三江平原大豆田蒸散量模拟

基于涡度相关系统测量值和小气候观测资料,比较分析了Penman、FAO Penman-Monteith和Priestley-Taylor3个模型对三江平原大豆田蒸散量的模拟效果。结果表明:3个模型参数采用常数时模拟值均大于测量值,尤以Penman模型最为明显,平均高估174.6%。Penman和FAO Penman-Monteith模型模拟效率均小于0,表明其模拟效果较差,不能用于估算大豆田间蒸散量。Penman和FAO Penman-Monteith模型的作物系数K c值与叶面积指数之间呈显著正相关关系,与饱和水汽压差之间呈显著负相关关系;Priestley-Taylor模型α值与叶面积指数和风速之间均呈显著正相关关系,与饱和水汽压差之间呈显著负相关关系。依据多元线性回归方程修正K c或α值后,Penman、FAO Penman-Monteith和Priestley-Taylor模型估算精度均明显提高,平均偏差变化范围为-0.10~0.00 mm·d-1,均方根误差均为0.67 mm·d-1,模拟效率均为0.61。方差分析进一步表明3个模型模拟结果没有显著性差异,但相对而言,Priestley-Taylor模型的截距、斜率和平均偏差略优于其他2个模型,因此Priestley-Taylor模型修正式是估算三江平原大豆田实际蒸散量的最优模型。     

预测有机化合物对水蚤EC50值的片段常数法

根据217种化合物建立了估算有机化合物对水蚤EC50值（48h半数影响浓度）的片段常数模型，分析了模型的误差及稳健性。研究结果表明，有机化合物的片段常数和结构因子与水蚤的EC50值倒数的对数（lg1/EC50)显著相关，可以根据片段常数法估算有机化合物对水蚤的EC50。模型的可决系数为0.9687，平均绝对误差0.40个对数单位，其中68.7%化合物的误差小于0.5个对数单位。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区蒸散的遥感反演——以静宁县水土保持世行贷款项目区为例

蒸散量是热量平衡和水量平衡的重要分量.利用TM遥感影像和地表热量平衡模型估算静宁县水土保持世行贷款项目区的蒸散量,并结合地面实测资料进行检验,分析蒸散的分布规律,研究蒸散量与土地利用、地表参数、地形参数的关系.结果表明:研究区日蒸散量介于0.70～9.05 mm之间,平均5.31 mm,分布上呈现由西北向东南递增的趋势;不同下垫面的蒸散能力有一定差别,其中水域和林地的日蒸散量最大;日蒸散量与归一化植被指数(INDV)呈线性正相关,而与地表温度呈线性负相关.     

安徽省近40年参考作物蒸散量的敏感性分析

利用安徽省79个站点1971—2010年逐日气象资料,采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算了近40年安徽省参考作物蒸散量(ET0)以及ET0对日照时数、相对湿度、风速、温度等气象因子的敏感系数,并对ET0的时空分布和4个气象因子敏感系数的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:近40年来安徽省年平均参考作物蒸散量为862 mm,自1971年以来,年平均参考作物蒸散量总体上呈现波动下降趋势;空间分布上,基本呈自北向南、自低向高递减趋势;ET0与平均温度、日照时数、相对湿度和风速的敏感性方面,ET0对相对湿度的变化最为敏感,其次是日照时数、风速,对平均温度的敏感性最低。从近40年各气象因子敏感系数的多年变化特征来看,平均温度、日照时数和风速的敏感系数以平稳波动为主,年际间变化不是很明显,而相对湿度敏感系数则呈现明显的上升趋势(通过0.01的显著性检验),其绝对值有明显的减小趋势,表明相对湿度对参考作物蒸散的敏感性在减弱。在年内变化特征方面,总体来说,相对湿度敏感系数年内变化表现为明显的双峰型变化特征,而平均温度、日照时数和风速年内变化特征为单峰型。在这4个气象要素对ET0的贡献率方面,贡献率最大的是相对湿度,四个影响ET0的气象要素对ET0变化的总贡献为-1.33%。综合敏感性和贡献率两方面因素分析,日照时数和风速的变化趋势在很大程度上解释了ET0呈下降趋势的原因。     

