上海市居民区与工业区大气颗粒物重金属生物可给性与健康风险评估

采用具有代表性的体外模拟呼吸系统Gamble方法研究上海市两大功能区——工业区、居民区不同大气颗粒物包括PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中重金属生物可给性和健康风险.结果表明,两大功能区大气颗粒物中均检出重金属Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd,其浓度从高到低依次为:ZnPbCuMnNi≈CrCd,工业区大气颗粒物中重金属Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均浓度均高于居民区,且两大功能区PM_(10)中重金属浓度均大于PM_(2.5).居民区大气颗粒物中Cu和Ni的生物可给性低于工业区,Mn和Pb的生物可给性高于工业区,而Zn、Cr和Cd的生物可给性在两大功能区则较为接近,且PM_(2.5)中重金属生物可给性高于PM_(10).成人致癌风险高于儿童,非致癌风险低于儿童.其中Cr和Cd的致癌风险较低,Ni的致癌风险可忽略.除去Pb元素,其余重金属元素均表现为工业区非致癌风险高于或接近于居民区,不同重金属的非致癌风险值大小为:PbCdZn≈CrCuNiMn,均远小于1,可忽略.但是,Pb的人体健康风险相对其他重金属较高,Cd在大气颗粒物中的重金属浓度较低,但非致癌风险值相对较高,也应当引起重视.     

冬季河南省若干城市室内灰尘中重金属的健康风险

大气沉降是室内灰尘的重要来源.本研究于2017年1—2月采集了河南省12个城市的室内灰尘样品共48个,并按照取样城市的空间分布探讨了重金属(Ni、Cu、Zn、Mn、Co、Cr、As、Ag、Cd、Pb)污染的南北差异(以黄河为界).运用地积累指数法对其进行污染评价.应用美国EPA人体暴露风险模型进行健康风险评价.结果表明,豫南城市室内灰尘中重金属除Pb以外平均浓度均显著高于豫北城市.豫南城市重金属平均浓度表现为Zn Mn Cr Ni Pb As Cu Co Cd Ag,浓度大小依次是306.7、249.2、223.3、116.9、55.7、41.6、30.3、7.0、1.8、1.3 mg·kg-1,而豫北城市重金属浓度表现为Zn Mn Pb Cr As Ni Cu Co Cd Ag,浓度大小依次是200.7、179.4、85.4、48.7、22.9、22.1、21.4、4.4、2.6、0.7 mg·kg-1.地累积指数结果显示Cd在豫南和豫北城市均是重污染和极重污染,而Ag在豫南城市是重污染和极重污染.豫南城市室内灰尘中4种致癌重金属的致癌风险大小依次为Cr As Ni Cd,6种非致癌重金属的非致癌风险大小依次为Zn Mn Cu Pb Co Ag;豫北城市室内灰尘中致癌重金属的致癌风险依次为Cr As Ni Cd,非致癌重金属的非致癌风险依次为ZnMn Pb Cu Co Ag.     

南昌市道路尘PM2.5中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

为了解南昌市道路尘PM_(2.5)中重金属元素的分布特征和健康风险,利用颗粒物再悬浮采样器采集了道路尘中的PM_(2.5)样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪测定了样品中11种重金属元素的含量.结果表明,道路尘PM_(2.5)中Mn、Zn、Cr、Cu、Pb、V、As、Ni、Co、Cd和Hg的平均含量分别为1014、208.17、106.47、102.40、62.12、39.59、28.93、24.07、7.86、0.58、0.53 mg·kg~(-1),除V和Co外均大于南昌市土壤元素背景值,整体上次干道和支路的金属含量会高于主干道重金属的含量,比国内外其他城市相对要低.地累积指数结果显示,Cd、Hg、Cu、Mn和Zn处于偏中度污染,As和Pb属于轻度污染,其余元素处于无污染水平.日均暴露剂量表明,Mn在儿童的非致癌日均暴露剂量最高(摄食:2.83×10~(-3) mg·(kg·d)~(-1),呼吸吸入:2.50×10~(-7) mg·(kg·d)~(-1),皮肤接触:6.87×10~(-6) mg·(kg·d)~(-1)),经口摄食是人体暴露的主要途径,Cr的终身暴露剂量最高(儿童:8.63×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1),成年男性:9.12×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1),成年女性:8.12×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1)).11种重金属对儿童、成年女性和成年男性的非致癌风险值之和分别为0.58,0.19和0.17,小于可接受风险值1.0,As、Cr、Mn是主要贡献元素;5种致癌元素(Cr、As、Co、Ni和Cd)经呼吸途径对人体的总致癌风险值均小于可接受水平10~(-6),成年男性(4.29×10~(-7))略高于儿童(4.06×10~(-7))和成年女性(3.82×10~(-7)),Cr和As是主要贡献元素.     

