基于SWAT模型的淠河流域土地利用变化的水文响应模拟

以淮河南岸最大支流——淠河流域为研究区域,采用嵌套入ArcGIS软件的SWAT分布式机理性水文模型定量评估土地利用变化对降水-径流关系的影响.结果表明,1996-2010年淠河流域的土地利用变化主要表现为水田、旱地向建设用地转化以及林地向园地转化.相较于1996年的土地利用情景,2010年土地利用情景下的多年平均径流增加5.87％,年径流的增加主要表现为汛期径流增加,非汛期径流则呈减少趋势,径流量年内变幅加大.对于不同水文年份而言,平水年对土地利用变化的水文响应最明显,变幅最大,枯水年则略大于丰水年,淠河流域的水源涵养能力呈现减退趋势.     

1961─2010年降水和土地利用变化对淮河干流上中游径流的影响

为了研究近50a来降水和土地利用变化对淮河干流上中游径流变化的影响程度,利用逐日径流和降水资料,采用线性趋势、累积距平、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和t检验等统计方法,探讨了淮河干流上中游径流的变化趋势、突变等,并基于双累积曲线,构建了降水-径流关系模型,定量估算了降水和土地利用变化对径流的贡献程度。结果表明,(1)淮河干流上游径流量呈增加趋势,其线性倾向率为0.08×10~8 m~3·a~(-1),而中游呈减少趋势,其线性倾向率为-0.38×10~8 m~3·a~(-1),且中游径流量C_v大于上游;上游和中游降水量均呈增加趋势,其线性倾向率分别为0.34和1.72 mm·a~(-1);径流量的年际波动均大于降水量。(2)上游径流量突变年份为1972年,降水对径流量影响的基准时段为1961-1972年;中游径流量突变年份为1985年,降水对径流量影响的基准时段为1961-1985年。(3)相对于基准时段,降水有利于径流增加,而土地利用变化导致径流减少。(4)土地利用变化是引起径流变化的主导因素,对上游和中游径流量变化的贡献率分别为76%和74%;降水对径流量变化起着次要作用,但其影响也不容忽视。     

植被覆盖变化对衢江流域水文效应的影响

植被覆盖变化影响流域水文循环及水文过程。选择钱塘江流域的一级支流——衢江流域作为研究对象,收集衢江流域植被、气候、土壤、水文和地图资料,基于Arc GIS 10.3平台建立衢江流域SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型。利用SWAT-CUP进行参数敏感性分析,发现土壤蒸发补偿系数、浅层地下水径流系数、基流α系数、浅层地下水蒸发深度阈值、地下水延迟时间和土壤可利用水量6个参数具有较高的敏感性。利用2009—2014年开化和衢州水文观测站实测月径流数据对模拟结果进行校准和验证,获得模型径流模拟的最佳参数。结果表明:率定期和验证期的模拟月径流数据与实测月径流相关系数(r~2)为0.83~0.97,纳什系数(E_(ns))为0.69~0.93,说明模型在衢江流域的模拟效果较好。不同植被覆盖变化情景下水量平衡分析发现,流域内旱地全部转化为林地对地表径流和水量平衡的影响较小;旱地和草地均转化为林地,导致年地表径流量减少12.79 mm,同时增加水分的深层渗漏(12.14 mm);适当增加果园(约5%林地转化为果园)面积不会对流域地表径流和水量平衡产生显著影响;当10%~20%的林地转化为果园时,地表年径流增加了3.86~10.57 mm,水分深层渗漏量减少了4.61~16.46 mm;可见,随着果园面积进一步增加,其对流域水文的影响加剧。因此,山区发展经济林应适度,大面积发展经济林会增加地表径流,减少地下水补给,植被水源涵养功能减弱。研究结果有助于深入认识植被覆盖变化对衢江流域水文效应的影响,同时可为山区林业生产布局和发展提供参考。     

