基于多元统计的引黄水库沉沙条渠泥沙与水质的变异分析

以济南市引黄供水鹊山水库沉沙条渠为研究对象,测定了9个断面（Y1—Y9）表层水体中的含沙量、总有机碳、总磷、总氮、叶绿素a等19个水质指标.运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法分别探讨水体的主要污染因子及监测断面的沿程归类,并通过室内模拟实验分析了泥沙对水体中N、P浓度的影响.结果表明,沉沙条渠中的水质总体特征以Ⅱ类水和Ⅲ类水为主,其中,超标水质指标为TN,达到劣Ⅴ类水标准,P为藻类生长的限制因子.19个水质指标可由6个主成分来反映,其贡献率分别为：F1（TN、NH3-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、总碱度、Br-、硫酸盐）34.41%,F2（含沙量、浊度、色度、电导率）22.78%,F3（pH和UV254）13.95%,F4（TP）6.280%,F5（CODCr）4.990%和F6（Chl-a）4.830%;9个监测断面归为4类,相应地整个沉沙条渠可划分为4个功能区：入渠布水区（Y1、Y2、Y3）、快速沉降区（Y4、Y5）、缓慢沉降区（Y6、Y7、Y8）和出水稳定区（Y9）.此外,水质与泥沙关系的室内模拟实验表明,条渠来水的P浓度随着泥沙颗粒的沉降而降低,TP在0—15 h内快速下降,而后缓慢下降,30 h内基本达到平衡;而泥沙颗粒对水中N浓度基本没有影响.     

骆马湖水质时空变化特征

于2014年1—12月对骆马湖10个样点水体理化指标开展周年监测,分析水质现状和水体营养状态,并结合聚类分析等多元统计分析方法识别水质时空变化特征。结果表明,方差分析显示透明度、电导率、溶解氧、氮、磷及叶绿素a等多项指标均呈现显著的月份变化,空间差异分析表明仅水深在各样点间差异显著,表明骆马湖水质空间差异较小。各月份总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a质量浓度的样点均值分别为0.71~2.08 mg·L-1、23.82~71.78μg·L-1、1.87~5.09 mg·L-1、4.49~10.83μg·L-1,骆马湖水质为Ⅲ~劣Ⅴ类,总氮是现阶段的主要污染物,综合营养状态指数(TLI)表明骆马湖处于中营养~轻度富营养状态。聚类分析将12个月分为冬春季和夏秋季2个聚类组,冬春季透明度、溶解氧、总氮、硝态氮浓度显著高于夏秋季,而叶绿素a和总磷浓度则呈现相反的变化趋势。聚类分析将10个样点分为北部湖区和南部湖区2个聚类组,总氮、硝态氮浓度和电导率是导致湖区水质差异的主要指标,北部湖区上述指标显著高于南部湖区。     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。     

天津津河营养状态综合评价及防治对策

2000年10月对改造过的津河设8个取样点，未改造过的卫津河设2个取样点，进行采样，测定其主要化学因子和浮游生物。依据总氮、总磷、溶解氧、叶绿素a及指示藻类综合评价水体的营养状态：位于卫津河的9、10站位处于极富营养化，位于津河的1—8站位的水质总体好于卫津河河段，但有的站位也呈现一定程度的富营养化，津河的总体营养水平为中—富营养化。藻类定性分析表明水体富营养化类型为绿藻—硅藻型。建议加强环境保护的宣传和管理工作、逐步实现雨污分流、保证水源水质，有效地保护津河水环境。     

固城湖及其出入湖河道水质时空分布差异与历年变化趋势分析

于2012年7月至2013年7月采集固城湖及其出入湖河道水样,测定水体理化特征指标,探讨固城湖水质时空分布差异,并根据2001—2012年水质监测数据,利用PWQTrend 2010软件分析近年来固城湖及官溪河的水质变化趋势。结果表明:固城湖大湖区、港口河和漆桥河水质较好,丰水期处于轻度富营养化状态;小湖区、养殖区排污口、官溪河和胥河受纳污染负荷较大,丰水期处于中度富营养状态,而枯水期大、小湖区及出入湖河道都处于中营养状态。目前水质主要受氮磷污染的影响,主要污染源为水产养殖;2001—2012年官溪河和小湖区总体上属于Ⅲ~Ⅳ类水质,大湖区则属于Ⅲ类水质,受高淳社会经济发展和环境保护措施的影响,官溪河总氮、总磷浓度呈显著下降趋势,小湖区总氮浓度,大湖区总氮、总磷浓度都呈显著上升趋势,因此合理规划养殖业发展规模和模式,减少各类污染源排放量,是保证固城湖可持续发展的必要措施。     