厦门大气PM_(2.5)中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价

通过在厦门市鼓浪屿、洪文和湖里进行冬夏两季的PM_(2.5)环境样品采集,利用能量色散X射线荧光分析仪分析了其中16种元素(Al、Si、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn、Sb、Ba和Pb)的浓度,对其时空变化特征和重金属的健康风险评价进行了研究.结果表明,Al、Si、Ca、Ti和Fe等地壳元素浓度较高,其浓度值冬高夏低.受区域功能和排放影响,所测元素浓度湖里点最高(2.12μg·m-3),鼓浪屿最低(1.15μg·m-3).富集因子计算结果表明,地壳元素中Ca富集因子为43,与建材类物质输入有关.受工业排放、机动车和船舶排放影响,重金属元素富集因子普遍高于100,特别是Cu、Zn、Cd、Sn和Sb的富集因子高达103—104.PMF源解析结果表明,厦门PM_(2.5)中元素来自于地壳源、机动车源、工业源、船舶源和燃煤源.重金属元素的暴露剂量、非致癌风险和致癌风险等计算结果显示,Zn暴露剂量最大(儿童:1.23×10-7mg·(kg·d)-1,成人:0.53×10-7mg·(kg·d)-1),Mn非致癌暴露风险最高(儿童:1.20×10-3,成人:5.18×10-4),Cr致癌暴露风险最高(儿童:1.80×10-7,成人:7.76×10-8).相应的暴露风险为冬高夏低,湖里点最高,鼓浪屿最低.总体来看,重金属的非致癌暴露风险和致癌暴露风险均远小于判断标准,表明厦门PM_(2.5)中重金属元素不存在明显的非致癌和致癌健康风险.     

荥阳市春秋季观测期间颗粒物中重金属健康风险评价

为研究荥阳市2017春秋两季观测期间颗粒物中重金属的浓度特征及其在不同暴露途径下对人体的健康风险,采集大气中的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),使用电感耦合等离子质谱仪ICP-MS对颗粒物中重金属浓度(Co、Cu、Zn、As、Cr、Pb)进行测定.结果表明,春、秋季的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的浓度均值分别为95.01μg·m~(-3)、149.03μg·m~(-3)和61.61μg·m~(-3)、108.61μg·m~(-3). PM_(2.5)浓度最高比《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)规定的一级浓度限值高5.71倍,PM_(10)比其一级浓度限值高6.42倍,比二级浓度限值高1.47倍.健康风险评价表明,在呼吸暴露途径下,PM_(10)中Cr元素在春季对成人有一定致癌风险,在秋季则对成人和儿童均存在致癌风险,且秋季As、Cr、Co的危险指数高达4.2,存在显著非致癌风险;皮肤接触途径下,PM_(10)中Cr元素在春季对儿童和成人均有致癌风险,秋季则主要是对成人存在致癌风险;口入途径下,秋季PM_(2.5)中As元素对儿童有潜在致癌风险,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中重金属元素整体在两个季节对儿童均有显著非致癌风险.     

贵阳市冬季PM_(2.5)中典型重金属元素的化学形态分析与健康风险评价

为了更准确地研究重金属的生物有效性和对环境与人体的潜在生态危害,采用改进BCR法分析了贵阳市冬季PM_(2.5)中Cu、Mn、Co、Cd、Pb这5种重金属元素的化学形态,并评价了它们的生物有效性和健康风险。结果表明:不同重金属元素形态分布存在差异,Cu主要是弱酸溶态,其次是可氧化态;Mn主要是弱酸溶态,其次是残渣态;Co没有检测出可还原态,而在其他3种形态分布比较平均;Pb和Cd绝大部分都是弱酸溶态。生物有效性系数(K)分析结果表明:重金属生物有效性强弱顺序为CdPbMnCuCo,其中Cd和Pb的K0.8,属于生物可利用性元素;Mn、Cu、Co的K值在0.4~0.7之间,属于潜在生物可利用性元素。健康风险评价表明:成人的致癌风险比儿童大,尤其Cd对成年人存在潜在的致癌风险,且成年男性高于成年女性;Mn存在潜在非致癌风险,且对儿童的风险最大。     

