广东省梅州市农地畜禽粪便环境风险评价

采用排泄系数估算法计算2008年梅州市各县(区)各类畜禽的粪便产生量,并计算农地畜禽粪便最大负荷量,运用农地畜禽粪便承载预警值对该市畜禽养殖进行环境风险评价.结果表明,2008年梅州市畜禽产生的污染物量为:粪324.60万t,尿液180.02万t,BOD519.36万t,COD 19.91万t,NH3-N2.423万t.梅州市农地畜禽粪便承载量平均为23.07t·hm-2·a-1,畜禽粪便承载预警值平均为0.51,总体预警级别为Ⅱ级,对环境"稍有影响",但不同地区间存在差异,丰顺县预警值最高,平远县相对较低,平远县畜禽养殖尚有较大的发展空间.     

鄱阳湖生态经济区畜禽养殖污染负荷分析

以2011年鄱阳湖生态经济区各类畜禽养殖数量为基础,采用参数估算法估算了该区畜禽养殖产生的粪便及其中的污染物化学需氧量(CODCr)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)质量,结合各县(市、区)耕地面积计算得到畜禽粪便耕地负荷量,并以畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值评价各县(市、区)畜禽粪便负荷量的承受程度。结果显示,2011年该经济区畜禽养殖共产生3 129.42万t粪尿,83.34万t CODCr,6.97万t NH3-N,17.19万t TN,5.79万t TP,该区这些污染物产生量约占全省的40%。对畜禽粪便耕地负荷警报值的分析表明,该经济区有9个县(市、区)畜禽粪便负荷量尚未对环境构成潜在威胁,其余26个县(市、区)畜禽粪便负荷量从理论上来讲都对环境构成了潜在威胁,尤以南昌市青云谱区和九江市浔阳区畜禽粪便负荷量对环境的污染威胁最大。     

佛山市畜禽粪便排放量与农田负荷量分析

在确定畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄系数的基础上,根据2009年佛山市畜禽养殖数据,估算佛山市畜禽粪便产生量及其主要养分含量,并对畜禽粪便的环境效应进行评价。结果表明,2009年佛山市畜禽粪便总排放量约为332.35万t,其中以商品肉猪和鸡排放量较高,分别占总量的60.85%和14.10%。畜禽粪便中COD、BOD、NH3-N、TP和TN含量分别为97 004.17、92 782.79、7 929.77、7 850.56和18 382.88 t。农田畜禽粪便负荷量（以猪粪当量计）为74.07 t.hm-2,N、P养分负荷量分别为436.83和186.55 kg.hm-2,畜禽粪便产生的环境问题已不容忽视。     

闽江流域畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其环境风险评价

从闽江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,根据作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量,估算流域各县市的畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,对各县市畜禽养殖粪便污染进行潜在的环境风险评价.结果表明:闽江流域大多数集约化养殖场集中分布于中上游,并有向下游扩散的趋势;流域农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均达22.95 t·hm-2·a-1;整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是富屯溪、沙溪流域更为突出.     

常熟农村不同水体氮磷污染状况

于2007年11月至2008年10月,对常熟市辛庄镇不同水体氮磷污染状况进行定点观测,初步探讨了河道和鱼塘水体氮磷浓度的变化特征及其污染来源.结果表明:辛庄镇河道水样无机氮、总氮、正磷酸盐和总磷的平均质量浓度分别为2.07、2.31、0.30和0.53 mg·L-1,表明辛庄镇河水氮磷污染已十分严重.河道和鱼塘水体氮形态都以无机氮为主,分别占总氮的89.6%、72.7%;磷形态以可溶态为主,分别占总磷的73.6%、71.1%.河水硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮、无机氮、正磷酸盐、可溶性磷和总磷平均质量浓度分别比鱼塘水高0.30、0.17、0.11、0.47、0.12、0.15和0.12 mg·L-1.河道和鱼塘水体硝态氮、无机氮和总氮浓度随时间的变化趋势较一致,正磷酸盐、可溶性磷和总磷浓度随时间的变化趋势则显著不同.河水氮磷污染源主要来自生活污水及养猪场废水,鱼塘水体的氮磷污染则与饵料和肥料的投入有很大关系,大气氮沉降也是导致水体氮浓度升高的重要原因.     

