景观格局特征与区域生物多样性的关系研究

景观格局决定景观的功能和生态过程,影响着景观内的物种流、信息流、能源流,从而对生物多样性产生显著作用。以鄱阳湖生态经济区为研究区域,运用SPSS 17.0和Fragstats 3.3等统计分析软件,从38个县区的景观特征中选取具有生态意义的景观指数与生物多样性进行相关分析,探讨景观格局特征与区域生物多样性的关系。结果表明,(1)景观类型水平上景观指数与生物多样性之间的关系表现不一,耕地部分指标如PLAND、NP、COHESION(0.476~(**),P0.01)与区域生物多样性指数呈正相关,耕地的景观特征与各物种大部分指标之间的相关关系呈不显著的负相关,表现出耕地景观与生物多样性具有复杂关系。区域内林地PLAND(0.439~(**),P0.01)、NP、COHESION(0.609~(**),P0.01)与区域生物多样性指数呈正相关,林地PD、LPI、AWMSI与区域生物多样性指数呈弱程度的负相关。林地景观除了跟植物的PLAND(0.655~(**),P0.01)、COHESION(0.729~(**),P0.01)呈极显著正相关外,与其他多数指标呈负相关。湿地景观大部分指标与区域生物多样性指数呈显著正相关。(2)景观水平上景观指数与生物多样性之间的相关性分析结果表明,区域的景观特征除MPS与区域生物多样性指数呈负相关外,其他景观指标都与区域生物多样性呈正相关,其中TA、NP、LSI、SHDI与区域生物多样性关系较为显著,说明景观的面积大小、数量、形状、多样性对生物多样性和各种生物过程都有较大影响。区域景观特征与生物多样性具有较好的相关性,关系较为复杂。区域内的湿地景观、林地景观是区域生物种的主要栖息场所,同时,作为产粮主产区,耕地景观的影响也不容忽视。因此,保护区域内的湿地、林地、耕地景观对于维持区域生物多样性具有重要作用。该研究对区域内生物多样性的保护和管理具有一定的理论指导意义。     

渤海湾淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局分析

以景观多样性，景观破碎度和景观分离作为评价指标，分析渤海淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局以及人类活动对景观结构的影响。将研究区域分为耕地、荒地、村镇、盐田、虾池、滩涂、库塘以及河流沟渠８个景观要素。     

渤海湾淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局分析

以景观多样性、景观破碎度和景观分离度作为评价指标,分析渤海湾淤泥质海岸带典型地区景观空间格局以及人类活动对景观结构的影响。将研究区域分为耕地、荒地、村镇、盐田、虾池、滩涂、库塘以及河流沟渠8个景观要素。分析表明,景观多样性主要受耕地和荒地的影响和支配;耕地和荒地的破碎度大,分离度小;盐田和河流沟渠的破碎度最小;村镇和滩涂的分布状况导致其分离度大。     

低山丘陵区农业景观格局对害虫-捕食性天敌食物网的影响

农业集约化导致景观破碎化、均质化程度加深.景观斑块的组成及合理布局带来的农业景观高异质性是维持区域生物多样性的关键.该文选择具有典型低山丘陵地貌的辽宁省建平县为研究区,在食物网水平上探究区域农业景观格局对生物多样性的影响.选取20个样区,在明晰区域景观特征、分析害虫-捕食性天敌食物网结构的基础上,采用回归分析和最优模型...     

基于最佳尺度的景观生态风险时空变化研究：以重庆市江津区为例

探究景观生态风险的时空变化规律,合理评估生态风险状况,有利于维护区域生态安全和经济社会可持续发展。以2000、2009和2018年3期遥感影像为基础,综合运用景观格局指数、空间自相关分析和地理探测器工具,探究最佳尺度下江津区景观生态风险时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)景观指数随粒度和幅度的改变而呈现不同的变化规律,90 m栅格和3 km网格尺寸能更好地体现景观格局空间异质性特征;(2)2000—2018年研究区景观生态风险空间格局变化较大,景观生态风险威胁程度整体有所上升,中风险区逐渐成为区域主导类型;(3)研究区各时期景观生态风险空间集聚特征显著,景观生态风险指数空间分布以高-高集聚和低-低集聚为主;(4)人类活动对于区域景观格局和生态系统的影响愈发强烈,人口密度和GDP是影响景观生态风险时空分布的重要驱动因素。研究结果可为长江上游重要生态屏障建设提供决策参考。     