厦门市郊区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中重金属的形态特征及生物可利用性研究

开展气溶胶中重金属形态特征及其生物可利用性的研究有利于探析大气重金属污染物在环境中的迁移规律,进一步评估大气重金属的环境和健康毒理效应。基于此,该研究采用BCR连续提取法结合ICP-MS测定了厦门市集美区2014年4月至2015年3月为期1年的PM_(2.5)、PM_(2.5~10)(粒径大小在2.5~10μm之间的颗粒物)及其中不同形态金属Al、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的含量。结果发现集美区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)年平均质量浓度分别为(50.52±20.48)和(82.48±22.42)μg·m-3,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值稳定在40%~70%之间,二者的质量浓度和比值均呈现冬春季高、夏秋季低的季节变化趋势。重金属形态特征结果显示集美区PM_(2.5)、PM_(2.5~10)中的Al、Cr、As的存在形态以残渣态为主;金属Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb则大量存在于弱酸提取态中,其来源受人为影响显著。这些金属中Pb和Cd的富集系数(EF)和生物利用有效系数(K)最高,易迁移进入生物体内,毒性危害高。生物有效性和形态特征分析结果表明随着气溶胶粒径的减小,非残渣态的重金属含量增高,K值变大,可迁移转化能力增强,说明PM_(2.5)中的重金属对生物的毒性高于PM_(2.5~10)中的,该现象应引起重     

高速公路PM_(2.5)中重金属季节变化特征及健康风险评估

以往的研究较多关注于城市环境空气PM_(2.5)的重金属污染特征和健康风险,而以交通源为主的相关分析较为匮乏。为探索高速公路环境空气PM_(2.5)中重金属季节变化特征,评价高速公路工作人员健康风险,于2018年3-10月分4次集中采集南昌市周边3条高速公路(昌樟、昌铜和温厚)服务区、收费站中环境空气的PM_(2.5)样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)监测了PM_(2.5)中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr和Ni)质量浓度,分析其季节变化特征,并利用地累积指数法(Igeo)、美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型,对环境空气PM_(2.5)中6种重金属的污染特征及人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明高速公路服务区和收费站环境空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的季节变化特征表现为春季秋季夏季,PM_(2.5)中不同重金属元素质量浓度的季节变化表现出显著性差异。总体上,不同季节PM_(2.5)中重金属质量浓度表现为ZnPbCrCuNiCd,其中Cr的平均质量浓度为4.07×10~(-2)μg·m~(-3),远高于城市水平。地累积指数评价结果表明6种重金属均受到不同程度的交通源污染,其中Zn和Cd的污染程度分级为严重污染,而Cu、Cr和Ni在秋季表现出更为严重的污染程度。健康风险评价结果表明,高速公路收费站和服务区环境空气的PM_(2.5)中重金属不存在非致癌风险,而致癌风险评价中,PM_(2.5)中Cr的致癌风险评价值超过阈值10~(-4),具有致癌风险,Ni的致癌风险评价超过10-5,具有潜在致癌风险。环境空气PM_(2.5)中重金属的污染特征及致癌风险均表现为秋季高于春季和夏季,交通源引起的大气Cr和Ni污染应受到重视。     

北京市怀柔区冬季大气重金属污染状况分析

环境大气中重金属元素通常存在于细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中,对人体健康和生态环境具有潜在威胁.开展大气中重金属的监测对评估其环境健康影响以及针对性控制措施的制定具有重要科学意义和现实意义.本文对北京市怀柔区大气中20种重金属元素于2016年1月19日至3月4日进行了连续现场监测,并分析了大气重金属的污染现状、特征及来源.观测期间大气平均总重金属浓度为0.52μg·m~(-3),约占PM_(2.5)平均浓度(70.3μg·m~(-3)的0.75%,其中以Fe、Zn、Ba、Pb、Mn、Cu、Cd、As浓度较高;在2月8日(大年初一)烟花爆竹燃放高峰期间大气颗粒物中重金属元素浓度明显升高,总重金属浓度最高可达7.94μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)的比例为9%,尤其以Ba、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cr浓度增长最为突出.以Fe作为地壳参比元素,发现怀柔冬季大气中Ni、Mn、Ga、Cr的富集因子小于10,其它元素的富集因子大于10,表明怀柔冬季大气中Ni、Mn、Ga、Cr主要来源于土壤或岩石风化,其它元素则主要来自人为污染源排放.基于怀柔冬季大气中不同重金属变化特征分析,推测Pb、Zn、Hg、Mn、Ni、Se与As共同来源于冬季燃煤采暖以及周围工业园区煤炭燃料燃烧排放,Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Mn和Ba主要来源于烟花爆竹燃放,Cd等元素来源于周围工业园区的工业生产过程.     

