基于GIS的干旱区绿洲农村居民点格局演变研究:以甘肃河西地区为例

以甘肃河西地区农村居民点为例,结合GIS技术,运用单一动态度、景观格局指数、平均最邻近指数及核密度方法,对近30 a来农村居民点空间格局演变特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)近30 a来河西地区农村居民点用地规模缓慢增大,居民点斑块个体之间的集聚性增强,结构愈发紧凑。(2)农村居民点空间分布在整体上呈集聚模式。敦煌市、肃州区、甘州区、高台绿洲尾闾区、民乐县西部、凉州区和民勤县城周边居民点分布较密集。(3)居民点集中分布在海拔1 200～2 400 m、坡度5°的走廊平原和盆地以及坡度较小的缓坡地,在海拔较高的丘陵、山区以及坡度较大的陡坡地居民点分布则相对较少。居民点集中分布在距离县道及以上级别道路1 km范围内,河流对居民点分布的影响在1～6 km范围内较显著。(4)受政策和经济利益的调控和驱动,人类生产生活方式不断改变并作用于居民点,直接或间接导致农村居民点格局演变。     

江西省农村居民点时空特征及其影响因素研究

利用2005、2010、2015年江西省农村居民点矢量数据,借助网格统计、样带分析及地理探测器等方法,结合网格和县域2种尺度,刻画了农村居民点数量及规模的时空格局特征;并利用地理探测器定量识别县域层面农村居民点用地面积的影响因素。研究表明,江西省农村居民点数量多、规模小,呈现出在大尺度空间离散而在局部区域集聚的特征,农村居民点数量和面积均具有北多南少的空间分异特征,城市周边、平原地区、中心村镇等是农村居民点高度集聚和扩张的主要区域。在乡村人口持续向城镇转移背景下,农村居民点斑块数量和面积不降反增,细碎化特征更为突出,空间变化上以围绕城镇与交通线的居民点扩张和土地整治及生态移民导致的居民点收缩并存。在农业发展及人口增长、县域经济发展及投资带动、地形制约3类因素综合作用下,形成了江西省农村居民点用地面积格局。     

基于Voronoi图的农村居民点空间分布特征及其影响因素研究——以北京市昌平区为例

采用GIS查询统计与Voronoi图CV值相结合的分析方法,研究了地形、公路及河流等环境因素对北京市昌平区农村居民点空间分布特征的影响.结果表明:地形是影响农村居民点空间分布的主导因素,平原地区农村居民点用地比例较高,规模较大,密度较高;山区农村居民点用地比例较低,规模相对较小,密度也较低.公路交通是影响农村居民点空间分布的重要因素,91.19%的农村居民点分布在距离主要公路距离小于1 500 m的范围内;河流对农村居民点分布也有一定影响,距离河流越远,农村居民点密度越低.     

河南省黄泛区农业景观格局动态及驱动因素

以1987年和2002年TM影像及1997年河南省土地利用现状图为主要数据源,采用斑块密度、景观多样性指数、破碎化指数、优势度和分布质心5个景观格局指数定量分析近20 a来河南省黄泛区农业景观格局动态变化及其驱动因子.结果表明,1987-2002年河南省黄泛区农业景观动态变化显著,各景观类型面积、斑块数量和斑块密度都发生了较大变化.水浇地、旱地和建设用地景观类型面积增加,是该地区占优势的景观类型,2002年占全区总面积比例为83.51%.该区人类活动强度较大,景观多样性和破碎化指数增大,优势度减小,说明各景观类型所占面积比例差异正在缩小,区域整体景观破碎化程度仍在增加.农业发展、人口增长、经济发展、人民生活水平提高和城镇化进程加速等是该区农业景观格局变化的主要驱动因素.     

