碟形沼泽湿地水中氮的动态变化及影响因素分析

通过对三江平原碟形湿地不同植被类型沼泽水体中氮含量的研究表明,漂筏苔草、毛果苔草和乌拉苔草沼泽水体中各形态氮含量具有明显的季节变化特征.总氮(TN)含量在5-10月份的植物生长季节表现为先增加后降低的趋势,不同植被类型沼泽水体TN含量明显不同.NH4+-N是无机氮的主要存在形态,含量比例在44.81%～98.89%之间.在整个生长季,乌拉苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,毛果苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量在8月份具有峰值,漂筏苔草沼泽水NH4+-N含量较低,波动不大.硝态氮(NO3--N)在生长季中期含量较低,而亚硝态氮(NO2--N)含量较高;生长季末期NO3--N含量增高,而NO2--N含量降低.沼泽水体中不同形态氮浓度与植被类型、植被生长阶段密切相关,并且受到水温、降雨、蒸发、农田排水等因素的影响.     

黔中黄壤坡耕地区域降水及其氮磷输入特征

黄壤坡耕地不仅具有“黏、酸、瘦”的特点,而且水土、养分流失普遍严重,引起一系列农业面源污染环境问题。以黔中黄壤坡耕地氮磷流失长期定位监测基地为平台,于2008─2012年连续5年进行观测,研究了降水及氮磷湿沉降浓度、总量及季节性变化等特征,探明了降雨带入的氮磷养分对黄壤坡耕地养分流失的贡献,为农业生产、农业面源污染防治对策提供科学依据。结果表明：2008─2012年间,年降雨次数变幅为46~109次,年均64次;年降雨量变幅为558.4~901.5 mm,年均695.7 mm;频次降雨量变幅为6.5~15.5 mm,平均10.9 mm。5年湿沉降TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、TP浓度变幅,分别为1.57~3.31、0.17~0.79、0.10~0.94和0.06~0.48 mol·L-1,平均值分别为1.91、0.42、0.28、0.14 mol·L-1,均与降水量呈负相关,但未达到显著水平;5年湿沉降TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、TP输入量变幅,分别为11.19~18.47、0.96~5.47、1.22~6.65和0.42~1.34 kg·hm-2·a-1,平均值分别为14.32、3.37、2.77、1.09 kg·hm-2·a-1,TN、TP输入量与降雨量呈正相关(相关系数分别为0.774、0.707,P值分别为0.0003、0.0015)。输入量季节性变化5─8月最为集中,5─7月TN输入量为6.95 kg·hm-2,占全年TN输入量的比例高达51.1%;6─8月TP输入量为0.49 kg·hm-2,占全年TP输入量的比例高达47.4%,即冬、春季较低,夏、秋季较高。湿沉降TN、TP输入量相当于当地施肥投入的氮、磷素总量的7.54%、1.14%,因此在农业生产中制定施肥方案时,可考虑坡耕地湿沉降养分的输入,尤其是氮养分的输入。     

农田生态系统大气氮、硫湿沉降通量的观测研究

2007年10月至2008年9月,借助自动降雨收集器(APS-2A)及自动气象观测站(VSALA-M52),在中国科学院红壤生态实验站(江西鹰潭)农田区内定位采集雨水样本,探讨了大气氮、硫湿沉降特征,估算了大气氮、硫的湿沉降向农田生态系统的输入通量.结果表明,雨水中氮、硫素的月质量浓度变异较大,全氮(T-N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和硫(SO_4~(2-)-S)的月质量浓度,即ρ(T-N)、ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(NO_3~-N)和ρ(SO_4~(2-)S)分别为1.09～7.84、0.64~6.25、0.34～1.83和0.95～7.64mg·L~(-1),均与降水呈负相关,其中ρ(T-N)、ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(SO_4~(2-)-S)与降水的相关性达到比较显著水平(n=11,p<0.10).湿沉降月通量F(T-N)、F(NI_4~+N)、F(NO_3~--N)和F(SO_4~(2-)-S)分别为1.0～7.84、0.64～6.25、0.17～1.54和1.22～9.15 kg·hm~(-2),均与降水呈正相关,其中F(T-N)、F(NH_4~+-N)和F(SO_4~(2-)-S)与降水的相关性均达到显著水平(n=11,p<0.05).季节上,雨水氮、硫浓度及湿沉降氮、硫通量均呈冬春>夏秋的特性.湿沉降向农田生态系统输入N 35.94 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和S45.93 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),其中NH4~+-N的年沉降通量为22.92 kg·hm~(-2),占湿沉降氮总量的63.75%.     