上海市公园植被景观格局

在GIS技术支持下,应用景观生态学方法,选取植被景观构成、斑块密度、边缘密度、聚集度指数、蔓延度、Shannon多样性指数、景观连接度指数等景观格局分析指标,从植物群落角度对上海市建成区范围内的5个公园进行植被景观格局分析.结果表明:(1)在所调查的五个公园中,植被基本以常绿阔叶林为主,其次是落叶阔叶林,存在物种多样性较低、群落结构简单的问题;(2)研究区内的景观主要受到少数几种植被类型控制.且优势斑块空间分布较为集中,不同植被类型连续性较好,在功能和生态过程上联系紧密;同一类型的植被邻近程度较高.除优势斑块外,其他景观类型分布较为均匀,空间异质性程度较大,物种的空间配置比较多样化;(3)有些公园因为存在大面积的人工建筑使得相同类型的植被在空间上被分割,从而出现破碎化程度较高、景观边缘密度较大、蔓延度较低等的问题.     

景观格局对植物多样性影响研究进展

景观格局对植物多样性有重要影响,植物多样性包括α、β、γ多样性。从景观斑块面积、形状、配置方式、景观类型和尺度效应等方面对植物多样性进行了综述。景观斑块面积能对物种产生质量效应,除部分热带植物外,大部分植物在一定范围内,其物种丰富度与斑块面积呈正相关关系,随着斑块面积的增加,斑块内部种比边缘种数量增加快;但是随着景观破碎化严重,小斑块为物种提供主要栖息地,所以对小斑块的研究和保护具有重要意义。形状复杂的景观斑块能够保持较高的植物多样性,不同植物类群的多样性指数存在差异。景观斑块复杂的边缘,植物物种多样性较高,多为适应性强的边缘种。景观异质性与物种丰富度、β多样性呈显著正相关。景观多样性以及景观斑块之间的连通性与植物多样性呈正相关关系。不同景观类型的合理配置,特别是生态交错区,有利于保持植物多样性。研究发现隔离度对物种丰富度和多样性具有消极影响,主要是由质量效应和邻近效应产生的影响,因为这可以为更多的物种提供更广阔的栖息地,并且有利于种子的传播,从而提高植物的生存率。文章还总结了全球主要的土地利用类型对植物多样性的影响,包括农业用地、草地、森林,多种土地利用类型相结合有助于提高植物多样性,尤其是群落交错区的存在。景观格局与植物多样性的关系存在空间尺度效应,空间尺度效应对植物多样性的研究可以从空间的幅度和粒度中的小尺度、中尺度、大尺度对物种的影响进行研究。景观格局指数高度浓缩了景观格局信息,是反映景观结构和配置等方面特征的简单量化指标,目前应用广泛。未来可从优化景观格局、尺度阈值及影响机制方面做进一步研究。     

城市景观空间格局变化的研究方法及实例

航空遥感技术的应用和地理信息系统(GIS)的建立,给城市景观格局的研究带来了新的方法。系统论和信息论中的许多新思想被大胆地引入了景观空间格局的研究。本文以沈阳西郊为例,利用航空像片为原始资料,采用嵌块体的数目和面积大小;景观的异质性;嵌块体的转移矩阵三个指标,讨论了30年来沈阳西郊观格局的显著变化。人类建设活动的干扰作用对景观格局的演化起了决定性作用。本文提出的土地利用城市化指数是景观空间分析的有用指标。     

