螯合剂对小麦幼苗吸收金属以及土壤金属形态的效应

本文通过盆栽试验研究三种螯合剂(EDTA、[S,S]-EDDS、DTPA)对小麦幼苗吸收土壤中重金属及其它微量元素的效应,并且通过改进的BCR连续提取法分析了种植后土壤样品中金属元素的形态。结果表明:EDTA、DTPA的添加导致小麦幼苗地上部分生物量以及叶片叶绿素a含量显著下降。螯合剂的存在明显增加了Pb和Mn在幼苗根部和茎叶的富集,并增加其由根部向茎叶的传输,但对Fe和Ni的作用比较小。小麦幼苗收获时,除Zn之外,其它元素酸溶/可交换态金属含量与对照组相比均有非常显著的增加,而各元素的可还原态由于EDTA等螯合剂的添加而有明显下降。添加螯合剂的情况下,富集量与酸溶/可交换态含量之间的相关系数大大提高,且各处理组茎叶富集量与酸溶/可交换态之间呈显著(P0.05)或极显著相关(P0.01)。因此,三种螯合剂的添加主要影响的是生物可利用形态以及潜在的生物可利用形态,并且可能导致可还原态以及可氧化态向酸溶/可交换态转变,增加金属的生物可利用性,从而也增加潜在生态风险。     

两种螯合剂施用对污染土壤中叶用叶叶叶Cd富集的影响

为探讨螯合剂对植物吸收重金属的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸(CA)对土壤重金属Cd的有效态以及叶用红菾菜(Beta vulgaris var.cicla L)富集Cd能力的影响.结果表明:EDTA的添加比柠檬酸更显著增加了土壤重金属镉的有效态含量,同时提高了叶用红菾菜茎叶的富集系数和转运能力;施用螯合剂促进了Cd从叶用红菾菜茎叶根部向茎叶的输送,叶用红菾菜茎叶含Cd量显著增加,EDTA的作用是柠檬酸的2～3倍.     

两种螯合剂施用对污染土壤中叶用红恭菜Cd富集的影响

为探讨螯合剂对植物吸收重金属的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）和柠檬酸（CA）对土壤重金属cd的有效态以及叶用红恭菜（Beta vulgaris var．cicla L）富集Cd能力的影响。结果表明：EDTA的添加比柠檬酸更显著增加了土壤重金属镉的有效态含量,同时提高了叶用红恭菜茎叶的富集系数和转运能力;施用螯合剂促进了Cd从叶用红恭菜茎叶根部向茎叶的输送,叶用红恭菜茎叶含Cd量显著增加,EDTA的作用是柠檬酸的2～3倍。     

螯合剂对土壤中镉赋存形态及其生物有效性的影响

以胡萝卜作为试验植物,研究了EDTA,EGTA,DTPA和柠檬酸四种螯合剂对土壤中Cd的赋存形态及生物有效性的影响.结果表明,在碱性土壤中,加入螯合剂EDTA,EGTA和DTPA都能显著改变土壤中Cd的赋存形态,增加有效态Cd的百分比含量,改善Cd的生物有效性;但施加柠檬酸对Cd的赋存形态没有产生明显影响,各形态组成与对照组基本一致.同时,试验结果还显示,胡萝卜中Cd含量随着添加螯合剂浓度的增加先增大而后有所降低,但除柠檬酸处理组外,均明显高于对照组,表明四种螯合剂均能增强胡萝卜对Cd的吸收,且以EGTA效果最佳,EDTA和DTPA次之,柠檬酸最差.     