LUCC及气候变化对龙川江流域径流的影响

土地利用与土地覆被变化(Land Use and Land Cover Change,LUCC)及气候变化对流域的径流变化影响巨大。为揭示龙川江流域LUCC和气候变化对径流变化的影响,基于SWAT模型,通过设置不同情景,定量分析了不同土地利用类型和气候要素对流域内径流的影响,并结合RCP4.5、RCP8.5两种气候情景对流域未来径流的变化进行了预估。结果显示,(1)SWAT模型在龙川江流域径流模拟中具有较好的适用性,可用SWAT模型进行流域的径流模拟,率定期的模型参数R~2、Ens分别达到0.73、0.71,验证期的模型参数R~2、Ens分别达到0.75、0.74。(2)从土地利用方面考虑,将农业用地转化为林地或草地,均会导致流域径流量的减少,而将林地转化为草地则会引起流域径流量的增加,农业用地、林地、草地三者对径流增加的贡献大小顺序为农业用地?草地?林地。从气候变化方面考虑,流域径流量与降雨量呈正比,与蒸发量呈反比。(3)2006-2015年间龙川江流域LUCC引起的月均径流增加幅度小于气候变化引起的月均径流减少幅度,龙川江径流的变化由气候变化主导,月均径流量总体上减少1.59 m~3·s~(-1)。(4)预估结果显示,RCP4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下,2021-2050年间龙川江流域径流减少趋势明显,分别为1971-2015年减速的2.65倍、3.43倍。     

尾巨桉人工林小流域降水产流特征分析

研究尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)生长阶段(林龄3.5—5.5 a)所处小流域的降水产流特征,有助于了解桉树生长过程的生态水文效应,对修订桉树人工林经营方案中注重提高生态系统的水源涵养能力有重要参考意义。以广西南宁桉树森林生态系统定位观测研究站(南宁桉树生态站)的闭合尾巨桉林小流域为试验区,在小流域出水口建设1个测流堰,在测流堰附属房的测定池安放1个自动水位计,定位观测小流域2013年5月—2015年4月的地表径流,使用生态站的自动气象观测系统观测降水量和土壤体积含水量,建立降水、土壤含水量和径流的函数关系,分析土壤前期含水量对径流形成和持续的影响。小流域年均降水量1300 mm,以小雨为主,两个年度小雨共计191场,占降水强度等级总场数74%;降水年内分布不均,雨季集中在季夏,占全年降水量的60%以上,冬季降水最少,属于干旱季节;降水产流现象在降水集中的月份才可能出现,2013年5月—2014年4月的径流深为81 mm,径流系数6%,2014年5月—2015年4月的径流深只有9 mm,径流系数仅为0.7%;径流初始时间明显滞后于降水初始,滞后时间与前期土壤含水量密切相关;径流递增率与降水历时呈线性函数关系,径流递减率与径流消退时间呈对数函数关系;降水产流过程经历径流递增期、稳定期和递减期3个阶段。     

三峡水库1956—2017年坝下径流特征分析

采用三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站1956—2017年日径流监测数据和长江上游80个国家气象站年均降水量长系列资料,利用一元线性分析法、滑动平均法、线性趋势回归法、非参数统计检验法、Mann-Kendall秩次相关、累积距平法和滑动T检验法分析三峡工程运行前后坝下径流的变化特征,其成果可为三峡工程调度提供参考。结果表明:三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站径流量变化趋势具有显著阶段性。三峡水库蓄水运行前宜昌水文站径流量和上游降水量相关性超过90%,该时期径流量主要受上游天然来水影响。三峡水库运行后,径流量主要受人类活动影响。宜昌水文站径流年际变化减少趋势不显著,长江上游降水量呈显著减少趋势。坝下径流量和上游降水量在2002年发生了突变且变化趋势相同,但径流量减少趋势不显著。径流年内分布发生了一定变化,其中汛期径流量占年径流总量百分比从72%下降到66%,枯期径流量占年径流量总量百分比从11%增加到15%。三峡工程调蓄是人类活动的直接表现,枯期宜昌水文站径流量增大是三峡工程生态效益的具体体现。     

祁连山大野口小流域生态系统水文调节服务的尺度特征

生态水文服务是生态系统服务的主要内容之一,在上游山地生态系统主要为通过植被-土壤复合体实现的水文调节服务。通过在祁连山中段北坡大野口小流域的监测及对2002—2010年间降水/径流的统计和相关分析发现,山地生态系统通过水文调节将不连续的大气降水转化成连续、相对稳定的径流,显著调节了径流的时间和空间分布。在次降雨和连续降雨期尺度上水文调节主要影响样地的降水-植被-土壤水的响应关系,在流域尺度上则影响大气降水-径流的关系。通过降水/径流比值在月、年尺度上的统计和相关分析发现,植被在生长季对流域径流量存在影响,但并没有影响到小流域大气降水-径流产流变化的年内总体趋势;植被生长对径流的影响可以在年际间反映出来。通过对2002—2010年植被指数(叶面积、净初级生产力和植被覆盖度)与"蓝水"、"绿水"占总降水量的比例的线性回归分析及相关分析发现,植被指数的提高与"蓝水"的减少和"绿水"的增加有一定的关联性。根据该研究结论,对祁连山区生态系统水文服务的评价应综合考虑上游生态维持与中、下游农牧业以及整个祁连山地区经济社会的协调发展,应客观认识上游山地生态系统"绿水"贮存与中、下游"蓝水"需求之间的矛盾关系。     