东北典型黑土区农村居民点对水土流失影响研究

从人地关系视角探究典型区域农村居民点布局对生态环境的影响,对合理优化农村居民点分布格局、保障粮食安全具有重要战略意义。以东北典型黑土区克山县为例,综合运用分散度统计、核密度估计、空间关联测度模型等空间分析方法,揭示1988—2018年克山县农村居民点时空演变规律;结合修正通用RULSE模型,采用景观指数分析和广义变异系数的灰色关联度量化模型,探讨农村居民点分布特征对水土流失的影响。结果表明:(1)近30 a来,克山县农村居民点数量急剧增加,分散化趋势明显,以高密度多核心集聚、低密度广泛分布为主要空间分布特征,分布重心向东北部迁移。(2)研究区水土流失以微度、轻度和中度侵蚀为主,水土流失强度空间分布格局与农村居民点的空间分布格局呈现一致性。(3)研究区农村居民点分布特征因子与水土流失面积的关系存在差异,农村居民点分布范围与密度对水土流失具有较强作用。     

快速城市化背景下上海绿色空间景观格局梯度及其多样性时空动态特征分析

以上海典型快速城市化地区为例,基于遥感影像数据,综合运用RS/GIS技术和Fragstats 3.3移动窗口法对1997年、2000年、2005年、2008年和2015年5个年份上海绿色空间的景观格局梯度及其多样性时空动态进行分析。随城市发展的绿色空间梯度变化和景观多样性的空间显式化研究可以帮助理解景观格局-过程关系,同时为城市景观格局优化和管理提供支持。结果表明,(1)1997—2015年间,研究区总体上以建设用地的增加和绿色空间的总量减少为典型特征,农田景观面积比例PLAND减少了32.85%,森林绿地PLAND增加了9.44%,水体PLAND增加了1.58%,建设用地PLAND增加了28.59%。(2)研究区绿色空间的景观格局随着城市空间多方向的扩张变化明显,同心矩形带梯度模式分析和多向梯度模式分析结果显示,近20年来,在矩形环4以内中心城区森林绿地PLAND、斑块数量NP、斑块密度PD、景观形状指数LSI的增加,表明中心城区森林绿地景观破碎化越来越严重,人工痕迹较重。在矩形环5以外区域森林绿地PLAND、LPI的增加及NP的下降表明郊区森林绿地景观表现出一定的集聚性;在矩形环5以外区域农田PLAND、最大斑块指数LPI的下降和PD、LSI的升高表明建设用地的扩张使原本均一化的农田景观越来越破碎,形状也越来越复杂。(3)景观多样性时空动态变化分析表明,1997年仅中心城区景观多样性SHDI较低,而2015年SHDI在整个研究区均呈下降趋势。     

苏州花桥国际商务城生态用地时空动态特征

以快速城镇化的小尺度区域——苏州花桥国际商务城为研究区,基于高分辨率遥感影像和GIS技术,利用土地利用转移矩阵、重心计算、景观格局指数和平均等效面积法分别对研究区生态用地时空动态、景观格局动态和土地生态质量空间格局动态特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)2005—2015年,研究区建设用地在快速城镇化进程中迅速扩张,而生态用地总面积减少913.11 hm~2,同时生态用地重心逐渐向南迁移。(2)2005—2009年,研究区耕地优势度下降,其他生态用地优势度未出现较大波动;2009—2015年,随着政府生态建设力度加大,研究区斑块破碎化程度降低,景观复杂程度降低,除耕地外其他生态用地优势度迅速提升。(3)2005—2015年研究区平均等效面积由0.28增至0.31,总体生态质量得到改善;全区有57.01%的土地生态质量获得提升,且主要分布于南北两端吴淞江附近,仅有17.22%的土地生态质量下降。这表明近年来在城镇生态用地紧缺的情况下,研究区城镇生态建设对生态环境改善起到重要作用。建议研究区未来重点提升中部区域土地生态质量,进一步优化土地资源配置,以实现土地生态质量全面提升。     

快速城市化进程中城市扩张对景观格局分异特征的影响

在中国快速城市化背景下,大部分研究仅是单一的利用景观指数分析城市景观格局,往往只侧重于对景观斑块或格局的几何特征进行简单分析和描述,忽略了城市扩张与城乡景观格局动态变化过程之间的内部联系,研究城市扩张与城乡景观格局动态变化过程之间的内部联系对揭示城市化规律有着重要意义。文章以江苏省昆山市（县）范围为研究对象,基于全市1985—2008年间多期TM影像图,在采用遥感与地理信息系统相结合的技术方法获取昆山市景观格局动态变化以及相关景观生态学指数分析的基础上,探讨城市扩张对城乡景观格局的影响。结果表明：23年间自然景观类型的面积基本保持不变;人工景观面积显著增涨了4倍。斑块密度、景观斑块数量破碎度指数受人工景观类型影响基本呈上升趋势;斑块密度、景观破碎度、最大斑块、边缘密度等指数与建设用地增长之间存在明显相关性,表明城市扩张是城乡景观格局特征变化的重要驱动力。     