生物炭和熟石灰对土壤镉铅生物有效性和微生物活性的影响

以南京近郊某蔬菜基地土壤为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法,研究熟石灰和生物炭两种钝化剂对镉铅复合污染土壤修复效果以及对土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明,施加熟石灰和生物炭能够增加土壤pH和有机碳等养分含量,促进Cd、Pb由酸溶态向还原态和残渣态转化,降低Cd、Pb有效态含量.与对照处理相比,熟石灰和生物炭5.0%用量下,Cd有效态含量(DTPA、TCLP和CaCl_2等3种提取态)分别下降37.74%—41.46%和22.22%—31.71%,Pb有效态含量分别下降45.59%—52.82%和35.47%—41.94%.生物炭的施用提高了土壤微生物量碳氮和微生物群落功能多样性,促进微生物对碳源的利用能力,其中生物炭5.0%用量下土壤微生物活性最高.熟石灰和生物炭的添加显著降低小白菜可食部位和根部对Cd、Pb的富集,与对照处理相比,可食部位Cd、Pb含量分别下降7.14%—47.62%和45.93%—74.82%,但所有添加钝化剂处理小白菜可食部位含量均超出国家安全食用标准.     

土壤中重金属[S,S]-乙二胺二琥珀酸浸提及其对重金属形态分布的影响

采用螯合剂[S,S]-乙二胺二琥珀酸([S,S]-EDDS)对废弃矿区附近的农田土壤进行浸提,分析浸提前后残留土壤样品中重金属的形态.结果表明,[S,S]-EDDS对重金属元素的提取率在不同土壤之间有较大差异,对Cu的浸提率为13.4%-13.8%,对Pb的浸提率为2.28%-16.3%,对Zn的浸提率为2.73%-11.3%.[S,S]-EDDS在提取重金属的同时也造成了Fe和Mn的明显溶出,其中Fe的溶出率为0.090%-0.291%,Mn的溶出率为2.53%-6.31%,均远高于对照组.[S,S]-EDDS浸提后酸溶/可交换态金属含量的变化倚赖于金属种类,对于Cu和Zn,经[S,S]-EDDS浸提之后,其酸溶/可交换态含量远低于对照组;但对于Pb,经[S,S]-EDDS浸提之后,酸溶/可交换态含量略高于对照组.[S,S]-EDDS对Cu和Zn四种形态均有浸提作用,且对残渣态的影响小于其它形态.[S,S]-EDDS浸提导致土样中Cu和Zn残渣态比例上升,其它形态比例的变化则依赖于金属的种类以及土壤性质.     

绿洲土壤Cd-Ni复合污染对油菜生长及吸收的影响

以干旱区绿洲灰漠土为供试土壤,油菜(Brassica campestris L.)为供试蔬菜,采用盆栽试验及Tessier连续浸提形态分级方法,研究了Cd-Ni复合污染在干旱区绿洲土壤中的形态分布规律及其对油菜的生物有效性.结果表明,当土壤受外源Cd-Ni复合污染后,Cd、Ni的活性随着胁迫浓度的增加而增大.与对照相较,外源Cd-Ni复合胁迫后,Cd的主要赋存形态仍为碳酸盐结合态,而Ni的主要赋存形态由残渣态转化为铁锰氧化物结合态.Cd-Ni复合胁迫对油菜的生长表现为先促后抑;油菜各部位的Cd、Ni含量均随着Cd-Ni复合胁迫水平的升高而增加,Cd主要富集在油菜茎叶中,而Ni则主要富集在油菜根部.富集系数结果表明,油菜各部位Cd的富集系数均大于1,而Ni的富集系数均小于1;迁移系数结果表明,Cd的迁移系数大于Ni,Cd更易从土壤中进入油菜根部,并转运至茎叶,Ni的生物可利用性低于Cd.对油菜吸收Cd最重要的形态为碳酸盐结合态,根系和茎叶吸收Ni最重要的形态分别为有机结合态和可交换态.     