基于无人机大样方草地植被覆盖度及生物量估算方法研究

为了探讨与分析无人机大样方估算草地植被覆盖度的可行性及植被覆盖度与生物量的相关性,利用大疆Phantom3Professiona无人机获取呼伦贝尔草甸草原60 m×60 m大样方数据,利用开关中值滤波及基于维纳滤波的小波变换对图像进行去噪处理,并用直方图均衡化进行图像增强,构建过绿指数与颜色指数,根据最大熵原理,建立植被覆盖度与背景的双阈值目标函数,采用遗传算法寻找最佳分割阈值,从而估算草地植被覆盖度。结合野外同步实地照相法获取1 m×1 m样方数据,利用t检验及计算均方根误差验证基于无人机大样方估算草地植被覆盖度的精度。结果表明,利用过绿植被指数基于遗传算法的最大熵法估算无人机大样方草地植被覆盖度的精度较高(t检验P值为0.272,均方根误差为6.635 6);株高及覆盖度的交叉变量构建的拟合方程效果(R2为0.853 6,RMSE为2.442 0g·m-2,估算精度为83.41%)优于单一变量拟合方程。利用无人机数据及最大熵-遗传算法不仅可以快速、准确、高效地获取植被地面信息,同时也可以为遥感估算植被覆盖度提供地面验证,从而提高植被覆盖度估算模型的精度及模型验证的准确性。     

若尔盖高原实际蒸散量变化规律研究

蒸散发是若尔盖高原湿地重要的水文过程,但目前缺乏对若尔盖地区实际蒸散发量的相关研究结果。为计算若尔盖高原实际蒸散量,利用1967—2011年若尔盖高原地区红原、玛曲和若尔盖3个地面气象站的逐日气象资料,应用FAO56推荐的Penman-Monteith(P-M)公式,依据单作物系数法计算若尔盖地区实际蒸散量,利用累积距平、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、回归分析等方法分析其变化规律。结果表明,草地蒸散量是若尔盖高原实际蒸散量的主要构成部分,草地蒸散量达362.3mm·a-1,占74.28%。湿地蒸散量为116.6 mm·a-1,占23.85%;近45年来若尔盖高原3个气象站的ET_c显著相关,ET_c平均值为488.6 mm·a~(-1)。ET_c的变化并不明显,呈缓慢增加趋势,绝对变率为12.75 mm,相对变率为2.62%。若尔盖高原ET_c变化与植被生长周期密切相关,高强度蒸散过程集中在短暂的夏季,7月份平均值达3.73 mm·d~(-1)。4、10月份气温低于0℃,ET_c为1.5~2.0 mm·d~(-1);通过回归分析得出ET_c与气象因子间的关系式,相关系数r0.9,P0.05,相对误差均低于0.6%;年ET_c与年均气温相关性达到0.01的显著性水平,年ET_c与年降水量、相对湿度呈负相关性;1968—1971年ET_c增加36.09 mm,相对降水量增加5.82%;1971—1981、1981—2005年ET_c分别减少12.22 mm和16.34 mm;2005—2011年ET_c增加41.75 mm,相对降水量增加6.41%。该地区水文过程中蒸散发相对于水分补给变化较小。     

基于WNMM模型的潮土地区农田水氮优化管理

应用农田水氮管理模型(water and nitrogen management model,WNMM)模拟潮土水氮运移过程,以建立针对该地区气候环境和土壤性质的田间水氮优化管理方案.利用田间试验对WNMM模拟结果进行了校验,结果表明该模型能较好地模拟潮土地区的土壤水氮运移过程,农田蒸散量、土壤含水量和硝态氮含量的模拟值与实测值在α=0.01水平上相关显著,误差范围也令人满意.根据土壤实时水氮含量数据,建立了按作物生长亏缺动态调整灌溉、施氮的优化农田水氮管理方案.在多年平均气象条件下,与传统管理模式相比,优化管理模式不仅能为作物生长提供更好的土壤水肥条件,而且每年可节约灌溉水163.5 mm、氮肥130 kg·hm-2,减少土壤水渗漏264.6 mm、氮素淋失71.1 kg·hm-2.     

施氮量对洞庭湖区高密度条件下夏玉米产量形成特性的影响

为了探究洞庭湖区高密度条件下夏玉米的适宜施氮量,以郑单958和湘农玉27号为材料,在种植密度90 000株/hm~2条件下比较不同施氮量(150 kg/hm~2、225 kg/hm~2、300 kg/hm~2)对夏玉米产量形成特性的影响.结果表明:施氮量增大使夏玉米全生育期延长2 d～4 d;夏玉米总叶数与株高基本不受施氮量影响,但穗位高随施氮量增大而降低;夏玉米叶面积指数随施氮量增大而提高;郑单958在施氮150 kg/hm~2处理下产量最高,达到7 580.64 kg/hm~2,而湘农玉27号在施氮225 kg/hm~2处理下产量最高,达到7 252.35 kg/hm~2.表明两个夏玉米品种在洞庭湖区高密度种植条件下均能获得较高产量,但其适宜施氮量有所差别.     