城市水环境生物修复试验研究

为了摸索城市水环境污染的治理方法,对因用于城市防洪排涝而遭受严重污染的广州市玉翠湖进行了生物修复研究.研究中,采用Probac生物促生营养剂对湖泊进行了为期40 d的围栏投药试验,结果表明,投加5～10 mg·L-1的Probac制剂,经过10～15 d的肩动周期后,水体污染物得到有效去除,在治理后期持续维持0.5～2.5 mg·L-1的投加量投加时,可以起到抗排涝污染和迅速恢复水体水质的效果.治理后的玉翠湖水体COD由不加处理条件下的50.0～6.0 mg·L-1降至12.9～30.5mg·L-1,在无防洪排污人湖时,水体COD维持稳定,最大去除率达到71.9%,在防洪排污人湖时会引起水质的波动,COD平均去除率为34.0%;BOD由20.0～24.0 mg·L-1降至6.7～10.4 mg·L-1,无防洪排污时最大去除率为69.8%.防洪排污时平均去除率为55.3%;氨氮由0.9～1.1 mg·L-1降至0.6～0.7 mg·L-1,最大去除率36.5%;总磷由0.23～0.45 mg·L-1降至0.14～0.17 mg·L-1,最大去除率40%.研究表明:对于已彻底截污的城市景观湖.Probac制剂具有较好的水质净化效果.     

垂直潜流人工湿地净化北方微污染水体试验研究

为研究垂直潜流人工湿地对北方微污染水体中COD、氮和磷的去除效果及去除机理,在室内选用混合土(由炉渣与种植土按比例混合而成)、石英砂和陶粒作为填料,以天津当地常见植物黄花鸢尾为植被构建了垂直潜流人工湿地处理微污染景观湖水和雨季的初期雨水;除冬季冰封期暂停运行外,通过对系统不同季节运行数据的分析,考察了不同季节环境条件下垂直潜流人工湿地对我国北方城市微污染水体的净化效果及影响因素。结果表明:不同季节条件下,该系统对污染物均有着良好的去除效果和抗冲击负荷能力。微污染景观水和雨季初期雨水经垂直潜流人工湿地系统处理后,出水COD、NH4+-N及TP的质量浓度可分别优于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的IV类、III类和II类水质标准(研究阶段进水TP≤0.80 mg·L-1),COD、NH4+-N和TP的阶段平均去除率最高可分别达80%、91%和82%;TN的去除效果受季节变化波动较大,阶段平均去除率在32%~78%,温度较低季节或原水水质较差时有待处理水回流或辅加其他技术手段以提高脱氮效果。垂直潜流人工湿地对北方微污染水体有着较好的净化效果,能够有效地预防地表水体富营养化的发生,有利于城市水环境质量的改善和水资源的循环利用,具有良好的发展应用前景。     

基于单元分析的青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染估算

针对灌区农业非点源污染难以监测控制的具体特点,基于单元分析的观点,提出了负荷贡献率的概念,并在此基础上,建立了灌区农业非点源污染负荷估算方法;以青铜峡灌区为例,利用2005-2006年灌溉周期灌排水质监测试验资料对灌区年农业非点源污染矿化度、铵氮、总氮和总磷负荷进行了估算,并与平均浓度法进行比较.计算结果表明:青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染年输出盐分283万t,铵氮0.55万t,总氮4.11万t,总磷123 t;结合黄河干流控制断面水质资料比较分析,青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染负荷中盐分输出占干流区间增量的70%,铵氮和总氮分别是区间点源污染负荷的0.28倍和1.52倍,对黄河干流水质影响很大;而总磷由于输出量较小,对干流水质影响不大.     

河流综合截污工程对昆明船房河水质的改善效果

通过对云南省昆明市船房河河段、截污泵站以及昆明市第一、七、八污水处理厂的出水水质分析,研究了河流截污综合治理工程对船房河水质的改善效果以及其对削减滇池氮磷污染负荷的贡献.研究表明,河流截污工程的实施极大地改善了船房河的水质状况,与兰花沟对照点相比,船房河水体溶解氧(DO)含量和氧化还原电位(ORP)值显著升高,电导率(EC)明显下降,pH变化不大;兰花沟水体TN、NH+4-N、TP、PO3-4-P、BOD5和COD Cr浓度分别是船房河水体的2.00倍、4.87倍、7.68倍、6.28倍、59.95倍和12.81倍;与2004年船房河水质相比,TN、TP、COD Cr浓度分别下降了45.44%、88.84%、74.85%.经估算,本工程可削减入湖TN1121.36 kg·d-1,NH+4-N 831.05 kg·d-1,TP 111.67 kg·d-1,BOD515.37 t·d-1,COD Cr22.43 t·d-1,对削减滇池污染物负荷具有显著的环境效益.     