快速城市化背景下上海绿色空间景观格局梯度及其多样性时空动态特征分析

以上海典型快速城市化地区为例,基于遥感影像数据,综合运用RS/GIS技术和Fragstats 3.3移动窗口法对1997年、2000年、2005年、2008年和2015年5个年份上海绿色空间的景观格局梯度及其多样性时空动态进行分析。随城市发展的绿色空间梯度变化和景观多样性的空间显式化研究可以帮助理解景观格局-过程关系,同时为城市景观格局优化和管理提供支持。结果表明,(1)1997—2015年间,研究区总体上以建设用地的增加和绿色空间的总量减少为典型特征,农田景观面积比例PLAND减少了32.85%,森林绿地PLAND增加了9.44%,水体PLAND增加了1.58%,建设用地PLAND增加了28.59%。(2)研究区绿色空间的景观格局随着城市空间多方向的扩张变化明显,同心矩形带梯度模式分析和多向梯度模式分析结果显示,近20年来,在矩形环4以内中心城区森林绿地PLAND、斑块数量NP、斑块密度PD、景观形状指数LSI的增加,表明中心城区森林绿地景观破碎化越来越严重,人工痕迹较重。在矩形环5以外区域森林绿地PLAND、LPI的增加及NP的下降表明郊区森林绿地景观表现出一定的集聚性;在矩形环5以外区域农田PLAND、最大斑块指数LPI的下降和PD、LSI的升高表明建设用地的扩张使原本均一化的农田景观越来越破碎,形状也越来越复杂。(3)景观多样性时空动态变化分析表明,1997年仅中心城区景观多样性SHDI较低,而2015年SHDI在整个研究区均呈下降趋势。     

农业景观生物多样性保护一般原则探讨

在参阅大量文献的基础上,从过程和格局2个角度,概括和总结了农业景观生物多样性保护的一般原则,包括:区分并优先保护农业景观生物多样性的热点区域,保护和建立自然、半自然生境,构建多样化的土地利用/种植模式,通过连接残存的自然、半自然生境或新建生态廊道增加农田景观的连接度,提高集约化程度较低的农业用地面积,采取野生生物友好型的农作管理方式,保护关键物种并维持物种的相互联系,控制侵略性的、数量过多的入侵性物种等一系列原则。最后,对这些原则在实际推行及应用中面临的问题进行了探讨。     

Urban growth and landscape connectivity threats assessment at Saguaro National Park,Arizona, USA

Urban and exurban expansion results in habitat and biodiversity loss globally. We hypothesize that a coupled-model approach could connect urban planning for future cities with landscape ecology to consider wildland habitat connectivity. Our work combines urban growth simulations with models of wildlife corridors to examine how species will be impacted by development to test this hypothesis. We leverage a land use change model (SLEUTH) with structural and functional landscape-connectivity modeling techniques to ascertain the spatial extent and locations of connectivity related threats to a national park in southern Arizona, USA, and describe how protected areas might be impacted by urban expansion. Results of projected growth significantly altered structural connectivity (80%) when compared to current (baseline) corridor conditions. Moreover, projected growth impacted functional connectivity differently amongst species, indicating resilience of some species and near-complete displacement of others. We propose that implementing a geospatial-design-based model will allow for a better understanding of the impacts management decisions have on wildlife populations. The application provides the potential to understand both human and environmental impacts of land-system dynamics, critical for long-term sustainability.     

Biodiversity consequences of alternative future land use scenarios in Greater Yellowstone.

Land use is rapidly expanding in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, primarily from growth in the number of rural homes. There is a need to project possible future land use and assess impacts on nature reserves as a guide to future management. We assessed the potential biodiversity impacts of alternative future land use scenarios in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. An existing regression-based simulation model was used to project three alternative scenarios of future rural home development. The spatial patterns of forecasted development were then compared to several biodiversity response variables that included cover types, species habitats, and biodiversity indices. We identified the four biodiversity responses most at risk of exurban development, designed growth management policies to protect these areas, and tested their effectiveness in two alternative future scenarios. We found that the measured biodiversity responses, including riparian habitat, elk winter range, migration corridors, and eight other land cover, habitat, and biodiversity indices, are likely to undergo substantial conversion (between 5% and 40%) to exurban development by 2020. Future habitat conversion to exurban development outside the region's nature reserves is likely to impact wildlife populations within the reserves. Existing growth management policies will provide minimal protection to biodiversity in this region. We identified specific growth management policies, including incentives to cluster future growth near towns, that can protect "at risk" habitat types without limiting overall growth in housing.     

深圳市盐田区植被格局分析

运用景观生态学的方法 ,选取斑块形状指数、斑块形状破碎化指数、分维数、景观多样性指数、均匀度、相对丰富度、优势度等指标 ,对深圳盐田区的植被格局进行分析。结果显示 :在城乡发展过程中 ,盐田区植被景观保存较好 ,类型丰富 ;植被景观总体上呈现出符合其生境特征的规则分布 ;群落景观异质性较高 ,拥有南亚热带的沟谷雨林、山地常绿阔叶林、红树林等特色植被景观 ;沟谷雨林和季风常绿林是本区较脆弱的生态系统 ,应积极加以保护和发展     

Independent effects of fragmentation on forest songbirds: an organism-based approach.

