川菜烹调源VOCs排放浓度及特征分析

在炒菜和烤肉等烹饪油烟中VOCs的排放量相当可观,浓度是周围环境背景浓度的2～9倍,是不容忽视的大气污染点源.长期以来,国内没有对餐饮业油烟排放颁布相关排放标准,导致烹饪油烟的无序无组织排放,严重影响人们的身体健康.本文通过对四川成都地区几种典型川菜烹调过程中产生的油烟进行化学分析,测定其中挥发性有机物的浓度,     

大气氟污染治理技术

氟化物是当今重要的大气污染物之一，其毒性超过二氧化硫。文章概要叙述我国近年工业废气的氟排放和治理状况。面对日益严峻的污染形势，提请企业界加以关注和治理。文中着重介绍几种常用的技术装备和工艺流程。     

负载型La0.8Sr0.2MnO3催化剂对油烟燃烧的催化作用

采用浸渍法制备Ld0.8Sr0.2MnO3负载型纳米催化剂,用X-射线衍射仪(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)对催化剂负载层的表面形态、晶相结构和粒径大小进行了表征．并考察了催化剂对油烟低温燃烧的催化活性,以及不同负载量和不同浸渍时间对催化活性的影响．结果显示,催化剂经700℃焙烧后形成了钙钛矿La0.8Sr0.2MnO3纳米晶粒,催化剂对油烟催化燃烧具有较好的低温高活性．     

窑炉烟气净化和控制燃烧相结合技术

窑炉烟气污染治理技术的关键是要解决降低高温烟气以实现机械排烟的条件，而在采用配风形式降低了高温烟气和通过选用适宜的湿式净化技术装置解决了污染问题的同时，必须考虑控制窑炉燃烧，以保证窑炉的正常运行，并改善窑炉燃烧条件，使窑炉的产品质量得到保证和提高，实现环保与节能降耗的双重效果。     

兰州市空气污染防治绿化对策

依据植被对大气污染物净化能力和绿化对大气污染扩散条件的改善等研究成果,并结合兰州市自然地理环境和土壤水分条件以及本地小气候特点和实际地表植被状况,从植物对空气污染物的生物净化作用角度出发,探讨了兰州市大气污染治理的最佳绿化方案,以期对兰州市大气污染的综合治理提供理论依据。     

应用生物技术净化硝酸尾气小试

针对氮肥生产中排放的硝酸尾气中主要污染物 Ｎ Ｏ Ｘ,利用脱氮硫杆菌生物处理工艺对氮氧化物进行了治理,使排入大气中的氮氧化物的含量由原来２ ０００ ～５ ０００ ×１０ － ６ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 降到５００ ×１０ － ６ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 以下,处理后的硝酸尾气中氮氧化物浓度远远低于国家标准,且处理后的菌液可以综合利用,具有较大的环境效益和经济效益．     

新型除油烟装置简介

国家环境保护总局南京环境科学研究所徐亦钢高级工程师经多年研究 ,发明了一种新型除油烟装置 (发明2 0 0 3 10 10 6 16 3 .X)。本专利是在现有抽排油烟机的基础上 ,设置一种可旋转的由放射状辐条组成的过滤芯除油烟装置 ,通过二次除油 ,减少油烟排放 ,从而达到解决室外油烟污染 ,改善居住环境 ,推动目前市场上抽排油烟机的升级换代的目的。本专利技术转化快 ,产品制造工艺简单 ,市场前景十分广阔。凡具有开模注塑、五金加工或抽油烟机生产条件的企业或个人 ,均可与国家环境保护总局南京环境科学研究所科技处或与专利发明人徐亦钢洽谈合作…     

水泥立窑的几种除尘装置使用状况分析

通过对水泥厂立窑烟气治理设施的调查及对其排放污染物的监测数据分析，对现用的几种立窑烟气治理设施进行了比较分析，并提出了发展湿法治理立窑烟气的建议。     

山东省南四湖生态工程设计

以南水北调东线工程重点污染源控制点南四湖为例调查了湖区生态系统的现状，结果表明湖区污染状况较为严重，对南水北调水质安全造成威胁。为了保证调水工程顺利实施，设计切实可行的湖区生态系统恢复工程具有重要意义。依据现状调查结果，按照生态学和生态经济学的基本原理，以保证湿地生态系统结构与功能的完整性为主要目标，在对湖区进行重点规划的基础上，提出了重点地段生态工程建设的设计方案，并对方案的预期目标进行了讨论。     