城乡建设用地景观格局多尺度差异

以郑州市域内1989、2000和2009年的典型城市与农村样地（25 km×25 km）为例,应用空间自相关、半方差、以及九项轨迹方差分析方法,对城市与农村建设用地景观多尺度上的空间格局特征与动态差异进行研究,结果表明,（1）城市建设用地景观聚集强度较高,斑块规模较大,而农村建设用地景观在大部分尺度上呈随机或均匀分布,斑块规模较小。（2）随着尺度的增加,城市及农村建设用地景观分布状态都由聚集向均匀过渡,但前者过渡较为平缓,而后者在小尺度范围（0~2km）变化速度较快,在较大尺度（3~16 km）上其分布状态的波动较小。（3）1989-2009年,城市与农村建设用地景观动态特征有较大差异,并表现出尺度依赖性。城市较小尺度上（0~4 km）建设用地景观的分布状态表现出聚集-分散的趋势,在较大尺度上（8~14 km）表现出分散-聚集的变化趋势。农村小尺度上（0~4 km）建设用地景观的分布状态也表现出聚集-分散的趋势,但大尺度（4~16 km）上状态变化很小且没有规律。     

基于GIS的市域景观格局定量分析与优化

以长沙市为例,结合长沙市2000年4月份LandsatTM影像和1:250000地理信息矢量数据库,借助Arc/view和Arc/Info软件,对其景观进行分类,并形成景观分类图,一级分类6个类型,在此基础之上进行二级分类,共分为15种景观类型.并用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS软件计算了各类景观参数,并从斑块、类型和景观3个水平上,计算了相应的参数和景观指数,定量的揭示了整个景观格局与类型特征.研究结果表明,分布面积占研究区总而积达46.8707%的有林地景观其连接性、完整性比其他景观类型好,是研究区的基质,但斑块和景观的空间形状较为复杂,表现出强烈的干扰特征.水田的斑块数量最多,受人为活动影响强烈.天然草地,改良草地,滩涂表现出萎缩特征.从各类用地的空间组合来看,除了城镇相对集中的城区等几个地方外,农村居民点多为耕地和林地景观所隔开,各城镇和农村居民点由道路或水系连接.定量分析城市景观的空间格局,将有助于深入研究景观格局的形成机制和理解城市景观的格局与过程.在此基础上初步探讨了基于景观格局优化的城市生态系统的内部空间布局.研究结果对长沙市景观生态规划有指导意义.     

城市典型工业生产区及附近居住区土壤中PAHs污染特征

用气相色谱法对土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数进行了测定。根据对南京某炼焦厂、某炼钢厂、某芳烃厂、某炼油厂、某化肥厂和附近居住区土壤中 PAHs 的监测结果,首次报导了南京地区典型工业生产区(厂区)和附近居住区土壤中 PAHs 的污染特征。结果显示,炼焦厂厂区土壤中 PAHs 的质量分数最高,达到 17638.1 μg/kg,化肥厂最低,仅为 287.5 μg/kg,各行业土壤中 PAHs 的质量分数水平从高到低顺序为:炼焦厂>炼钢厂>芳烃厂>炼油厂>化肥厂。炼焦厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~5 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 96.3%;炼钢厂土壤中 PAHs的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 46.8%;炼油厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 57.1%;芳烃厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数在 3~4 之间的芳烃化合物,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 52.2%;化肥厂土壤中 PAHs 的特征因子主要是苯环数为 2 的苊烯、苊,特征因子质量分数之和占 PAHs 质量分数的百分率为 24.6%。在本次调查的 5 种类型工业生产区土壤中 PAHs 污染的特     