The degree to which spatial patterns influence the dynamics and distribution of populations is a central question in ecology. This question is even more pressing in the context of rapid habitat loss and fragmentation, which threaten global biodiversity. However, the relative influence of habitat loss and landscape fragmentation, the spatial patterning of remaining habitat, remains unclear. If landscape pattern affects population size, managers may be able to design landscapes that mitigate habitat loss. We present the results of a mensurative experiment designed to test four habitat loss vs. fragmentation hypotheses. Unlike previous studies, we measured landscape structure using quantitative, spatially explicit habitat distribution models previously developed for two species: Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca) and Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla). We used a stratified sampling design that reduced the confounding of habitat amount and fragmentation variables. Occurrence and reoccurrence of both species were strongly influenced by characteristics at scales greater than the individual territory, indicating little support for the random-sample hypothesis. However, the type and spatial extent of landscape influence differed. Both occurrence and reoccurrence of Blackburnian Warblers were influenced by the amount of poor-quality matrix at 300- and 2000-m spatial extents. The occurrence and reoccurrence of Ovenbirds depended on a landscape pattern variable, patch size, but only in cases when patches were isolated. These results support the hypothesis that landscape pattern is important for some species only when the amount of suitable habitat is low. Although theoretical models have predicted such an interaction between landscape fragmentation and composition, to our knowledge this is the first study to report empirical evidence of such nonlinear fragmentation effects. Defining landscapes quantitatively from an organism-based perspective may increase power to detect fragmentation effects, particularly in forest mosaics where boundaries between patches and matrix are ambiguous. Our results indicate that manipulating landscape pattern may reduce negative impacts of habitat loss for Ovenbird, but not Blackburnian Warbler. We emphasize that most variance in the occurrence of both species was explained by local scale or landscape composition variables rather than variables reflecting landscape pattern.     

Population growth,urban sprawl and landscape integrity of Beijing City

The detailed landscape pattern of the urban area within the 6th ring road in Beijing City was identified using airborne remote sensing data acquired between 1997 and 2002. The landscape indices at landscape level were computed using Fragstats 3.3, and changes in land use/cover types in Beijing from 1997 to 2002 were examined. The results show that urban built area (UBA) and farmland changed greatly within the 6th ring road, and that farmland had been replaced by UBA. The number of patches increased by 106.6%, mean patch area decreased by 51.6%, the splitting index increased by 94.3%, and the landscape diversity index increased by 17.8%. The landscape pattern had become more fragmented and diversified in these 5 years. The main driving forces for landscape change were the increasing demand for land for construction due to the growing population, unreasonable urban growth, and improvements in housing standards. The landscape pattern change in Beijing led by rapid urbanisation has negatively influenced urban ecosystem health and has caused several environmental problems. We provide suggestions for improving urban planning and sustainable development in Beijing City.     

A strategy for wildlife management in depopulating rural areas of Japan

Former ranges of wild animals have been reestablished in many developed countries. However, this reestablishment has led to increasing human–wildlife conflict in agroforest ecosystems. In Japan, human–wildlife conflict, such as crop raiding by and ecological impacts of wild ungulates and primates, is a serious problem in depopulated rural areas due to these animal range expansions and increased abundances. Japan's human population is predicted to decline by 24% by 2050, and approximately 20% of agricultural settlements will become completely depopulated. In this scenario, anthropogenic pressures on wildlife (e.g., hunting and habitat alteration) will continue to decrease and human–wildlife conflict will increase due to increasing wildlife recovery. Japan's local governments plan to slow range recovery, prevent species reestablishment, or remove recolonizing large mammals through lethal control. This strategy, however, is not cost-effective, and workforce shortages in depopulated communities make it infeasible. Moreover, the suppression of wildlife prevents the recovery of ecological functions and thus would degrade regional biodiversity. The declining pressure on wildlife that accompanies human depopulation will prevent the restoration of any past states of human–wildlife interaction. We suggest human-used areas in rural landscapes be aggregated in compact cities and that in transition zones between human settlements and depopulated lands that land-sharing approaches be applied. Concentrating management efforts in compact cities may effectively decrease human–wildlife conflict, rather than intensifying human pressures. Reforestation of depopulated lands may lead to recovery of wildlife habitats, their ecosystem functions, and regional biodiversity due to minimization of negative anthropogenic effects (land-sparing approach). Balancing resolution of human–wildlife conflict and ecological rewilding could become a new, challenging task for regional wildlife managers.     