基于水面无人船快速监测的温榆河-北运河水质分析与评价

本研究选取了温榆河-北运河（通州段）的3个典型区域,利用无人船搭载的快速监测设备,原位检测了水体的温度、pH、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、浊度（Turbidity）、电导率（spCond）、蓝绿藻（BGA）、叶绿素a （chlorophyll-a）.采用离线方式,在实验室测定了水样中的化学需氧量(COD_Cr)和总磷（TP）.基于所获取的数据,结合单因子评价法和平均综合污染指数法,评价了温榆河-北运河的3个河段水质现状;结合SPSS软件和主成分分析法,分析了影响河段水质的主要影响因素.结果表明,基于氨氮、溶解氧、化学需氧量、pH、总磷等指标进行评价,上述河段水质属于我国《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）Ⅳ类标准;主成分分析的结果表明,总磷、化学需氧量、叶绿素a是主要污染物,且河岸周边环境对河流水质影响较大.     

骆马湖夏季水质空间分布特征及评价

开展人类活动影响下骆马湖水质状况调查,明确水体理化指标分布特征,有助于城郊过水性湖泊的有效保护和开发利用。2017年夏季(6—8月)对骆马湖水体理化指标开展调查,分析水质现状和水体营养状态变化特征,并结合Piper三角图和等值线图法分析骆马湖理化指标空间分布规律。结果表明,夏季骆马湖透明度、ρ(DO)和pH值较1991—2014年平均水平无明显变化,但N、P和有机污染物浓度以及主要离子组成变化显著。骆马湖ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)及COD_(Mn)达V类水标准,大部分湖区处于中度富营养化状态,小部分湖区处于重度富营养化状态,湖区东北部主要离子组成由Ca~(2+)+HCO_3~-转变为Na~+(K~+)+HCO_3~-,其余湖区则转变为Na~+(K~+)+Cl~-。水体中HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和PO_4~(3+)浓度以及pH、总碱度和总硬度等具有显著空间差异性(P0.05)。骆马湖水质指标空间分布复杂, Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度以及总碱度、总硬度呈现东北部高、西南部低的特点,而TN、TP和叶绿素a浓度以及COD_(Mn)总体呈现北部高、东部低的特点。不同理化指标空间分布主要与入湖径流中污染物、湖泊内生产活动和湖泊净化能力有关,人类活动对骆马湖水质的干扰已不容忽视。     

北京什刹海区域水体富营养化时空演变特征分析

通过现场调研及资料收集,对北京什刹海区域东小村桥、松林闸、后海、前海、北海等5个监测点水体的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸钾指数(CODMn)、透明度(SD)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)及综合营养状态指数的时空变化趋势进行分析和评价.结果表明,2007—2013年间什刹海区域水体TN和TP浓度偏高,Pearson相关系数分析表明水体TP浓度和综合营养状态指数呈显著正相关,即磷为水体富营养限制性因素.从时间演变趋势角度分析,2008年前后,该区域整体水质良好,营养化水平降低,其后水质状况呈恶化趋势.同时,什刹海水质变化具有显著空间变化特征,生态修复措施较为到位的后海和前海水质明显优于其上下游监测点,而这种空间变化特征主要源于什刹海及其上下游不同区段水体的相对独立性和各段水体受污染的差异性.     

万家寨引黄工程引水中化学毒物安全性评价

采用多介质环境目标值和中国地表水环境质量标准，就万家寨引黄工程水源地水中检出的和终端水预测的主要有机污染物及重金属对健康的潜在危害进行了定量评价。结果表明，在不考虑引水工程输水模式对水质影响的情况下，有机污染物和重金属对人体的健康影响度（TAS）均大于1，同时，有机污染物中的苯，特别是邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的浓度明显超过国家标准。在考虑输水模式对水质影响的情况下，引水中有机污染物的TAS低于1，但邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的浓度仍然超过国家标准。在考虑输水模式的情况下，引水终端水中重金属的含量可达《地表水环境质量标准》（GHZB1－1999）中Ⅲ类水标准。     