河流泥沙对污染河水中污染物的吸附特性研究

泥沙是河流水体的重要组成部分,在迁移过程中吸附一定的氮、磷进入底层或下游,从而改变水中污染物的分布。通过模拟试验,选择粒径76μm以下泥沙研究不同泥沙含量、不同污染程度等条件下,河流泥沙对污染河水中氮、磷等污染物的吸附特性。结果表明:河流泥沙对污染河水的氮、磷及高锰酸盐指数均有一定的吸附效果,特别是对氮、磷的等温吸附比较明显;与对照相比,含泥沙的试验组水体磷质量浓度最大降低值达0.53mg·L-1;水体溶解性总氮随时间延长,含量逐渐下降。污染物含量、泥沙含量、粒径等均会影响泥沙对污染物的吸附,污染物含量越高、泥沙含量越大、粒径越小吸附效果相对越好。泥沙吸附和富集污染物后沉降进入水体底层,离开水相,因而可以降低水中污染物含量,达到净化水质的作用。     

日本农村循环经济系统磷代谢分析——以北海道中札内村为例

在介绍日本农村循环经济模式特征的基础上,采用物质流分析方法,选取日本典型农村循环经济模式进行磷代谢分析。结果表明,大量的堆肥和直接还田改善了畜禽排泄物和农村生活对水体环境的影响,但对于减少种植业引起的磷排放未起到关键作用。建议在建设新农村的同时,有必要考虑农村生活-种植业-畜牧业一体化循环经济模式,扩大农村生活废弃物的再资源化量,以减少对系统外环境的污染。     

我国家养动物多样性现状与持续利用对策

本文叙述了我国家养动物多样性的现状以及畜牧业发展中家养动物多样性保护与利用的目标及其效益;提出当前我国家养动物保扩和利用面临的问题;并就家养动物多样性保护和利用提出了7个方面的措施,强调家养动物多样性是促进畜牧业持续发展的前提。     

Risks and benefits in agricultural uses of selenium

Selenium deficiency in soils, and subsequently in crops that are grown on them, has been charted in various parts of the world. Use of carefully regulated amounts of supplemental selenium in such areas has been effective in improving productive performance of domestic food-producing animals, and some 30 years' experience has now been gained with various supplementation practices. Coincidentaliy, there have been instances reported of situations where selenium toxicity has resulted from a combination of naturally-high environmental levels, enhanced by agricultural, environmental and industrial practices, and questions have been raised as to whether continued animal supplementation may contribute to selenium toxicity. This paper examines some of the various factors involved and concludes that presently-established animal supplementation uses of selenium are small compared with other sources of the element and that they do not constitute a hazard to animals, including humans, or the environment.     

A Framework for Prioritizing Domestic Animal Breeds for Conservation Purposes at the National Level: a Norwegian Case Study

Abstract: Although encompassing only a handful of species, domestic animals have had profound effects on food production for humankind and on human societies. On a global basis, a large proportion of breeds are currently in danger of becoming extinct in the near future. At this critical time, resources are limited and only a selected number of breeds may be supported by concrete conservation programs. I present a framework to facilitate decision making on a national level as to which breeds to support for conservation. These decisions should be made by a national committee of experts experienced with the different breeds and species. First, they must define the species of interest. Second, they should collate as much data as possible and score each breed for key criteria: degree of endangerment, presence of traits of current economic value, presence of traits of current scientific value, agroecological value in a special landscape, cultural-historical value, and genetic uniqueness. The degree of endangerment is the most important criterion because great uncertainty about the future means that all breeds may have traits of future economic or scientific value, so the main aim should therefore be to minimize loss of breeds. To illustrate use of the framework, I considered breed prioritization in Norway. I compared and scored 45 breeds from 17 domestic animal species for these key criteria and thus identified Norwegian breeds of high priority for conservation.     