煤矿区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)中重金属的污染水平及综合风险评价

为了解京津冀典型煤矿区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中重金属的污染及其风险,于2017年2月、4月、8月、10月在峰峰矿区采集了PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定了样品中13种金属元素的含量。结果显示,(1)采样期间,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度分别为106.5、140μg·m~(-3);PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中的13种重金属元素质量浓度总和分别为20 735.40、21 962.91ng·m~(-3)。(2)综合污染指数评价结果显示,Cd是峰峰矿区首要大气污染元素。(3)健康风险评价显示,峰峰矿区Cr的致癌风险较高,其他元素也存在一定的致癌风险,且致癌风险男性大于女性,但是无非致癌风险。重金属元素的致癌风险与人群的年龄呈正相关,年龄越大,致癌风险越大;非致癌风险在不同人群中表现为儿童成年人老年人。(4)峰峰矿区大气颗粒物中元素的来源受机动车尾气排放、燃煤排放、工业活动以及农业活动的影响。该研究可为量化煤矿区颗粒物中重金属元素对生态及人群的危害提供实用信息,并对当地颗粒物污染的防治具有意义。     

Characteristics,sources and health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> at a megacity of southwest China

Twenty trace elements in fine particulate matters (i.e., PM_2.5) at urban Chengdu, a southwest megacity of China, were determined to study the characteristics, sources and human health risk of particulate toxic heavy metals. This work mainly focused on eight toxic heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). The average concentration of PM_2.5 was 165.1 ± 84.7 µg m^?3 during the study period, significantly exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (35 µg m^?3 in annual average). The particulate heavy metal pollution was very serious in which Cd and As concentrations in PM_2.5 significantly surpassed the WHO standard. The enrichment factor values of heavy metals were typically higher than 10, suggesting that they were mainly influenced by anthropogenic sources. More specifically, the Cr, Mn and Ni were slightly enriched, Cu was highly enriched, while As, Cd, Pb and Zn were severely enriched. The results of correlation analysis showed that Cd may come from metallurgy and mechanical manufacturing emissions, and the other metals were predominately influenced by traffic emissions and coal combustion. The results of health risk assessment indicated that As, Mn and Cd would pose a significant non-carcinogenic health risk to both children and adults, while Cr would cause carcinogenic risk. Other toxic heavy metals were within a safe level.     

Metals and metalloids in PM10 in Nandan County,Guangxi, China,and the health risks posed

Intense mining, smelting, and tailing activities of polymetallic ore deposits have affected the environment in Nandan County, Guangxi, China. Samples of particulates with aerodynamic diameters low or equal 10 μm (PM₁₀) were collected in Nandan County to investigate the concentrations of and health risks posed by 17 metals and metalloids in the PM₁₀. The metal and metalloid concentrations were lower than those found in other industrial cities. The mean Cr concentration was 7.48 ng/m³. Significant higher metal and metalloid concentrations were found in PM₁₀ from mining areas (Dachang and Chehe) than from the control area (Liuzhai) (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources of Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mo, Na, and Sr were resuspension of the soil produced through mineral erosion, the main sources of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn were smelting and mining activities, and the main source of Ni was fossil fuel combustion. Higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were posed in Dachang and Chehe than in Liuzhai. The non-carcinogenic risks posed to adults and children by individual metals and metalloids in PM₁₀ at all the sites were low, but the non-carcinogenic risks posed to children by all the metals and metalloids together exceeded the safe level (i.e., risk value > 1). The carcinogenic risks posed by Cd, Ni, and Pb were negligible at all sites, while As, Co, and Cr posed potential carcinogenic risks to the residents.