熟污泥改良土壤中Cd的形态分布特征和生物有效性

通过苜蓿盆栽实验和Tessier五步提取法,研究了不同比例的堆肥污泥施入黄土后,土壤中Cd的形态分布和生物有效性及重金属在施污土壤-苜蓿中的迁移转化规律。结果表明：不同比例的污泥施入黄土后,随着污泥施入量的增加,土壤中Cd的主要赋存形态由对照组的不可利用态(残渣态)向潜在有效态(铁锰氧化态)转化,污泥的施入提高了重金属Cd的生物有效性;苜蓿的种植对施污根际土中Cd的活性产生了钝化作用,使施污黄土根际土壤中潜在有效态Cd主要向不可利用态的Cd转化;苜蓿各器官对Cd均有富集和转移能力,苜蓿各部位重金属Cd含量的分布规律为：根部>茎叶部;线性回归分析结果表明：碳酸盐结合态Cd是苜蓿茎叶部和根部吸收Cd的主要贡献形态;因此在实际生产时须严格控制污泥的施用量,以避免Cd在苜蓿体内富集危害动物和人体健康。     

夹皮沟金矿区土壤汞的赋存形态及污染特征

使用改进的BCR连续提取法和电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS),测定夹皮沟金矿区土壤样品中汞元素的赋存形态及含量。结果表明,三个深度的土壤汞元素形态分布趋势相似,均以残渣态为主,其次为可氧化态和可还原态,酸溶/可交换态和水溶态所占比例较少,各形态汞的分配系数依次为:残渣态(48.28%)可氧化态(25.68%)可还原态(13.35%)酸溶/可交换态(8.38%)水溶态(4.33%)。垂直方向上,20~40 cm的中层土壤中的汞含量略高于0~20 cm的表层土壤,40~60 cm的下层土壤则含量最低。不同深度土壤中的有效态汞与总汞的含量具有较高的相关性,但三层土壤不具有相同的相关趋势。     

生物炭对湘潭锰矿区土壤重金属的固化效应

通过室内培养实验,研究不同施用量(1%、2%、5%、10%、20%)的生物炭对锰矿区周边土壤中3种重金属锰(Mn)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)的固化效应。结果表明,生物炭施入土壤可使土壤中酸溶态、可还原态Mn、Pb、Cr含量分别降低1.18%~61.70%、2.38%~62.15%;而使土壤中可氧化态、残渣态Mn、Pb、Cr含量分别增加1.9%~224.41%、1.33%~44.5%;并且生物炭施入量与土壤中酸溶态、可还原态Mn、Pb、Cr含量呈显著负相关(r:-0.850~-0.526,P0.05),与土壤中可氧化态、残渣态Mn、Pb、Cr含量呈显著正相关(r:0.589~0.880,P0.05)。培养时间的延长对土壤中酸溶态、可还原态Mn、Pb、Cr向可氧化态、残渣态的转化有一定的促进作用。生物炭的施入也可极显著提高土壤p H值(P0.01),土壤p H值与土壤中酸溶态、可还原态Mn、Pb、Cr含量呈极显著负相关(r:-0.832~-0.559,P0.01),与土壤中可氧化态、残渣态Mn、Pb、Cr含量呈极显著正相关(r:0.634~0.878,P0.01),但培养时间对土壤p H值的变化无显著影响。该研究结果可为生物炭对湘潭锰矿区周边土壤中重金属Mn、Pb、Cr的固化效应研究提供一定的理论依据。     

有机酸对根际土壤中铅形态及其生物毒性的影响

采用根袋盆栽试验和连续浸提方法研究外源柠檬酸、EDTA对根际土壤中Pb形态转化及其生物毒性的影响。结果表明，有机酸能明显活化根际土壤中的Pb，高浓度(3mmol／L)比低浓度(0．5mmol／L)的柠檬酸对Pb的活化能力强；EDTA在低浓度(0．5mmol／L)时对Pb的活化能力就很强。柠檬酸、EDTA能增强土壤Pb的毒性，提高小麦根部对Pb的吸收，并促进Pb由根部向地上部转移。     

铜镉复合胁迫下温度对小麦幼苗生长及其对铜、镉和矿质营养元素吸收与各元素在亚细胞分布的影响

为了研究重金属复合胁迫下温度变化对陆生植物的毒性效应的影响,实验采用水培的方法,设置对照和Cu-Cd复合胁迫(10 μmol·L1 Cu+10μmol·L-1Cd)2个处理,每个处理分别设置3个不同的培养温度(8/4℃、25/20℃和35/30℃),对小麦进行48 h的暴露实验,测定小麦幼苗的生长及其对重金属和矿质营养...     