钴在土壤和植物系统中的迁移转化行为及其毒性

钴是人与动植物必需的微量元素,但土壤环境中过量的钴可通过土壤-粮食/蔬菜-人与动物等途径进入人体或动植物体内,对其产生危害,因此有必要了解土壤中钴的含量,应该将钴纳入必须检测与掌控的指标。然而,我国目前对于土壤中钴的含量却没有一个明确的评价体系,致使无法有效地对土壤中钴的含量进行评价和管控,从而给土壤以及人和动植物的健康都带来一定的风险。本文通过整理近20多年的国内外文献资料,综述了钴的特点、应用、形态、含量、毒性、评估方法,指出了现行对土壤中钴污染风险评估体系中存在的问题,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

Gastrointestinal Bacterial Transmission among Humans,Mountain Gorillas,and Livestock in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park,Uganda

Abstract: Habitat overlap can increase the risks of anthroponotic and zoonotic pathogen transmission between humans, livestock, and wild apes. We collected Escherichia coli bacteria from humans, livestock, and mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, from May to August 2005 to examine whether habitat overlap influences rates and patterns of pathogen transmission between humans and apes and whether livestock might facilitate transmission. We genotyped 496 E. coli isolates with repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting and measured susceptibility to 11 antibiotics with the disc‐diffusion method. We conducted population genetic analyses to examine genetic differences among populations of bacteria from different hosts and locations. Gorilla populations that overlapped in their use of habitat at high rates with people and livestock harbored E. coli that were genetically similar to E. coli from those people and livestock, whereas E. coli from gorillas that did not overlap in their use of habitats with people and livestock were more distantly related to human or livestock bacteria. Thirty‐five percent of isolates from humans, 27% of isolates from livestock, and 17% of isolates from gorillas were clinically resistant to at least one antibiotic used by local people, and the proportion of individual gorillas harboring resistant isolates declined across populations in proportion to decreasing degrees of habitat overlap with humans. These patterns of genetic similarity and antibiotic resistance among E. coli from populations of apes, humans, and livestock indicate that habitat overlap between species affects the dynamics of gastrointestinal bacterial transmission, perhaps through domestic animal intermediates and the physical environment. Limiting such transmission would benefit human and domestic animal health and ape conservation.     

A brief and critical review on hydrofluorosis in diverse species of domestic animals in India

India is one of the fluoride-endemic countries where the maximum numbers of ground or drinking water sources are naturally fluoridated. In India, a total of 23, out of 36 states and union territories have drinking water contaminated with fluoride in varying concentration. In the present scenario, especially in rural India, besides the surface waters (perennial ponds, dams, rivers, etc.), bore wells and hand pumps are the principal drinking water sources for domestic animals such as cattle (Bos taurus), water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), horses (Equus caballus), donkeys (Equus asinus) and dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Out of 23 states, 17 states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha (Orissa), Punjab, Rajasthan, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, have fluoride beyond the maximum permissible limit of 1.0 or 1.5 ppm in drinking water. This situation is a great concern for the animal health because fluoride is a slow toxicant and causes chronic diverse serious health hazards or toxic effects. Despite the fact that domestic animals are the basic income sources in rural areas and possess a significant contributory role not only in the agriculture sector but also in the strengthening of economy as well as in sustainable development of the country, research work on chronic fluoride intoxication (hydrofluorosis) due to drinking of fluoridated water in domestic animals rearing in various fluoride-endemic states is not enough as compared to work done in humans. However, some interesting and excellent research works conducted on different aspects of hydrofluorosis in domesticated animals rearing in different states are briefly and critically reviewed in the present communication. Author believes that this review paper not only will be more useful for researchers to do some more advance research work on fluoride-induced toxicosis in different species of animals but will also be helpful in the making of health policy for domestic animals at state and national level for the mitigation of hydrofluorosis in India.     

Demography, Hunting Ecology, and Pathogen Exposure of Domestic Dogs in the Isoso of Bolivia

Abstract:  Disease is increasingly recognized as a threat to the conservation of wildlife, and in many cases the source of disease outbreaks in wild carnivores is the domestic dog. For disease to spill over from a domestic to a wild population, three conditions must be satisfied: susceptibility of the wild species, presence of the disease agent in the domestic population, and contact between the two populations of interest. We investigated the potential for disease spillover from the domestic dog population to the wild carnivore population in the Isoso of Bolivia, an area of tropical dry forest contiguous with a national park. Using questionnaires and discussions with residents, we gathered data on the demography of dogs in the Isoso, including adult and neonatal mortality, litter size, and hunting frequency. We analyzed a large data set containing self-recorded information on hunting in various communities of the Isoso to determine the extent of dog participation in hunting and the duration of hunting trips. Finally, we took blood samples from dogs in the Isoso for a serosurvey of common canine pathogens. More than 95% of dogs had positive titers to canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus. There was also a high seroprevalence in dogs for other pathogens, a high population turnover of dogs (which may allow diseases to be maintained endemically), and frequent opportunities for contact between domestic and wild carnivores. Based on our results and the susceptibility of wild species previously reported in the literature, domestic dogs represent a disease risk for wildlife in the Bolivian Isoso.