     

Study on particulate and metallic elements variation at daytime and nighttime period in urban atmosphere

Daily PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10 and TSP have been collected by Universal and PS‐1 sampler simultaneously at a site within Taichung between February and March 1999. The filters were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the elemental analysis of Ca, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr. In general, the concentration of these metallic elements are higher in fine particles than in coarse particles. On average, PM₁₀ accounted for 67% of the TSP at daytime, while at nighttime PM₁₀ accounted for only 44% of the TSP. For PM_2.5, PM₂._5–10 and TSP concentrations, there were no significant differences between day and night period. The averaged concentrations of metallic elements in PM_2.5 at daytime were all higher than that at nighttime. Ca, Fe and Zn have large and variable PM_2.5 concentrations at both daytime and nighttime. For the daytime Zn and Pb account for the largest portion of the heavy metal elements. For the nighttime, Zn and Cr make the largest portion of the heavy metal elements. The concentrations of Mn were higher on fine particulates. The trace metals Cu and Cr in Taichung are probably due to particulates emitted by Taichung Fire Power Plants transported into the sampling area by the prevailing northwesterly wind.     

内蒙古呼和浩特市大气TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的健康风险评价

于2012—2013年6月和12月采集了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物样品,用GC-MS分析测定其中16种PAHs的浓度,并用苯并(a)芘(Ba P)致癌、致突变等效浓度、终身致癌超额危险度和预期寿命损失3个指标评价了内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs的人群健康风险。结果显示:内蒙古呼和浩特市大气颗粒物TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人、儿童的日均暴露剂量范围分别为0.71×10~(-6)~2.01×10~(-6)、0.45×10~(-6)~1.28×10~(-6)和0.31×10~(-6)~2.41×10~(-6)、0.19×10~(-6)~1.15×10~(-6)mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的终身致癌超额危险度范围分别为2.21×10~(-6)~6.24×10~(-6)、1.41×10~(-6)~3.97×10~(-6)和0.95×10~(-6)~7.47×10~(-6)、0.60×10~(-6)~4.75×10~(-6),终身致癌超额危险度均处于可接受水平范围内(10-4~10~(-6))。TSP和PM_(10)中PAHs对成人和儿童的预期寿命损失范围分别为13.74~38.78、8.752~24.70和5.88~46.39、3.74~29.54 min。     

Contamination levels and human health risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in street dust in an industrial city in Northwest China

This study investigated the content, distribution, and contamination levels of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in street dust in Lanzhou, an industrial city in Northwest China. Meanwhile, the risk these metals posed to the urban ecosystem and human health was also evaluated using the potential ecological risk index and human exposure model. Results showed that concentrations of these metals in the dust are higher than the background value of local soil, with Cu having the highest levels. The districts of Anning and Xigu had the most extreme levels of contamination, while Chengguan and Qilihe districts were lightly contaminated, which can be partly attributed to human activities and traffic densities. In comparison with the concentrations of selected metals in other cities, the concentrations of heavy metals in Lanzhou were generally at moderate or low levels. Heavy metal concentration increased with decreasing dust particle size. The pollution indices of Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were in the range of 0.289–2.09, 0.332–2.15, 1.38–6.21, 0.358–2.59, and 0.560–1.83 with a mean of 1.37, 1.49, 3.18, 1.48, and 0.897, respectively. The geo-accumulation index (I _geo) suggested that Zn in street dust was of geologic origin, while Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu were significantly impacted by anthropogenic sources. The comprehensive pollution index showed that urban dust poses a high potential ecological risk in Lanzhou. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects due to exposure to urban street dust were assessed for both children and adults. For non-carcinogenic effects, ingestion appeared to be the main route of exposure to dust particles and thus posed a higher health risk to both children and adults for all metals, followed by dermal contact. Hazard index values for all studied metals were lower than the safe level of 1, and Cr exhibited the highest risk value (0.249) for children, suggesting that the overall risk from exposure to multiple metals in dust is low. The carcinogenic risk for Cd and Cr was all below the acceptable level (< 10⁻⁶).