Threats to biodiversity from cumulative human impacts in one of North America's last wildlife frontiers

Land‐use change is the largest proximate threat to biodiversity yet remains one of the most complex to manage. In British Columbia (BC), where large mammals roam extensive tracts of intact habitat, continued land‐use development is of global concern. Extant mammal diversity in BC is unrivalled in North America owing, in part, to its unique position at the intersection of alpine, boreal, and temperate biomes. Despite high conservation values, understanding of cumulative ecological impacts from human development is limited. Using cumulative‐effects‐assessment (CEA) methods, we assessed the current human footprint over 16 regional ecosystems and 7 large mammal species. Using historical and current range estimates of the mammals, we investigated impacts of human land use on species’ persistence. For ecosystems, we found that bunchgrass, coastal Douglas fir, and ponderosa pine have been subjected to over 50% land‐use conversion, and over 85% of their spatial extent has undergone either direct or estimated indirect impacts. Of the mammals we considered, wolves were the least affected by land conversion, yet all species had reduced ranges compared with historical estimates. We found evidence of a hard trade‐off between development and conservation, most clearly for mammals with large distributions and ecosystems with high levels of conversion. Rather than serve as a platform to monitor species decline, we strongly advocate these data be used to inform land‐use planning and to assess current conservation efforts. More generally, CEAs offer a robust tool to inform wildlife and habitat conservation at scale.     

基于CA-Markov模型土地利用对景观格局影响辨识

采用CA-Markov模型方法,研究挠力河流域不同时段土地利用对湿地景观格局干扰强度的差异性.结果表明:(1)流域湿地景观格局变化显著.1967-2000年,挠力河流域湿地类型景观最大斑块指数逐渐减小,耕地和水域斑块的面积周长分维数逐渐减小,而沼泽和居民地的散布与并列指数变大,草甸和耕地聚集度指数增大;湿地景观破碎化程度增加;湿地景观空间分布逐渐由流域周围高地势区向中心河流廊道退缩.(2)流域土地利用变化明显.耕地和居民用地数量迅速增加,耕地趋于集中连片分布,土地利用呈由自然湿地逐渐转化为耕地的变化过程,耕地成为主导的土地利用类型.(3)流域土地利用强度存在阶段差异.1967-2000年,流域内人类活动对湿地景观的干扰强度逐渐加剧,人为景观面积比例由1967年的26.5%上升至2000年的67.8%.土地利用影响强度指数由1967年的1.690上升至2000年的2.394.2000年模拟的流域土地利用影响强度比2000年实际土地利用影响强度小,由此可以识别1983-2000年人类对湿地景观的干扰强度比1967-1983年有所增大;利用居民地和沼泽面积的变化可以识别流域人口增长和排水活动对土地利用影响的时段差异性.     

Landscape spatial changes associated with rapid urbanization in Shenzhen,China

Rapid urbanization and a building boom in Chinese cities, together with the increase in human disturbances in ecosystems, have resulted in a range of ecological and land-use problems. The formulation of policies relating to urban land use requires adequate understanding of the landscape dynamics. The objective of the study was to describe spatial patterns and dynamic changes of the regional landscape of Shenzhen in the past 20 years. Based on MSS & TM images from 1978, 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1999, a landscape classification map of Shenzhen was constructed. Three kinds of spatial pattern indices, including landscape diversity, spatial configuration and characteristics of patches, as well as a human disturbance index, were examined using models and GIS. In the past two decades, the regional landscape in Shenzhen has changed dramatically, from a typical agricultural landscape to a rapidly urbanizing landscape. The gradual reduction in the cultivated land area and the dramatic increase in the built-up areas illustrate this progress clearly. Indices for the landscape spatial pattern have changed substantially. Some of the changes, reflecting the reasonable control of urban planning on the regional landscape, are the consequence of careful planning, but many of them are the result of disordered human disturbances that have occurred during the rapid urbanization process. These findings are helpful to future landscape development and land-use planning.