辽河中下游流域水资源时空演变特征分析

选择辽河中下游流域为研究对象,通过调查流域内各月及多年年降水量、蒸散量及水分收支基本情况,应用区域蒸散互补关系模型估算辽河流域实际蒸散量,实现各年实际降水量、蒸散量的空间化。从多个层次分析1956—2000、1970—2000年及1980—2000年3个时间序列降水、蒸散量和水分收支的变化趋势及特点。结果表明：20a系列年平均降水量与45a系列比较分析发现,降水量减少的区域占流域面积的23.08%,降水量增加区域占流域面积的76.92%;辽河中下游流域实际蒸散大部分在600～850mm之间,其分布主要呈现由北向南、由西向东逐渐降低的趋势。辽河中下游流域水分收支不平衡,营口—辽阳—铁岭一线地区水分收支相当,此线以西北地区水分收支是负值,占总流域面积的59.73%,这种变化将会使西部干旱地区的旱情进一步增大。此线以东南地区水分收支是正值,占总流域面积的40.37%,当地的湿润程度会进一步增加。     

基于RZWQM模型的华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米土壤硝态氮淋溶和氨挥发评估方法研究

硝态氮淋溶和氨挥发是华北平原农田因施肥所引起的最重要的氮损失途径,直接监测法的过程复杂且需要消耗大量人力物力,如何建立科学准确的损失量与土壤性质之间的关系,以支撑管理部门便捷快速估算各途径氮损失量成为迫切需要解决的问题。利用已经通过华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米长期定位试验数据进行参数率定验证的RZWQM模型,输出不同施肥水平下1 m内土壤硝态氮残留量、硝态氮淋溶量和氨挥发量,通过回归分析构建了土壤硝态氮淋溶量和氨挥发量分别与1 m内土壤硝态氮残留量之间的函数关系,并利用华北地区研究文献中实测数据对函数准确率进行分析,得出在华北平原2个函数平均准确率分别为70. 9%和71. 2%,该方法可供管理部门在估算和管理华北地区面源污染发生量过程中推广使用。     

Continuous biohydrogen production from diluted molasses in an anaerobic contact reactor

An anaerobic contact reactor (ACR) system comprising a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with settler to decouple the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from solids retention time (SRT) was developed for fermentative hydrogen production from diluted molasses by mixed microbial cultures. The ACR was operated at various volumetric loading rates (VLRs) of 20–44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 with constant HRT of 6 h under mesophilic conditions of 35°C. The SRT was maintained at about 46–50 h in the system. At the initial VLR of 20 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate dropped from 22.6 to 1.58 L·d^-1 as the hydrogen was consumed by the hydrogentrophic methanogen. After increasing the VLR to 28 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 and discharging the sludge for 6 consecutive times, the hydrogentrophic methanogens were eliminated, and the hydrogen content reached 36.4%. As the VLR was increased to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield increased to 42.1 L·d^-1 and 1.40 mol H₂·molglucose-consumed^-1, respectively. The results showed that a stable ethanol-type fermentation that favored hydrogen production in the reactor was thus established with the sludge loading rate (SLR) of 2.0–2.5 kgCOD·kgMLVSS^-1·d^-1. It was found that the ethanol increased more than other liquid fermentation products, and the ethanol/acetic acid (mol/mol) ratio increased from 1.27 to 2.45 when the VLR increased from 28 to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, whereas the hydrogen composition decreased from 40.4% to 36.4%. The results suggested that the anaerobic contact reactor was a promising bioprocess for fermentative hydrogen production.     

Degradation of bisphenol A by microorganisms immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres

In this study, microorganisms （named B111） were immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres prepared by the inverse suspension crosslinked method. The biodegradation of bisphenol A （BPA） and 4-hydro- xybenzaldehyde, a degradation product of BPA, by free and immobilized B lll was investigated. The BPA degradation studies were carried out at initial BPA concentrations ranging from 25 to 150 mg·L^-1. The affinity constant Ks and maximum degradation rate Rmax were 98.3 mg·L^-1 and 19.7mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for free B111, as well as 87.2mg·L^-1 and 21.1mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for immobilized B 111, respectively. 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses confirmed that the dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas for BPA biodegradation in microorganisms B 111.     