黄土小流域水沙输移过程对土地利用/覆被变化的响应

以甘肃定西安家沟小流域为典型研究区,基于TM、ALOS遥感影像解译和地面长期水文数据,深入分析了1997至2010年间流域土地利用变化特征及其产流产沙效应。结果显示,（1）14年间,流域林灌草面积分别增加160.23%、176.33%和80.75%;坡耕地、居民地、裸地和梯田面积分别减少25.57%、0.16%、48.45%和21.52%。以2005年为时间节点,发现前期灌草增加较多、裸地减少明显,后期则是乔木增加比例和坡耕地减少比例更为显著,彰显出不同历史阶段植被恢复的策略变化。（2）流域出口多年平均径流量和输沙量分别由前期的18 249 m3和6 383 kg锐减至后期的2 292 m3和2 267 kg,流域土地利用/覆被有效增加是其主要驱动。（3）春冬季节,由于降雨稀少、径流泥沙的本底值很低,前后两个阶段的水沙输移量差异较小,土地利用/覆被变化的影响相对尚不显著。但在夏秋季节,随着降雨事件增多,土地利用/覆被变化减水减沙的效应趋于显性化。     

气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应影响的模拟

为了揭示气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应的影响,用生物物理/动态植被模型SSiB4/TRIFFID与流域地形指数水文模型TOPMODEL的耦合模型SSiB4T/TRIFFID模拟了西南山区长江上游梭磨河流域森林水文效应对气温变化的响应,分析了气温变化对植被不同演替阶段的流域总径流和总蒸发以及冠层截流蒸发、植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明,（1）梭磨河流域森林（常绿针叶林）蒸腾与草和灌木差异小,森林蒸腾潜热比草和灌木仅高1~4 W.m-2,森林冠层截留蒸发高于草和灌木,但土壤蒸发明显低于草和灌木覆盖,森林覆盖流域总蒸发低于草和灌木覆盖甚至低于裸土蒸发,因此增加了流域总径流量,但森林增加径流的作用随土壤蒸发的减小而减小。（2）气温减小1℃将通过减小森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加流域总径流量的作用增加;相反,气温增加将增加森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加总径流量的作用减小。（3）当温度增加4℃,由于森林总蒸发较草和灌木明显增加,对于较高的土壤蒸发,森林增加总径流量的作用已不明显;对于较低的土壤蒸发,森林减小了流域总径流量。     

泾河流域的降水径流影响及其空间尺度效应

研究降水的径流影响对干旱半干旱地区水资源管理具有重要指导意义,但目前对其空间尺度效应定量研究还不深入,限制了研究结果的跨尺度应用。以黄土高原泾河流域为例,利用13个子流域的多年降水和径流数据,定量评价了降水的径流影响随流域面积增大的尺度效应。研究表明:泾河流域降水和径流空间差异很大,13个子流域年降水量变化在311~563mm,年径流深变化在14.17~128.05 mm。在各子流域内,年径流深随年降水量呈显著线性增加(P0.05);在子流域间,年径流深随年降水量呈显著的指数型增加(P0.05)。降水能解释45%左右的径流变化。各子流域降水-径流线性关系参数(回归系数、截距)和径流系数的变异系数随流域面积增大呈非线性减少,证实了降水-径流影响存在空间尺度效应。其中,回归系数、截距常数项绝对值的变化符合对数函数,径流系数变异系数的变化符合幂函数,说明随空间尺度增大,流域降水形成径流的能力在减弱,但维持较稳定的降水-径流关系的能力在增强。基于降水径流关系及尺度效应量化分析,提出了考虑年降水量和流域面积的跨尺度年径流深计算关系:y=a·x_1·lgx_2+b·x_1+c·lgx_2+d,其中y为年径流深(mm),x_1为年降水量(mm),x_2为流域控制面积(km~2),a、b、c、d为拟合参数。利用13个子流域年均降水、径流数据和历年的降水、径流数据及流域面积分别对上式进行拟合,检验均达极显著水平(P0.01),决定系数r~2(0.788,0.510)均大于仅考虑降水影响的降水-径流指数关系(0.469,0.443),证明考虑尺度效应的降水-径流关系优于单纯的降水-径流关系。未来还需考虑土地利用方式、流域地形等因素的影响,以更深入地认识和应用降水-径流影响的空间尺度效应,指导干旱半干旱地区的水土资源管理。     

Simulating the impacts of land-use changes on non-point source pollution in Lugu Lake watershed