大连市区大气氮湿沉降研究

雨水的主要成分是水并含有低浓度的含氮化合物,降落在春夏秋3季的雨水对植物生长有一定的影响.雨水除满足植物生理生态需水外,也为植物提供了一定的氮营养.确定雨水中的含氮量多少时空分布状况对植物生长状况的影响不论从环境科学还是植物生长科学都有一定的意义.通过2009—2010年对位于我国辽东半岛最南端的大连市区的雨水连续收集,利用流动分析仪测定雨水中的活性氮化合物含量及变化趋势,可能对生态环境有一定的影响.结果表明:两年的降雨次数分别为34和51次,降雨量分别为687.55和630.22 mm,介于常年年平均降雨量(550~950 mm)的范围内.雨水的总含氮量分别为22.94和41.65 kg·hm-2,总无机含氮量分别为17.67和18.67 kg·hm-2,其中,前1年铵态氮和硝态氮的通量分别为7.99和9.68 kg·hm-2;后1年铵态氮和硝态氮的通量分别为7.72和10.95 kg·hm-2,降雨量大的7和8月份氮沉降通量大,氮沉降通量的变化趋势与降雨量一致.降氮强度各月分布不均,2年的月平均值分别为0.42和0.55 mg·L-1·h-1,总氮的沉降强度按季节排序为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季.随降雨沉降的活性氮化合物可以作为植物生长的氮源,每年平均沉降的总氮相当于使用69.15 kg·hm-2的尿素.一般来说雨水中的无机氮化合物能被植物直接利用,含量多少对不同生态系统产生不同的影响;在农田生态系统有利于作物和杂草的生长,在江河湖海边缘有利于植被的生长,产生富营养化.大连市区2年的月平均降氮质量浓度为4.90 mg·L-1,已远远超出富营养水体中氮质量浓度的阈值,周边水体存在富营养化的隐患.     

洞庭湖浮游植物增长的限制性营养元素研究

近20年水质监测资料表明,洞庭湖水体富营养化日趋严重。洞庭湖水体主要污染物为氮和磷,而营养盐赋存形态及其含量对浮游植物生长的影响在洞庭湖尚未见报道。2011年9月至2012年8月对洞庭湖浮游植物生物量及主要营养盐赋存形态与含量进行监测,同时利用藻类增长的生物学（NEB）评价方法对限制浮游植物增长的营养盐进行了研究,并分析了浮游植物生物量与各营养元素之间的相关性。结果表明：洞庭湖主要污染物总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的年平均值分别为1.90 mg·L-1和0.093 mg·L-1,溶解态无机氮（DIN）平均占ρ（TN）比例为87%,溶解态总磷（DTP）平均占ρ（TP）比例为70%。洞庭湖水体中,DIN是TN的主要贡献者,且不同形态DIN的贡献大小依次为ρ（NO3--N）〉ρ（NH4＋-N）〉ρ（NO2--N）;磷形态组成中,TP主要以溶解反应性磷（SRP）存在。春季洞庭湖水体中ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）较高,这一结果可能源于春季面源污染。洞庭湖水体中ρ（Chla）与氮显著正相关,与磷显著负相关。NEB 实验结果表明氮对洞庭湖浮游植物生长有明显的促进作用,其幅度随氮浓度的增加而加强,而磷对浮游植物的生长影响不大,有时出现抑制作用,硝态氮与磷之间不存在交互作用。因此,氮可能是洞庭湖浮游植物增长的主要限制性营养因子,这一研究暗示在洞庭湖富营养化控制过程中应特别注重氮的控制。     

河套灌区地下水氮污染状况

河套灌区浅层地下水氮浓度和地下水埋深的季节变化规律调查结果表明:3月地下水NO3--N和TN浓度显著高于5、7和9月,地下水埋深也比5月和7月深。不同类型的井水N浓度差异较大:农田与庭院的井水NO3--N浓度显著高于村庄附近的井水,而NH4+-N和TN则表现为庭院井水浓度显著高于农田和村庄。地下水氮形态以NO3--N为主,全年17.1%的水井地下水NO3--N浓度高于10 mg.L-1,最高达184.4 mg.L-1。在灌溉量和其他生产条件相同的情况下,沙壕渠试验站农场内施肥区井水NO3--N浓度[(17.55±15.02)mg.L-1]明显高于未施肥区[(7.67±4.48)mg.L-1],且65.5%的水样NO3--N浓度超过WHO规定的生活饮用水NO3--N浓度上限值(10 mg.L-1),而未施肥区仅有27.6%的水样超标。井水NO3--N的来源主要为农田氮肥与动物粪肥,当地地下水NO3--N污染已不容忽视。     