龙凤山大气气溶胶散射特性观测分析

利用2018年龙凤山区域大气本底站(简称龙凤山站)气溶胶散射系数、PM₁₀质量浓度及常规气象观测资料,研究了东北本底地区气溶胶散射系数的变化特征.结果表明,2018年龙凤山站3个波长下气溶胶散射系数的均值为(194.1±202.4)Mm^-1(450 nm)、(133.4±139.2)Mm^-1(550 nm)、(81.8±85.3)Mm^-1(700 nm).龙凤山地区散射系数具有明显的日变化特征,且不同季节的日变化特征具有较大区别.龙凤山地区地处相对洁净的背景地区,气溶胶散射系数水平相对较低,春季受局地及长距离风沙的影响散射系数均值较高,冬季东北地区采暖燃烧排放量比较大,大气层相对稳定,不利于气溶胶污染物的扩散,冬季气溶胶散射系数最高.夏秋季受湿沉降与植被条件的影响气溶胶散射系数最低.散射系数与PM₁₀质量浓度相关性较好,相关系数r为0.82.龙凤山PM₁₀的质量散射效率为3.6 m²·g^-1(550 nm).2018年龙凤山PM₁₀气溶胶的散射Angstrom指数(SAE)平均值为1.96±0.25,表明在观测期间气溶胶主要是以较小的粒子主导,夏季的SAE最大,秋季的SAE最低,春季和冬季居中.     

Effect of illumination on the hydrogen-production capability of anaerobic activated sludge

To investigate the influence of illumination on the fermentative hydrogen production system, the hydrogen production efficiencies of two kinds of anaerobic activated sludge (floc and granule) from an anaerobic baffled reactor were detected under visible light, dark and light-dark, respectively. The 10 mL floc sludge or granular sludge was respectively inoculated to 100 mL diluted molasses (chemical oxygen demand of 8000 mg·L^-1) in a 250 mL serum bottle, and cultured for 24 h at 37°C under different illumination conditions. The results showed that the floc was more sensitive to illumination than the granule. A hydrogen yield of 19.8 mL was obtained in the dark with a specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1 (floc), which was the highest among the three illumination conditions. Under dark condition, the hydrogen yield of floc sludge reached the highest with the specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, and under light-dark, light, the specific hydrogen production rate was 3.11 and 2.21 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the illumination may affect the dehydrogenase activity of sludge as well as the activity of hydrogen-producing acetogens and then impact hydrogen production capacity.     

Fermentative hydrogen production from beet sugar factory wastewater treatment in a continuous stirred tank reactor using anaerobic mixed consortia

A low pH, ethanol-type fermentation process was evaluated for wastewater treatment and bio-hydrogen production from acidic beet sugar factory wastewater in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with an effective volume of 9.6 L by anaerobic mixed cultures in this present study. After inoculating with aerobic activated sludge and operating at organic loading rate (OLR) of 12 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1, HRT of 8h, and temperature of 35°C for 28 days, the CSTR achieved stable ethanol-type fermentation. When OLR was further increased to 18 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1 on the 53rd day, ethanol-type fermentation dominant microflora was enhanced. The liquid fermentation products, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ethanol, stabilized at 1493 mg·L^-1 in the bioreactor. Effluent pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and alkalinity ranged at 4.1–4.5, -250–(-290) mV, and 230–260 mgCaCO₃?L^-1. The specific hydrogen production rate of anaerobic activated sludge was 0.1 L?gMLVSS^-1·d^-1 and the COD removal efficiency was 45%. The experimental results showed that the CSTR system had good operation stability and microbial activity, which led to high substrate conversion rate and hydrogen production ability.     