深圳以路建设对生态环境的影响、治理及对策

公路建设曾经给深圳的生态环境造成了较为严重的危害，主要有：严重的水土流失及其派生影响，对一些具有观赏价值的自然景观生产破坏，影响了部分区域动植物生态环境等，主要对这些环境影响及已进行了治理及其成效进行综述，对治理工作的不足及未来对策也进行了探讨。     

室内空气中多环芳烃污染的测量和特征性研究

本文就室内空气中多环芳烃典型污染源－室内燃煤和室内吸烟排放的多环芳烃组成和含量进行了测定，并同室外大气（对照）中多环芳烃组成含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环烃组成和含量的特征性，结果表明，室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室朵烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征，则与室外煤型和交通型均有显著区别。     

城市室内环境多环芳烃污染与源的相关性

本实验选择了天津市４类典型室内环境和２处室外对照点，共１９个采样点。现场采样测定了１０种ＰＡＨｓ组成含量。结果显示，室内燃煤和室内吸烟是室内环境中多环芳烃排放的主要污染源。同作为对照的室外大气中多环芳烃组成和含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环芳烃组成和含量的特征性。提出了室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室内烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征则与室外     

蚊香燃烧过程中多环芳烃的排放特征

对3种类型蚊香(有烟蚊香、微烟蚊香和无烟蚊香)原料、灰烬及烟气样品经索式提取、K-D浓缩和硅胶层析纯化后,采用GC-MS分析其US EPA推荐的16种优控多环芳烃的含量.结果表明,有烟蚊香和微烟蚊香烟气中多环劳烃总含量高于原料中的含量,无烟蚊香则相反.有烟蚊香和微烟蚊香原料以3环和4环多环芳烃为主,无烟蚊香原料以2环和3环多环芳烃为主,3种类型蚊香灰烬和烟气中多环芳烃均以2环、3环和4环化合物为主.通过对比蚊香燃烧前、后样品中多环芳烃的毒性,发现同原料相比,有烟蚊香燃烧后烟气中多环芳烃的毒性显著增加,而微烟蚊香和无烟蚊香则明显减少.     

Plant extract reduces tobacco smoke harmful effects on alveolar macrophage immune responses

Tobacco smoke is a major factor responsible for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although the best solution to reduce the incidence of these diseases is to quit smoking, there are still a large number of smokers. Thus, given the immunoregulatory properties of plant extracts, their capacity to reduce tobacco smoke harmful effects on alveolar macrophage (AM) functions was investigated. AM were treated with tobacco smoke extract and parenchymata tissue extract (PTE), or mesophyll cell extract (MCE) of Spinacia oleacea. The effects of tobacco smoke extract from PTE and MCE-treated cigarette filters were also investigated. AM production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and AM cytotoxicity were measured. Tobacco smoke extract significantly inhibited TNF, IL-10, and MCP-1 release, and AM cytotoxicity. The addition of PTE and MCE to tobacco smoke extract abrogated the inhibition of AM mediator release. However, only MCE restored AM cytotoxicity. Interestingly, tobacco smoke extract of PTE and MCE-treated cigarette filters showed reduced effects on AM functions. Tobacco smoke extract from MCE-treated (0.25%) cigarette filters did not inhibit TNF, IL-10, and MCP-1 release in contrast to tobacco smoke extract from buffer-treated cigarette filters. AM cytotoxic activity was not inhibited by the treatment with tobacco smoke extract from MCE-treated cigarette filters. Our data suggest that the presence of plant extract in cigarette filters reduces the inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke on AM functions. Thus, MCE-treated cigarette filters may help reducing lung diseases associated with smoking.     

