,我国进入河流综合治理和生态修复阶段     

胡杨年轮记录的塔里木河下游54年来区域水环境历史变迁

通过胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv．）树木年轮宽度的分析,建立了塔里木河下游大西海子（A）、阿克墩（B）、亚合甫马汗（c）、英苏（D）、阿布达勒（E）、喀尔达依（F）、吐格买莱（G）、阿拉干（H）、依干不及麻（I）和考干（J）10个采样区过去54a来的STD、RES和ARS年表,并借助RES年表,采用年代际变化分析和突变检验,反演了塔里木河下游54a年来区域水环境状况变迁时空格局。结果表明：①下游10个样区54a来区域水环境状况具有多样性和复杂性,并不完全表现为距离下游上段（大西海子水库）越近其水环境状况就越好,区域水环境状况总体变异程度由低到高排序为A、G、C、H、E、D、I、B、F、J,也反映了下游10个样区生态退化程度的差异;②下游54a来区域水环境状况最好时期出现在20世纪60年代和21世纪初,大部分区域最差时期主要集中在20世纪90年代,是下游地区长达30a断流水环境变干累积效应的体现;③下游10个样区区域水环境变化具有明显的突变时间,突变出现时间相对水文事件年代具有滞后性。胡杨年轮记录的塔里木河下游54a来区域水环境时空变迁格局对下游生态退化的历史认识具有重要意义。     

Environmental sustainability index of Shandong Province,China

Since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, sustainable development has been embraced as an important goal. In order to measure sustainable development, many scientists and researchers have made efforts to establish measurement systems such as the Driving Force State Response (DSR) framework (Hens 1995), the Human Development Index (HDI) (Goeteyn 1996) devised by the United Nations Development Programme, the Sustainable National Income (SNI) developed by Hueting et al. (1992) and the Ecological Footprint proposed by Wackernagel and Rees (1996). The environmental sustainability index (ESI) is a composite index, which was created by the World Economic Forum, Yale and Columbia Universities, aggregating data at the national level to measure a country's performance in sustaining a healthy, livable environment. 142 countries have been measured with ESI by 2002. However, it has not yet been documented if it can be applied at a regional level. In this study, we have tried to apply ESI to measure the sustainable development of Shandong in China. 22 indicators and 43 variables were chosen, and results showed the ESI of Shandong was 49, suggesting that Shandong is still far from a position of sustainable development.     

Holistic correlation of world’s largest social safety net and its outcomes with Sustainable Development Goals

The five largest social safety net (SSN) programmes in the world are being implemented in India, China and Brazil. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is one of these programmes and regarded as the world’s largest SSN. MGNREGA aims at enhancing livelihood security of households in rural India by providing guaranteed wage employment. The scheme has resulted in the creation of sustainable assets that promote the economic and infrastructure development. More than 33 million assets were built in the process of MGNREGA. These assets were spread out in 262,380 smallest units of administration covering 6887 sub-districts with the participation of more than 250 million human manpower. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) aims to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 goals tackle the root cause of poverty and attempts to make a positive change for both people and planet. Ecological regeneration or rejuvenation during the development of the assets generated numerous tangible and intangible benefits to the community in a sustainable way. MGNREGA, a federal government-sponsored scheme, using a decentralized approach is directly or indirectly helping to achieve all the 17 goals of sustainable development in India. This article takes a holistic approach to correlate and map the concepts and outcomes of MGNREGA programme with SDG. This article emphasises the fact that community-based participation in the planning and development activities at the regional levels will yield benefits to the biosphere, society and economy at the national level.     

Planning and implementing sustainability in higher education institutions: an overview of the difficulties and potentials

Planning in sustainable development is believed to be an important element in allowing higher education institutions to set their goals and to commit themselves towards undertaking concrete actions and measures at all levels in order to implement sustainability. Yet, there is a paucity of research that has looked at the extent to which planning can support institutions of higher education to assess their performances and to determine whether the set aims have been met. This research gap needs to be met to allow a better understanding of how planning can help to promote the integration of the three components of sustainable development – economic development, social development and environmental protection in higher education. This paper explores the challenges for planning the sustainable development in higher education, also outlining the potentials lessons learned that could assist in improving Education for Sustainable Development efforts in Higher Education Institutions. Among its main results are the fact that many universities wish to pursue sustainable development, but their efforts are hindered by lack of institutional support and planning and limited emphasis on approaches, such as problem-based learning. The universities that are engaged in the field have to face many problems, varying from limited resources to lack of trained staff. As a result, integrated approaches to sustainability become difficult to implement. Finally, the paper has identified the fact that many opportunities offered mainstream developments, such as the UN Declaration ‘The World we Want’ or the UN Sustainable Development Goals are not being put to full use.     

An approach to evaluation of sustainability for Guangzhou's urban ecosystem

Guangzhou has ambitions to build itself into a world class metropolis by 2010. Sustainable development is the only way to achieve this magnificent goal. Based on the ecological perspective of sustainable development and the principles of ecosystem integrity, this paper develops an approach for evaluation of sustainable development in Guangzhou between 1986 and 1995. A hierarchical evaluation system of four tiers of sustainability indicators was established. Using the method of fuzzy multistage synthetic evaluation, sustainability development level index, QIx, was calculated for the indicators at the B, C, D, and E tiers. Development stages were identified based on these index values. The coordination degree among the economic, social, and natural subsystems was also computed. Further, an overall sustainability index for each year was computed by combining the development level index and the coordination degree. It was found that the urban ecosystem in Guangzhou had generally become more sustainable, in spite of fluctuations in coordination degree. The development level index of the economic subsystem has surpassed that of social and natural subsystems since 1995. Appropriate measures must be taken to ensure coordinated development among the subsystems for the purpose of sustainable development.     