EDTA-assisted phytoextraction of lead from lead-contaminated soils by Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea

The herbaceous plant Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea is highly resistant to a wide range of heavy metal concentrations. In this study we tested the phytoextraction capacity of E. crusgalli var. frumentacea. Specifically, we compared the effect of EDTA on lead (Pb) accumulation in two groups of plants: those sown in lead contaminated soil and those transplanted to the contaminated soil as seedlings. The result of the time development of the Pb concentrations in the plants in the seedling and seed groups shows that for the seedling group, the effect of adding EDTA to the Pb-contaminated soil was even more pronounced in the shoots than the roots, which showed Pb concentrations 32-fold higher. Compared to the seedling group, the Pb concentrations in the roots of plants in the seed group were approximately 5 times higher in controls and 2 to 10 times higher in the presence of EDTA. Collectively, these results might be considered that EDTA elevates the bioavailability of Pb in soil and this native species is particularly suited to use in Pb phytoextraction.     

赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)对三种土壤Zn、Pb有效态含量的影响

以褐土(Cinnamonsoil)、潮棕壤(Aquicbrownsoil)和酸性棕壤(Acidbrownsoil)为供试土壤,通过培养实验,研究了土壤中重金属Zn、Pb对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)生长率的影响,赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)对不同土壤中有效态Zn、Pb含量的影响,并与野生环境中生长的灰暗异唇蚓(Allolobaphoracaliginosa)进行比较。结果表明:重金属的污染明显抑制了赤子爱胜蚓的生长;赤子爱胜蚓可以显著提高潮棕壤中DTPA-Pb的含量,对DTPA-Zn的含量影响不大;加赤子爱胜蚓,褐土中DTPA-Zn和Pb的含量显著高于加灰暗异唇蚓,潮棕壤中DTPA-Zn的含量和酸性棕壤中大DTPA-Pb的含量则相反。     

三峡库区主要粮食作物和土壤中重金属的相关性及富积特征分析

采用野外采样和室内分析,试验结果表明三峡库区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Cr的变异系数小于50%,重金属的含量比较稳定。稻谷（Oryza sativa）中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr,玉米（Zea mays）中Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr和小麦（Triticum aestivum）中Cu、Pb、Cd、Fe、Mn、Cr的变异系数大于50%。土壤、稻谷、玉米、小麦中大部分重金属呈偏态分布。土壤中重金属间均为正相关,且极显著正相关性明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中重金属间有正相关,也有负相关,但正相关明显多于负相关;稻谷、玉米、小麦中Mn同其它重金属间均有显著正相关性,协同作用明显。稻谷、玉米、小麦中Pb、Cd、Cr的样本超标率较大,污染明显,并且稻谷中Cd与土壤中Cd有直线关系。     

Regional investigations of soil and overburden analysis and plant uptake of metals

Regional studies on the bioavailability of metals at native and disturbed sites were conducted over the past seven years by the USGS. The work was concentrated in the Fort Union, Powder River, and Green River coal resource regions where measures of extractable metals in soils were found to have limited use in predicting metal levels in plants.Correlations between Cu, Fe, and Zn in plants and extractable (DTPA, EDTA, and oxalate) or total levels in native A- and C-horizons of soil were occasionally significant. A simple linear model is generally not adequate, however, in estimating element uptake by plants. Prediction capabilities were improved when a number of soil chemical and physical parameters were included as independent variables in a stepwise linear multiple regression analysis; however, never more than 54% of the total variability in the data was explained by the equations for these metals. Soil pH was the most important variable relating soil chemistry to plant chemistry. This relation was always positive and apparently a response to soil levels of metal carbonates and not Fe and Mn oxides. Studies that compared the metal uptake by rehabilitation species to extractable (DTPA) metal levels in mice soils produced similar results.     