水生植被恢复对东莞生态工业园区水质改善的影响研究

为促进工业园区水生态环境建设,以东莞生态产业园区水生态系统恢复为研究对象,研究了其建园初期水生植被恢复对重污染水体水质修复的影响,并应用因子分析法对水质与主要生态因子之间的相互关系进行了研究,探讨了水体修复效果与水生植被覆盖率的关系.结果表明：水生植被恢复可使园区生态岛群与月湖主要水质指标（总氮、总磷、氨氮和高锰酸盐指数）从建设初期（2011 年5 月）的劣V 类改善为II-III 类（2012 年）,透明度提高约1 倍,而下沙与大圳埔湿地也从劣V类（2011 年5 月）改善为IV-V 类（2012 年）,透明度提高约50%.10 项水质指标的因子分析表明,园区水质成因可归为综合营养因子（氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素、透明度、总磷和总氮）、温度因子（温度、电导率、硝态氮）和光合作用因子（溶解氧和pH）,其中主导指标为氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a、透明度和总磷等.三类因子分别客观反映了修复水体的水质变化特点：氮磷及有机物的含量越低则水体透明度越高,水质越优;温度升高有利于水质改善;藻类光合作用减弱,则水质变优.生态岛群、月湖、下沙、大圳埔湿地的水生植被覆盖率分别为43.8%、22%、4.3%、9.1%,此差异与水质修复效果相关.回归分析显示水质指标与水生植被覆盖率呈极显著的二项式关系（p〈0.01）,根据拟合方程计算得出污染物浓度最低、透明度最高、综合水质最优时的水生植被覆盖率变动范围为30%~35%.因此,生态岛群与月湖的水质改善效果优于大圳埔湿地,大圳埔湿地则又优于下沙湿地;下沙与大圳埔湿地可通过适当增加浮、挺水植物的面积比例,提高水体修复能力.文中所得最适水生植被覆盖率范围可为华南地区工业园区水生态初期修复提供一定的参考价值.     

Impact of climate factors on cyanobacterial dynamics and their interactions with water quality in South Taihu Lake,China

Cyanobacterial bloom events in South Taihu Lake cause serious water quality problems and disturb aesthetic view of lake’s environment. In this study, correlations between cyanobacterial blooms and hydro-meteorological factors, including water quality, temperature and precipitation were investigated. Results demonstrated that South Taihu Lake was heavily affected by cyanobacteria and the proliferation of cyanobacteria due to variations in hydro-meteorological factors and water quality conditions. Water quality parameters, including COD, NH₃-N, TN and TP improved significantly since 2008 even at an elevated cyanobacterial bloom situation. Correlation analyses have shown that the development of cyanobacterial density and chlorophyll a concentration was sensitive to a wider temperature variation. The optimum temperature for cyanobacteria was 20°C, while extremely low and high temperatures were found to suppress their growth. Moreover, unusual rainfall patterns were measured during the study period (2003–2009), which showed an adverse impact on cyanobacterial development. Findings from this study suggested that seasonal lake’s water quality monitoring; suitable treatment of cyanobacterial blooms and strict policy implementation can solve the water quality issues in highly eutrophic lakes like Taihu.     

Economic efficiency and equity in water quality control: Effluent taxes and information requirements

Water quality standards for any river system can be achieved under numerous management programs or assignment patterns for waste treatment responsibility. This study examines three effluent charge (tax) programs along with a management program based on equal percentage treatment. Each program is developed within the general framework of a water quality management model and is designed to minimize the total real resource cost of waste treatment subject to program constraints (information availability) and water quality standards. An assessment of the relative efficiency and equity of these programs is made within a water quality management simulation of the Patuxent River in Maryland.     

Field experiment on biological contact oxidation process to treat polluted river water in the Dianchi Lake watershed

In this study two types of biological contact oxidation processes (BCOP), a step-feed (SBCOP) unit and an inter-recycle (IBCOP) unit, were designed to investigate the treatment of heavily polluted river water. The Daqing River, which is the largest pollutant contributor to the Dianchi Lake, one of the most eutrophic freshwater lakes in China, was taken for the case study. It was found that the SBCOP had higher adaptability and better performance in the reduction of COD, TN, and TP, which made it applicable for the treatment of polluted river water entering the Dianchi Lake. Nitrification rate was observed to be greatly affected by the influent temperature. During each season, the nitrification in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP. TN removal efficiency in the SBCOP was higher than that in the IBCOP during the winter and spring but poorer during the summer, possibly due to the inhibition of denitrification by higher dissolved oxygen level in the summer. Moreover, symbiotic algaebacteria growth may be conducive to the removal of pollutants.     