     

Modelling concentrations of airborne primary and secondary PM10 and PM2.5 with the BelEUROS-model in Belgium

The Eulerian Chemistry-Transport Model BelEUROS was used to calculate the concentrations of airborne PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 over Europe. Both primary as well as secondary particulate matter in the respirable size-range was taken into account. Especially PM_2.5 aerosols are often formed in the atmosphere from gaseous precursor compounds. Comprehensive computer codes for the calculation of gas phase chemical reactions and thermodynamic equilibria between compounds in the gas-phase and the particulate phase had been implemented into the BelEUROS-model. Calculated concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are compared to observations, including both the spatial and daily, temporal distribution of particulate matter in Belgium for certain monitoring locations and periods. The concentrations of the secondary compounds ammonium, nitrate and sulfate have also been compared to observed values. BelEUROS was found to reproduce the observed concentrations rather well. The model was applied to assess the contribution of emissions derived from the sector agriculture in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium, to PM₁₀- and PM_2.5-concentrations. The results demonstrate the importance of ammonia emissions in the formation of secondary particulate matter. Hence, future European emission abatement policy should consider more the role of ammonia in the formation of secondary particles.     

运动及不同浓度PM2.5滴注对大鼠糖代谢部分酶活性的影响

为了探讨一次性递增负荷运动及不同浓度细颗粒物(PM2.5)暴露对大鼠己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)-丙酮酸激酶(pyruvatekinase,PK)及异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitratedehydrogenase,IDH)活性影响的机制,将30只雄性Wistar SPF(Specific Pathogen Free,SPF)大鼠随机分为安静(QC)、运动对照组(EC)、低剂量PM2.5+运动组(LPE)、中剂量PM2.5+运动组(MPE)、高剂量PM2.5+运动组(HPE),采用一次性气管滴注染毒后进行递增负荷跑台训练,并通过酶联免疫法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定大鼠血清及肝脏组织HK,PK,IDH活性。结果表明,与安静组相比,运动对照组HK,PK酶活性下降,IDH活性升高,差异有统计学意义(p0.01)。和EC组相比,LPE,MPE,HPE组各组织中HK,PK,IDH活性均下降,差异有统计学意义(p0.05或p0.01)。实验表明,运动可以降低大鼠的HK,PK活性而增强IDH活性;随着浓度的增加,HK,PK,IDH活性与PM2.5暴露剂量具有相关性降低。     

大气PM2.5中重金属的化学形态分布

运用多级连续提取法,对广州市不同季节不同采样高度大气PM2.5中重金属的化学形态和生物有效性进行分析。研究表明,PM2.5中各重金属元素之间的化学形态分布差异较大,Zn、Cd、As、Mn主要分布在F1(可溶态与可交换态)和F2(碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态),绝大部分的Pb以F2存在,Ni和Mo主要分布在F1和F3(有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态),Cu主要以F2和F3存在,Cr主要分布在F3和F4(残渣态),Co则4种形态平均分布。采样高度对重金属的化学形态分布影响不大,同一采样期内楼顶与地面样品中同一元素的化学形态分布结果比较一致。两个采样季节重金属的形态百分比存在不同程度的变化,2007年春重金属的不稳定态(F1)比例比2006年秋普遍增加,次稳定态(F2、F3)比例减少。在10种重金属中,Cd、Zn、Pb和As的生物有效性系数高(>0.7),属于生物可利用性元素,在环境中的活动性要明显高于其它元素;Mn、Cu、Mo、Co、Ni和Cr元素的生物有效性系数值在0.2～0.6之间,属于潜在生物有效性元素,在环境中比较稳定。     

贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水重金属污染物季节性特征及潜在健康风险评价

以贵阳市西郊水厂2014年3月和7月所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物检测数据为基础,进行了季节性特征分析,并采用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行了潜在健康风险评价。结果表明,贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属的浓度均符合国家饮用水卫生标准;重金属污染物的浓度随季节呈现出不同的特征,汞、锌、硒、钼和钡5种重金属的平均浓度呈现枯水期高于丰水期的特征,而铅、铜、锰和镍4种重金属正好相反,砷浓度的季节性特征不显著;成年人的年平均致癌风险显著大于儿童,但两者年平均非致癌风险接近;儿童和成年人2类人群经口暴露途径的健康风险值均大于皮肤暴露,其中致癌风险分别在2.49×10-6~9.16×10-6和3.26×10-8~9.59×10-8之间,非致癌风险在2.29×10-8~3.20×10-8和1.85×10-10~4.14×10-10之间,且致癌风险均大于非致癌风险。贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物致癌风险和非致癌风险均未超过最大可接受水平,未对该供水区居民的健康造成威胁。