Inertial oscillations and particle flux interactions in a marine protected area in Gulf of Naples

The area between the island of Capri and Punta Campanella was investigated from June to November 2003. Punta Campanella separates the Gulf of Naples from the Gulf of Salerno and has been declared a marine protected area in 1997. The study area has a particular interesting topography, due to the presence of a sill situated at a depth of 80 m. Samples were collected by instruments carried on a mooring array (sediment trap, current meters, and temperature sensors) and by CTD cast (along transects perpendicular to the coast). We observed most important fluctuations in the temperature spectra (corresponding to the inertial oscillations period), in August. The total mass flux was 585.67 mg m^-2 d^-1 in the summer, while in early autumn the flux exhibited values one order of magnitude higher than in summer (1539.97 mg m^-2 d^-1). The main focus of this study was to understand the influence of the internal waves on the particle flux. During the autumn, in the particle flux collected, there is a strong resuspension component, and the observation that the enhanced inertial oscillations and increased sedimentation occur at the same time allows us to presume that the inertial oscillations could be one of the reasons for the resuspension process during the sampling period.     

Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

The UCD/CIT model was modified to include a process analysis (PA) scheme for gas and particulate matter (PM) to study the formation of secondary nitrate aerosol during a stagnant wintertime air pollution episode during the California Regional PM_2.5/PM₁₀ Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) where detailed measurements of PM components are available at a few sites. Secondary nitrate is formed in the urban areas from near the ground to a few hundred meters above the surface during the day with a maximum modeled net increase rate of 4 μg·m^-3·d^-1 during the study episode. The secondary nitrate formation rate in rural areas is lower due to lower NO₂. In the afternoon hours, near-surface temperature can be high enough to evaporate the particulate nitrate. In the nighttime hours, both the gas phase N₂O₅ reactions with water vapor and the N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions with particle-bound water are important for secondary nitrate formation. The N₂O₅ reactions are most import near the surface to a few hundred meters above surface with a maximum modeled net secondary nitrate increase rate of 1 μg·m^-3·d^-1 and are more significant in the rural areas where the O₃ concentrations are high at night. In general, vertical transport during the day moves the nitrate formed near the surface to higher elevations. During the stagnant days, process analysis indicates that the nitrate concentration in the upper air builds up and leads to a net downward flux of nitrate through vertical diffusion and a rapid increase of surface nitrate concentration.     

Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

天津市夏季PM2.5中碳组分时空变化特征及来源解析

为研究天津市夏季PM_2.5中碳组分的时空变化特征及来源,于2019年7—8月设立2个点位分昼夜采集天津市PM_2.5样品,并测定了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量。结果表明,城区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(53.4±20.8)μg·m^-3、(8.72±2.56)μg·m^-3和(1.67±0.90)μg·m^-3,郊区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(54.2±24.5)μg·m^-3、(7.54±2.50)μg·m^-3和(1.82±1.06)μg·m^-3;白天PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(47.3±16.1)μg·m^-3、(8.7±2.1)μg·m^-3和(1.5±0.6)μg·m^-3,夜间PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(60.2±26.2)μg·m^-3、(7.5±2.9)μg·m^-3和(2.0±1.2)μg·m^-3。OC浓度表现为城区高于郊区,白天高于夜间;EC及PM_2.5浓度表现为郊区高于城区,夜间高于白天。OC/EC比值分析得,城区(6.04)高于郊区(5.08);白天(6.58)高于夜间(4.54)。城区OC与EC相关性弱于郊区,白天OC与EC相关性弱于夜间。采用EC示踪法与MRS模型对SOC含量进行估算,得到白天与夜间SOC浓度分别为(5.71±1.35)μg·m^-3和(3.81±1.20)μg·m^-3,白天SOC污染比夜间严重。丰度分析与主成分分析的结果表明,天津市夏季城郊区PM_2.5中碳组分均主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放。     

Biodegradation of 2-methylisoborneol by bacteria enriched from biological activated carbon

One of the most common taste and odour compounds (TOCs) in drinking water is 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) which cannot be readily removed by conventional water treatments. Four bacterial strains for degrading 2-MIB were isolated from the surface of a biological activated carbon filter, and were characterized as Micrococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Brevibacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. based on 16S rRNA analysis. The removal efficiencies of 2-MIB with initial concentrations of 515 ng·L^-1 were 98.4%, 96.3%, 95.0%, and 92.8% for Micrococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Brevibacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. These removal efficiencies were slightly higher than those with initial concentration at 4.2 mg·L^-1 (86.1%, 84.4%, 86.7% and 86.0%, respectively). The kinetic model showed that biodegradation of 2-MIB at an initial dose of 4.2 mg·L^-1 was a pseudo-first-order reaction, with rate constants of 0.287, 0.277, 0.281, and 0.294 d^-1, respectively. These degraders decomposed 2-MIB to form 2-methylenebornane and 2-methyl-2-bornane as the products.