Eco-hydrological modelling in a highly regulated lowland catchment to find measures for improving water quality

Water quality modelling in the meso-scale Rhin catchment in the German federal state Brandenburg was done (1) to answer some specific questions concerning identification of point and diffuse sources of nutrient pollution in the catchment, (2) to assess the influences of possible climate and land use changes on water quantity and quality and (3) to evaluate potential measures to be done in order to achieve a “good ecological status” of the river and its lakes as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD).The Rhin catchment is a typical highly regulated lowland river basin in Northern Germany. The regulations complicate water quantity and quality modelling in the catchment. The research was done by using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which simulates water and nutrient fluxes in soil and vegetation, as well as transport of water and nutrients to and within the river network. The modelling period was from 1981 until 2005. After calibrating the hydrological processes at different gauges within the basin with satisfactory results, water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus) modelling was done taking into account the emissions of different point sources (sewage treatment plants, etc.) and identifying the amount of diffuse pollution caused mainly by agriculture.For suggesting some feasible measures to improve water quality and to reduce diffuse pollution considering possible climate and land use changes, different reasonable scenarios were applied in consultation with the Environmental Agency of Brandenburg (LUA). The study revealed that the amount of water discharge has significant influence on the concentration of nutrients in the river network, and that nitrogen pollution, caused mainly by diffuse sources, could be notably reduced by application of agricultural measures, whereas the pollution by phosphorus could be diminished most effectively by the reduction of point source emissions.     

无锡市水环境变化及其引发的地质灾害问题与对策

随着经济的快速发展，无锡市水环境质量发生了很大的变化。由于在太湖、五里湖等湖泊周围大规模围湖造田，水域生态环境和原有水系格局被破坏，五里湖、梅梁湖水质恶化，每10年下降一个等级，太湖水质总体上呈现富营养化状态。水环境变化在一定程度上导致了地面沉降的发生，有的地区地下水位呈加速下降的趋势，有的地区已出现多个地下水位降落漏斗，后者面积达220km^2。应该加快区域供水建设步伐，调整工业结构，加强对水资源的管理和调控。     

Design of a water quality monitoring network in a large river system using the genetic algorithm

Despite several decades of operations and the increasing importance of water quality monitoring networks, the authorities still rely on experiential insights and subjective judgments in siting water quality monitoring stations. This study proposes an integrated technique which uses a genetic algorithm (GA) and a geographic information system (GIS) for the design of an effective water quality monitoring network in a large river system. In order to develop a design scheme, planning objectives were identified for water quality monitoring networks and corresponding fitness functions were defined using linear combinations of five selection criteria that are critical for developing a monitoring system. The criteria include the representativeness of a river system, compliance with water quality standards, supervision of water use, surveillance of pollution sources and examination of water quality changes. The fitness levels were obtained through a series of calculations of the fitness functions using GIS data. A sensitivity analysis was performed for major parameters such as the numbers of generations, population sizes and probability of crossover and mutation, in order to determine a good fitness level and convergence for optimum solutions. The proposed methodology was applied to the design of water quality monitoring networks in the Nakdong River system, in Korea. The results showed that only 35 out of 110 stations currently in operation coincide with those in the new network design, therefore indicating that the effectiveness of the current monitoring network should be carefully re-examined. From this study, it was concluded that the proposed methodology could be a useful decision support tool for the optimized design of water quality monitoring networks.     

Suitability and water quality criteria of an open drainage municipal sewage water at Coimbatore, used for irrigation

Sanganur canal is the major open drainage system which has intricate linkage with storm water supply, domestic sewage and industrial effluent disposal. Water samples from various stations were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters to assess the water quality of the Sanganur canal system. The study revealed that physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, COD exceeded the permissible limit, clearly indicating the need of proper treatment of waste water before discharge into the Noyyal river.     

Study of physico-chemical characteristics of water bodies around Jaipur

The present study has been undertaken to evaluate physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, alkalinity and hardness) and zinc concentration in water bodies in and around Jaipur. Water samples from Jalmachal Lake, Nevta Lake, Amer Lake and Ramgarh Lake were analysed. Results reveal that the water of Jalmahal Lake is most polluted due to high pH, hardness, alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, zinc content, and a low level of dissolved oxygen. Contrarily Ramgarh Lake is least polluted, as it has high dissolved oxygen and low pH, alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, hardness and zinc content.     

水上公园水体的水供现状及营养功能状态评价

本文论述了天津市水上公园水体的水质现状,并依据有关标准对水体的营养状态,水体的游览景 产养殖,饮水备用水源等功能进行了评价。