Protection of the water quality of Lugu Lake is important because it is a unique geographic and cultural resource. Not only point source pollution but also non-point source pollution contribute to degradation of water quality. A GIS-NPS model, with long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA), was used to evaluate long-term implications of land-use change impacts on non-point source (NPS) pollution. The land-use patterns of 1995 and 2005 were analysed to determine the changes in Lugu Lake watershed. A 30-year (1974–2003) precipitation dataset was used to estimate mean annual surface runoff and NPS pollutant loads. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed with a unit contribution index (UCI). Results show loss of agricultural land (by 44.9%), while forest, grass/pasture and residential land increased to different degrees from 1995 to 2005. At the same time, annual average NPS pollutants, TN, TP, TSS and BOD loads all decreased, while heavy metal lead increased by 6.87%. The UCI formulated in this research was a more useful method to assess land-use impact on NPS pollutants than simple investigations of the percentage land-use change. Agricultural and residential land changes had more impact on NPS pollutants and were identified as the main source types. Suggestions on regulating land uses and management proposals for protecting lake water quality in Lugu Lake watershed are made.     

SWAT模型在国内外非点源污染研究中的应用进展

模型模拟是定量估算非点源污染负荷的有效工具,也是对其进行规划、控制和管理的前提.近年来SWAT模型在国内外得到了快速的发展和应用,是目前全球评价大范围和环境变化条件下非点源污染问题的一个有效工具.简介SWAT模型的发展历程及原理,概述了SWAT模型目前在国内外的水文评价、污染物流失模拟、输人参数、土地利用及气候变化对水文响应的影响等方面的研究现状,并对SWAT模型的发展方向提出了建议,为模型的进一步完善与应用提供参考.结果显示,SWAT模型对水文评价(如径流量、泥沙量)可得到较好的模拟和预测结果,能够模拟污染物(如农药和化肥)在农田和河网中的迁移过程,模拟与分析土地利用/覆被变化及气候变化对水文过程的影响.模型参数的确定及其对地下水流与溶质运移的模拟是模型的主要问题,需要进一步研究与完善.     

Forest to reclaimed mine land use change leads to altered ecosystem structure and function.

The United States' use of coal results in many environmental alterations. In the Appalachian coal belt region, one widespread alteration is conversion of forest to reclaimed mineland. The goal of this study was to quantify the changes to ecosystem structure and function associated with a conversion from forest to reclaimed mine grassland by comparing a small watershed containing a 15-year-old reclaimed mine with a forested, reference watershed in western Maryland. Major differences were apparent between the two watersheds in terms of biogeochemistry. Total C, N, and P pools were all substantially lower at the mined site, mainly due to the removal of woody biomass but also, in the case of P, to reductions in soil pools. Mineral soil C, N, and P pools were 96%, 79%, and 69% of native soils, respectively. Although annual runoff from the watersheds was similar, the mined watershed exhibited taller, narrower storm peaks as a result of a higher soil bulk density and decreased infiltration rates. Stream export of N was much lower in the mined watershed due to lower net nitrification rates and nitrate concentrations in soil. However, stream export of sediment and P and summer stream temperature were much higher. Stream leaf decomposition was reduced and macroinvertebrate community structure was altered as a result of these changes to the stream environment. This land use change leads to substantial, long-term changes in ecosystem capital and function.     

Predicting the effects of urbanization on runoff after frequent rainfall events

Urbanization dynamics are commonly subjected to powerful market forces, only partly managed by land-use plans. The density, location and pattern of urbanized areas affect rainfall-runoff relations. Consequently, it is essential to understand future impacts of urbanization on runoff and produce focused regulation. The goal was to analyze land-cover scenarios and their impact on runoff in an urbanized watershed in Israel. Present and predicted land-cover scenarios in a densely populated watershed were produced. The runoff response to rainfall was then simulated using a hydrological model. The impact of implementing afforestation and quarrying national outline plans was considered. By the year 2050, 50% of the watershed will be urbanized with a linear increase in runoff response. Afforestation and quarrying plans show little effect on runoff, although quarries may decrease runoff through percolation. As urbanization is expected to continue spreading in adjacent watersheds, statutory measures should be applied to mitigating runoff.     