The business case for SDGs: an analysis of inclusive business models in emerging economies

In September 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were endorsed by the United Nations and adopted by all 193 Member States. The SDGs integrate the 5P’s: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership and clearly stress the need for all stakeholders to collaborate to create a sustainable world. Most importantly, the SDGs appeal to the central and diverse role that the business sector can play to deliver on the SDGs. This paper provides an analysis of inclusive business (IB) models as market-based solutions to contribute to the achievement of the SDGs and benefit those at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP). We investigate the IB models and their social impact in 20 organizations from emerging economies across five different sectors. The findings should help increase the uptake and scale of quality IB models and practices among the private sector, development communities, and governments to promote inclusive economic growth and social impact.     

Analysis of the relations between circular economy and sustainable development goals

ABSTRACT

Since the United Nations approved the eight Millennium Development Goals in 2000 and, 15 years later, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the highest political institutions in the world have not stopped worrying about achieving the sustainability of the planet. Also in 2015, the European Commission prepared the European Union Action Plan for the Circular Economy, seeking a transition towards a less linear economy, in which products, materials, and resources are kept in the system for as long as possible and in which the generation of waste is minimized.

Since then, the European Union has continued issuing reports and communications to accelerate this process in search of a circular economy, making continuous references to the fact that, through circular economy initiatives, the SDGs would be fulfilled. In this context, the objectives of this paper are 1) to determine, through exploratory factor analysis and correlation analysis, whether there is a statistically significant relationship between circular economy initiatives undertaken in the EU and compliance with the SDGs; 2) to check, through a cluster analysis, if there are homogeneous groups of countries worldwide in terms of compliance with the SDGs; and 3) using this same technique, to check whether the countries that make up the EU achieve similar results in terms of compliance with the SDGs.     

Devising indicators of sustainable development for the mining and minerals industry: An analysis of critical background issues

The exact application of sustainable development in the mining and minerals industry has precipitated considerable debate in recent years. Since the publication of the Brundtland Commission's Report, Our Common Future, numerous explanations have been put forth in an attempt to define sustainable development in the mining and minerals context. Specifically, the inability of the Brundtland Report to outline an effective sustainability framework, combined with its contention that no single blueprint for sustainable development exists, has prompted a number of academics and practitioners to provide personal viewpoints on the application of sustainable development in the mining and minerals industry. This paper focuses on one aspect of the mining and minerals-sustainable development debate: the corporate perspective. It first uses the burgeoning body of literature to define sustainable development in the corporate mining context. Second, it addresses, against the background of this interpretation, many of the salient issues associated with developing a series of plausible Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) for use in the mining and minerals extraction industry. The paper clearly illustrates the difficulty in both arriving at a suitable working definition of sustainable development for an industry, and developing an acceptable set of universal standards for measuring environmental and socioeconomic performance.     

Facilitating sustainable development in Chile: a survey of suitable energy technologies

Sustainable development in developing countries is the main aim of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). However, in the present context, uncertainty prevails as to whether the CDM is actually achieving its aims in terms of achieving sustainable development and to what extent. Chile has several renewable energy and energy efficiency options with significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions abatement potential that are not yet financially and economically competitive. In order to be able to identify potential CDM projects and to formulate a series of possible investment strategies with a sustainable development component, it is crucial to establish a clear understanding of the host country's needs and priorities and the suitable sustainable energy technologies to meet these needs. The main scope of this paper is to present results obtained from an elaborated stakeholder assessment on Chile's high priority energy needs and sustainable energy technologies fulfilling these needs in order to assist Chile in finding ways of encouraging technology transfer that would contribute to low-carbon sustainable energy development.     

国际持续农业发展的特点及广东省持续农业的现状和方向

近年来国际上提出将持续农业作为农业生产发展的战略目标，本文综述了国际上发展持续农业的形式及特点，论述广东省持续农业的现状和发展持续农业面临的挑战，最后针对广东省目前的实际情况，提出今后的发展方向和对策．     

Community sustainability: a holistic approach to measuring the sustainability of rural communities in Scotland

ABSTRACT

Although sustainable development was defined in the Brundtland Report almost 30 years ago, the current usage of the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development remain highly equivocal. In the context of rural communities, multiple interpretations and weak definitions lead to confusion in understanding what comprises a sustainable rural community. Building on existing definitions (e.g. Baker’s, 2006, ‘Ladder of Sustainable Development’), models (principally, The Egan Review’s, 2004, ‘Components of Sustainable Communities’) and findings of this study, a sustainable community is defined and a holistic model of a sustainable place-based rural community is presented. This model, the sustainable community design (SCD) is used as the basis for analysing community sustainability, which is measured using mixed methods and scorecard assessment. Sensitivity of the method is demonstrated with inter- and intra-community variations in sustainability across three diverse Scottish rural communities. Intra-community variations illustrate heterogeneity in community sustainability, explain ambiguity in characterisations of an individual community’s sustainability, and highlight the importance of an interdisciplinary and holistic approach to community development. The SCD framework is presented as a useful tool for meso-level sustainability assessment and to facilitate the sustainable development of rural communities.