不同施肥水平下菜地径流氮磷流失特征

研究施肥对菜地径流氮、磷流失的影响,对控制水体富营养化有重要意义。采用田间小区监测的方法,研究常规施肥、减量施肥1和减量施肥2等三种施肥水平对菜地径流氮磷流失的影响。结果表明,（1）不同施肥水平的径流氮、磷流失浓度均较高,径流TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N的平均流失质量浓度分别在20.5~34、2.2~2.4、6.3~9.5 mg L-1之间,径流TP、DP的平均流失质量浓度分别在7.7~11.1、2.1~2.4 mg L-1之间,菜地土壤径流氮、磷流失风险较大。（2）减量施肥可明显降低径流TN和NO3--N的流失浓度,与当地常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别降低径流TN流失浓度的40%、32%和NO3--N流失浓度的23%、35%,而减量施肥对径流TP、DP的流失浓度影响不大。（3）不同施肥水平的径流TN、NO3--N流失负荷分别在5.8~7.6、1.6~2.3 kg hm-2之间,与常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别减少TN、NO3--N流失负荷的24%、19%和11%、29%。不同施肥水平的径流TP、DP流失负荷分别在1.7~2.9、2.5~2.7 kg hm-2之间,减量施肥并不能减少径流TP、DP的流失负荷。     

大气CO2浓度增高对农田土壤硝化活性的影响

利用中国唯一的FACE(Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高)平台,研究大气CO2浓度增高对农田土壤硝化活性的影响.位于无锡的中国稻麦轮作农田生态系统FACE试验平台于2001年6月开始运行,设有FACE与Ambient(普通空气对照)2个处理,FACE区CO2浓度比Ambient区高200 μmol·mol-1,每个处理含低氮与常氮2个氮肥水平.在轮作水稻和小麦各3季之后,发现大气CO2浓度增高下,常氮水平上土壤的NO3--N质量分数降低,NH4+-N质量分数增高;而低氮水平上土壤的NO3--N质量分数增高,NH4+-N质量分数没有显著差异.然后分别在土壤样品中加入NH4+-N,好气培养42 d后通过测定土壤中的NO3--N、NO2--N总质量分数来研究土壤的硝化活性.结果显示,不管在CO2浓度增高下还是对照条件下,增加氮肥施用量均增强了土壤的硝化活性;且与对照相比,大气CO2浓度增高在常氮水平上降低了土壤的硝化活性,在低氮水平上却增强了土壤的硝化活性,说明大气CO2浓度增高对农田土壤硝化活性的影响与N肥供应水平有关.     

模拟氮沉降对土壤酸化和土壤盐基离子含量的影响

在温室内对1年生盆栽杉木幼苗进行模拟试验,以研究氮沉降对土壤酸化和土壤盐基离子含量的影响.以NH4NO3为外加氮源,设置5种处理,分别为N0(对照,0 g m-2 a-1,以N计,下同)、N1(6 g m-2 a-1)、N2(12 g m-2 a-1)、N3(24 g m-2 a-1)和N4(48 g m-2 a-1),每处理重复6次.经过18个月的处理后,对盆栽土壤进行取样分析.结果显示,随着氮沉降量的增加,土壤pH值逐渐下降,而土壤交换性酸度和交换性Al3+则不断增加.经N1、N2、N3和N4处理后,土壤交换性盐基总量分别下降6.29%、8.94%、10.07%和10.38%,土壤阳离子交换量分别下降5.07%、7.27%、8.53%和8.83%.随氮沉降量的增加,土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N含量逐渐增加.低氮处理(N1、N2)使土壤交换性K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量增加,而高氮处理(N3、N4)则呈相反趋势.氮沉降由于增加了土壤活性氮的含量,加速了土壤酸化,从而导致了盐基离子的淋失.图3表3参41     

大气氮湿沉降对青山湖富营养化的影响

针对大气湿沉降氮的区域通量问题,通过2008年春、夏季对临安青山湖区湿沉降中氮素化学形态的分析,揭示了大气氮湿沉降的时间分布特征,通过估算大气氮湿沉降的输入通量,研究湿沉降对湖区水体富营养化的贡献.结果表明,春季青山湖降水总氮浓度范围为(1.30±0.02)—(9.80±0.85)mg.L-1,其中铵态氮占总氮比例最高,为40.7%,硝态氮和有机氮的比例分别为33.5%和25.8%;雨水氮浓度随着降雨强度的增大呈显著下降趋势,铵态氮和硝态氮所占的比例随着降雨的进行会逐渐升高,而有机氮的比例却有不断降低的趋势;青山湖春季大气氮沉降负荷为6.64 kg.hm-2,雨水中平均的氮浓度为(4.86±0.65)mg.L-1,严重超过了水体富营养化0.2 mg.L-1的阈值,对青山湖水生生态系统造成潜在的威胁.     