气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响

利用呼伦湖湿地50年的气象资料、水文资料和生态环境监测资料,采用迈阿密模型及回归统计分析方法,分析了气象水文因子对呼伦湖湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响,结果表明,①50年来该湿地植物气候生产潜力变化趋势总体为下降趋势,减少的气候倾向率为每10年157.7 kg·km-2,峰值时段为1970—1990年,两个谷值时段为1961—1969年、1991—2010年,最大值和最小值与降水量出现的最多值和最少值一一对应。②在15个气象水文因子中有年降水量、年蒸散量、生长季径流量、春季大风日数、水位、春季平均风速、年大风日数、水域面积8个因子达到显著性检验（P〈0.150～0.001）,上述8个因子的排序也是与湿地区域植物气候生产潜力相关程度由大到小的排序。综述表明,呼伦湖湿地区域呈暖干化趋势,并且干旱灾害比较严重,是限制气候生产潜力的重要原因。③气象水文因子协同作用对该湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的影响较大,复相关系数为-0.997,年蒸散量与年平均气温、年降水量、生长季径流量和水位因子对湿地区域植物气候生产潜力的贡献相反,随其减少或增加,湿地区域植物气候生产潜力变化率增加或减少149.7 kg·hm-2。可以看出,该湿地气象水文因子的匹配并不理想,暖干化趋势依然是制约该区光能利用率低下的重要原因。④该湿地区域植物现实的生产力远未达到气候生产潜力,约有近60%的潜力可以开发;光能利用率较小的主要原因：一是现有的生态保护、修复技术及管理水平还比较落后,二是该区域暖干化趋势显著;而提高气候资源利用率的有效途径是加大保护生态环境力度和积极实施人工增雨、节水灌溉工程。     

Prairie Landscape Change and Flooding in the Mississippi River Valley

Extensive landscape alteration of prairie in the U.S. from agricultural expansion has reduced waterfowl populations and increased precipitation runoff into regional river basins. Satellite imagery shows that prairie landscapes have been less altered in Canada than in the U.S. Long-term, broad-scale precipitation data indicate that in both countries precipitation has varied widely but has not increased over time. Nevertheless, flow rates of unregulated U.S. rivers have increased, but there have been no detectable changes in flow rates of Canadian rivers. Neither of two competing hypotheses advanced to explain increasing flood magnitudes—climate change and channel confinement—can account for these results. Thus, the increased magnitudes of floods in the Mississippi River Valley over the last several decades may be at least partially related to extensive changes in agricultural land use resulting in reduction of natural upland vegetation and wetland drainage in the upper reaches of this watershed.     

Evaluating long-term hydrological impacts of regional urbanisation in Hanyang,China, using a GIS model and remote sensing

China has experienced a rapid urbanisation, especially since the 1980s; however, the environmental impacts of this process are not fully investigated. Hanyang (Hubei Province, south China) was selected as a typical case to investigate runoff and non-point source (NPS) pollution impacts of urbanisation. A water quality simulation model (L-THIA) was applied to determine the long-term implications of different degrees of regional urbanisation impacts on NPS pollutants. Land-use patterns in 1987, 1998 and 2003 were analysed to evaluate the temporal variation of urbanisation, and the precipitation dataset from 1975 to 2003 was used to estimate the mean annual runoff and NPS pollutants. The contributions of different land-use categories to average annual runoff and NPS pollutant production were assessed by the means of a regression model. Results show that urban/impervious lands increased by 30.4% between 1987 and 2003, with the most increase occurring in 1998–2003. Industrial and forestlands have the most and least impact, respectively, on mean annual runoff and NPS pollutants. A combination of L-THIA and the regression model was found to be useful as a decision support tool for regional and urban planning from the perspectives of water quality control.     

Coupling a land use model and an ecosystem model for a crop-pasture zone

This paper describes the development of a land use model coupling ecosystem processes. For a given land use pattern in a region, a built-in regional ecosystem model (TESim) simulates leaf physiology of plants, carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and hydrological processes including runoff generation and run-on re-absorption, as well as runoff-induced soil erosion and carbon and nitrogen loss from ecosystems. The simulation results for a certain period from 1976 to 1999 were then used to support land use decisions and to assess the impacts of land use changes on environment. In the coupling model, the land use type for a land unit was determined by optimization of a weighted suitability derived from expert knowledge about the ecosystem state and site conditions. The model was applied to the temperate crop-pasture band in northern China (CCPB) to analyze the interactions between land use and major ecosystem processes and functions and to indicate the added value of the feedbacks by comparing simulations with and without the coupling and feedbacks between land use module and ecosystem processes. The results indicated that the current land use in CCPB is neither economical nor ecologically judicious. The scenario with feedbacks increased NPP by 46.78 g C m⁻² a⁻¹, or 32.23% of the scenario without feedbacks, also decreased soil erosion by 0.65 kg m⁻² a⁻¹, or 23.13%. Without altering the regional land use structure (proportions of each land use type). The system developed in this study potentially benefits both land managers and researchers.