Remobilization of selected metal ions from Nile sediment (Egypt) according to sequential extraction and metal–EDTA complex

River sediments are basic components of our environment, providing nutrients for living organisms and serving as sinks for deleterious chemical species. The metal contents may be remobilized and released back into waters with changes in environmental conditions, thus affecting living organisms and human activities. This paper aims to determine the effect of a synthetic anthropogenic chelating agent (EDTA) as industrial discharges on the remobilization of several metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in River Nile sediments (at Aswan and Mansoura cities) under different concentrations and pH values, and to investigate the influence of metal–EDTA complexes on this remobilization. For these purposes, sequential extraction and experiments on the effect of pH and metal EDTA complex were carried out on the two representative sediment samples south and north of the River Nile in Egypt. The results of sequential extraction show that most of metal contents present in the residual form (Cu, 11.36–72.34%; Pb, 29.64–66.67%; and Zn, 43.76–50.09% at Aswan and Mansoura, respectively). Non-residual fractions which may be available for the remobilization by EDTA represented anthropogenic (industrial, agriculture, and domestic discharges) and lithiopogenic (metals bound to Fe and Mn oxides) sources. A clear increase was detected for Cu and Zn remobilization from the increase in EDTA concentrations, in contrast, Cd independent of the EDTA concentration and slight influence on Pb content. The remobilization of metals as a function of pH exhibited. The metals were greatly remobilized under the complexing action of EDTA, showing that some of these elements were adsorbed on the sediments. The remobilization rate of metals was dependent upon the added metal–EDTA complex (with the exchange rate being in the order Ca–EDTA>Zn–EDTA>Cd–EDTA>Cu–EDTA>Pb–EDTA), due to the stability constant of the metal–EDTA complex. The results of these experiments showed that heavy metals are greatly remobilized under the complexing action of EDTA when it is present in excess, so all precautions should be taken to prevent any wastewater containing EDTA or any chelating agents discharging directly or indirectly via the River Nile stream because most EDTA remains in the aquatic phase. The ability of this portion to remobilize metals from sediments should be taken into account.     

The importance of different forms of Pb on diminishing biological activities in a calcareous soil

In this experimental study, we evaluated the effect of different lead (Pb) fractions on biological properties in soil spiked with 0, 600, 1200 and 1800 mg kg^?1 Pb, during a 90-day incubation period at 25?28°C. Different Pb fractions were measured by sequential extraction at days 1 and 90 after soil treatment. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Pb and soil biological properties at days 1, 5, 15, 45 and 90 were measured. The concentration of Pb in soluble and exchangeable fractions was very high at day 1, but it showed remarkable transfer into carbonate and residual fractions by day 90. Substrate-induced respiration, basal respiration, acid and alkaline phosphatases, microbial populations (bacterial, fungal and actinomycetes) and biomass carbon decreased significantly with soil contamination compared with the control. With Pb ageing, these biological properties increased. Metabolic quotient (qCO₂) increased significantly compared with the control with increasing Pb concentration. The toxicity of various forms of Pb for the biological status of the soil was in the following order: KNO₃ extractable>NaOH extractable>EDTA extractable>HNO ₃ extractable>total content Pb. Thus, the bioavailable fractions are better indicators of Pb pollution in soils.     

EDTA reduces lead accumulation in Symphytum officinale L. (comfrey) roots

The addition of EDTA in phytoextraction studies has been reported to increase heavy metal accumulation in above-ground parts or to have no negative impact on the overall (root/shoot) accumulation levels in terrestrial plants. At a purely quantitative level, this study assessed the phytoextraction potential of a previously untested high-biomass terrestrial plant, Symphytum officinale L. (comfrey), in the presence of Pb and EDTA. In this hydroponic-based study, we report a small increase in shoot accumulation of Pb with EDTA but, conversely, the presence of EDTA in the nutrient medium markedly reduced the overall quantity of Pb in the plant root by at least 80%. The loss does not appear to be explained by EDTA acting alone, increased transport of Pb to the shoots, or anionic charge repulsion of the [PbEDTA]^2? complex. The elusive action and negative effect of EDTA on Pb accumulation in S. officinale provides additional reasons towards a growing trend away from the use of EDTA as a chelating agent in phytoextraction.