中国工业烟尘排放状况研究

烟尘是工业最主要的污染气体排放之一,它不仅威胁人体健康,还严重破坏区域环境。为了研究分析2001—2009年中国工业烟尘排放的发展趋势及其影响因素,并有针对性地提出工业烟尘减排的建议与对策,文章首先根据中国工业的经济与环境数据,描述分析了2001—2009年工业烟尘排放的发展趋势,再利用对数平均迪氏指数法（LMDI）将工业烟尘排放的影响因素分解为规模效应、结构效应、技术效应和治理效应4个子因素。通过对比分析各子因素的影响程度和发展变化情况,得出规模效应是工业烟尘排放的重要来源,技术效应和治理效应是工业烟尘减排的主要动力,而结构效应是未来烟尘减排的重要方向等结论。文章根据各工业子行业的烟尘产生与排放量,建议将化工及金属行业,水热电气供应业作为目前工业烟尘减排中的重点行业,这两个行业的烟尘产生量与排放量之和均达到工业烟尘产生量与排放量的80%以上。通过对比各影响因素对各工业子行业的影响程度,指出各子行业烟尘减排的主要方向与存在的障碍。     

Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung von Brandrauch

The aim of this work is to clarify if there is a correlation between fuel and its organic combustion products. To acquire homogenous data sets for our investigations, we analysed only the measurements of the “Forschungsstelle für Brandschutztechnik” at the University of Karlsruhe. All compounds with a similar structure were grouped and structural indices were ascribed to them. This also made it possible to obtain information about the frequency of occurrence of a set of substances in fire smoke. The kind of analytical measurements used by this institute provided no or only little information about inorganic compounds, highly volatile substances like acrolein or vinyl chloride, and very poorly volatile substances (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). We found that benzene, methylbenzene, ethenylbenzene and ethylbenzene are always present in fire smoke. The formation of these typical compounds is described by a model. Aside from these compounds which are typically related to the smoke from fires, substances are always observed which are typical for a distinct fuel. Many compounds which are expected to be in the smoke are highly carcinogenic. Therefore, it is necessary for people with a high exposure to the smoke of fires, e.g. firemen, to protect themselves efficiently. In order to obtain more information about the risks to health of fire smoke, toxicological investigations will be necessary.     

Effects of cigarette and biomass smoke exposure on oxidant–antioxidant status in rabbits

To evaluate the effects of cigarette smoking and biomass (dried dung) smoke on the oxidant–antioxidant status, three groups each with 5 rabbits were used. Groups of rabbits were exposed to either cigarette smoke, dried dung smoke or dry air, 1?h daily for one month. Protein carbonyls, prostaglandin F_2α and malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased and protein sulfhydryls levels were significantly decreased in the cigarette smoke group compared with the control group. Only protein sulfhydryls levels were significantly decreased in dung group compared with the control group. Short course exposure to both cigarette smoke and biomass smoke decreased plasma antioxidant levels but only cigarette smoke increased plasma oxidant levels, whereas biomass smoke did not produce any change.     

Use of total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol as an independent biomarker to classify smoking status

Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke are needed. The objective of this study was to develop total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) as a biomarker of tobacco smoke independent of serum cotinine. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to estimate cut-off points on NNAL scale to differentiate participants in various classes of smoking status. A cut-off of 13.4 pg/mL for NNAL differentiated smokers from nonsmokers with a specificity and sensitivity of 92%. NNAL can be used as an independent biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke with high specificity and sensitivity.     

Smoke alleviates adverse effects induced by stress on rice

Smoke and salinity are environmental hazards. Smoke produced DNA damage, inflammatory, and oxidative stress in humans while salinity reduced plant yield. However, smoke from plants is beneficial towards plant growth. In this study, smoke of two plants, Buhania varegata (1:1000 and 1:5000 dilutions (v/v)) and Cymbopogon jwarancusa (1:500 and 1:1000), were used to determine effects on different physiological and biochemical parameters in rice Basmati-385 (B-385) and Shaheen Basmati under different saline concentrations (control: 50, 100, and 150 mM). With increasing salinity, germination%, seedling growth, K⁺, Ca⁺, cell membrane stability, and total nitrogen and protein contents were decreased while Na⁺ content increased. However, seeds primed with different dilution of smoke significantly diminished the adverse effects of salinity and shown to produce positive responses in all of the above parameters. The most effective dilutions were 1:5000 for Buhania varegata and C-500 for Cymbopogon jwarancusa. It seems that priming with plant smoke solution is a potent stimulant for plant growth exerting a significant role in physiology and biochemistry of rice plants under saline condition.     

大气污染控制中高梯度磁分离技术的研究与应用

本文概述了高梯度磁分离技术在燃煤脱硫除灰、烟气除尘方面的应用与研究进展以及超导磁分离技术在燃煤脱硫方面的研究，并展望了超导磁分离技术在环境保护中的应用前景。