Cadmium,copper, and zinc in carrots in Japan

Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in carrots obtained from different regions throughout Japan were assessed in a baseline study on the contents of trace metals in foods. These three metals were measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The geometric mean contents (with one geometric standard deviation indicated in parentheses) of Cd, Cu, and Zn were 0.02 (2.2), 0.7 (2.1), and 2.4 (1.6) mg?kg^?1 wet weight in carrots obtained in Japan. While there was a close relationship among the contents of the three metals in the carrots grown in Cambisols and Gleysols, a significant relationship was recognized only between the contents of Cd and Zn in those grown in Andosols and Fluvic Gleysols. Cd and Zn are classified as 2B metals in the periodic table of elements, and the authors speculate that the similarity of the metal characteristics between Cd and Zn may be responsible for the close relationship in the contents of the two metals, with no relation to the soil type.     

Residues of PCDD,PCDF, and PCBs in some marine organisms in Lake Temsah,Ismailia, Egypt

Residues of PCDDs/F, non-ortho, mono-ortho PCBs, and other PCBs were monitored in the tissues of mullet fish, bolti fish, bivalves and crab taken from Lake Temsah, at Ismailia, Egypt.

Results showed that 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDD and 1,2,3,7,8 Penta CDD were the most frequently detected PCDD congeners. Similarly, 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDF, 1,2,3,7,8 Penta CDF and 2,3,4,7,8 Penta CDF were the most frequently detected PCDF congeners. No relationship was apparent between the concentrations of detected PCDDs congeners and the degree of chlorination, except with crab samples in which an increase in the chlorination coincided with a decrease in the concentrations of the congeners.

In PCDF congeners, detected residues have had a reversed relationship with chlorination increase. In PCDD congeners, Octa CDD had the highest detected concentrations in the two fish species, while in the bivalves and crab, 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDD had the highest concentrations. The mullet fish had the highest total PCDDs concentration, at 0.398?pg/g fresh weight, followed by crab at 0.395?pg/g fresh weight, then bivalves and bolti fish at 0.187 and 0.062?pg/g fresh weight, respectively. In all the examined organisms, the total concentrations of PCDFs were much higher than the total concentrations of the PCDD congeners. The WHO–TEQ values were 11.92, 39.12, 25, and 3.6?pg/g fresh weight, for mullet fish, bolti fish, bivlaves and crab, respectively. The concentration of the mono-ortho congeners CB 118 was the highest detected of all non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs congeners, with values of 0.382, 0.022, 0.231 and 0.357?ng/g fresh weight, in mullet fish, bolti fish, bivalves and crab, respectively. The WHO–TEQ concentrations were 0.799, 0.003?pg/g fw, 0.05?pg/g fresh weight, 0.676?pg/g, and 0.799?pg/g fresh weight, for the same species, respectively. The total concentration of PCBs 28, 52, 95, 99, 101, 105, 110, 118, 138, 146, 149, 151, 153, 170, 177, 180, 187 were 6.86?ng/g fresh weight for mullet fish, 0.2?ng/g fresh weight, for bolti fish, 2.72?ng/g fresh weight for bivalves and 2.8?ng/g fresh weight for crab, respectively.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Platinum pollution in road dusts, roadside soils, and tree barks in Seoul, Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8-444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7-221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3-5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4-5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop-start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.     

Platinum pollution in road dusts,roadside soils,and tree barks in Seoul,Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8–444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7–221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3–5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4–5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop–start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.

     

Metal concentration changes in growing Pacific oysters,Crassostrea gigas,cultivated in Tasmania,Australia

Pacific oyster spat (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) transferred from the Tamar Estuary to two growing areas in southern Tasmania were monitored for their metal contents over one growing season (1974–1975). Oysters at Pipeclay Lagoon were grown with stick and tray culture while those at Dart Island were cultured with the longline technique. Metal content of the oysters increased with time and the trend was similar to the weight growth curves. Mean dry weights of oysters increased from 0.07 to 1.19 g at Pipeclay Lagoon and from 0.25 to 1.47 g at Dart Island. Metal contents (g) increased at each site, respectively: Fe 57 to 326; 91 to 446; Zn 259 to 6 555; 755 to 5 335; Cd 1.5 to 13.3; 1.9 to 16.3; Cu 26 to 142; 9 to 116; Pb 1.9 to 11.9; 0.6 to 3.8. Concentration curves generally showed a downward trend with time. The relationships of metal concentrations with weight did not differ from sample to sample at a site nor did they differ at one site compared with the other. The only exception was lead, which showed no relationship of concentration with weight at Pipeclay Lagoon and a negative one at Dart Island. It is postulated that higher winter concentrations of metals in the oysters were linked with greater solubility of metal ions in lower salinity water.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster,Crassostrea Gigas,and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground,Taiwan

Abstract

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^?1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^?1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^?1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster, Crassostrea Gigas, and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground, Taiwan

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^-1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^-1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^-1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.