Enhancement of radon exposure in smoking areas

Radium-226 is a significant source of radon-222 which enters buildings through soil, construction materials or water supply. When cigarette smoke is present, the radon daughters attach to smoke particles. Thus, the alpha radiation to a smoker’s lungs from the natural radon daughters is increased because of smoking. To investigate whether the cigarette tobacco itself is a potential source of indoor radon, the α potential energy exposure level contents of radon (²²²Rn, 3.82d) and Thoron (²²⁰Rn, 55.60s) were measured in 10 different cigarette tobacco samples using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs). The results showed that the ^{222, 220}Rn concentrations in these samples ranged from 128 to 266 and 49 to 148 Bqm⁻³, respectively. The radon concentrations emerged from all investigated samples were significantly higher than the background level. Also, the annual equivalent doses from the samples were determined. The mean values of the equivalent dose were 3.51 (0.89) and 1.44 (0.08) mSvy⁻¹, respectively. Measurement of the average indoor radon concentrations in 20 café rooms was, significantly, higher than 20 smoking-free residential houses. The result refers to the dual (chemical and radioactive) effect of smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer.     

Conservation and social outcomes of private protected areas

Government administered protected areas (PAs) have dominated conservation strategies, discourse, and research, yet private actors are increasingly managing land for conservation. Little is known about the social and environmental outcomes of these privately protected areas (PPAs). We searched the global literature in English on PPAs and their environmental and social outcomes and identified 412 articles suitable for inclusion. Research on PPAs was geographically skewed; more studies occurred in the United States. Environmental outcomes of PPAs were mostly positive (89%), but social outcomes of PPAs were reported less (12% of all studies), and these outcomes were more mixed (65% positive). Private protected areas increased the number or extent of ecosystems, ecoregions, or species covered by PAs (representativeness) and PA network connectivity and effectively reduced deforestation and restored degraded lands. Few PPA owners reported negative social outcomes, experienced improved social capital, increased property value, or a reduction in taxes. Local communities benefited from increased employment, training, and community-wide development (e.g., building of schools), but they reported reduced social capital and no significant difference to household income. The causal mechanisms through which PPAs influence social and environmental outcomes remain unclear, as does how political, economic, and social contexts shape these mechanisms. Future research should widen the geographical scope and diversify the types of PPAs studied and focus on determining the casual mechanisms through which PPA outcomes occur in different contexts. We propose an assessment framework that could be adopted to facilitate this process.     

Evaluating the conservation impact of Antarctica's protected areas

Antarctic specially protected areas (ASPAs) are a key regulatory mechanism for protecting Antarctic environmental values. Previous evaluations of the effectiveness of the ASPA system focused on its representativeness and design characteristics, presenting a compelling rationale for its systematic revision. Upgrading the system could increase the representation of values within ASPAs, but representation alone does not guarantee the avoided loss or improvement of those values. Identifying factors that influence the effectiveness of ASPAs would inform the design and management of an ASPA system with the greatest capacity to deliver its intended conservation outcomes. To facilitate evaluations of ASPA effectiveness, we devised a research and policy agenda that includes articulating a theory of change for what outcomes ASPAs generate and how; building evaluation principles into ASPA design and designation processes; employing complementary approaches to evaluate multiple dimensions of effectiveness; and extending evaluation findings to identify and exploit drivers of positive conservation impact. Implementing these approaches will enhance the efficacy of ASPAs as a management tool, potentially leading to improved outcomes for Antarctic natural values in an era of rapid global change. Evaluación del impacto de conservación de las áreas protegidas de la Antártida     

Priority areas for conservation of Old World vultures

The prosperity and well-being of human societies relies on healthy ecosystems and the services they provide. However, the biodiversity crisis is undermining ecosystems services and functions. Vultures are among the most imperiled taxonomic groups on Earth, yet they have a fundamental ecosystem function. These obligate scavengers rapidly consume large amounts of carrion and human waste, a service that may aid in both disease prevention and control of mammalian scavengers, including feral dogs, which in turn threaten humans. We combined information about the distribution of all 15 vulture species found in Europe, Asia, and Africa with their threats and used detailed expert knowledge on threat intensity to prioritize critical areas for conserving vultures in Africa and Eurasia. Threats we identified included poisoning, mortality due to collision with wind energy infrastructures, and other anthropogenic activities related to human land use and influence. Areas important for vulture conservation were concentrated in southern and eastern Africa, South Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula, and over 80% of these areas were unprotected. Some vulture species required larger areas for protection than others. Finally, countries that had the largest share of all identified important priority areas for vulture conservation were those with the largest expenditures related to rabies burden (e.g., India, China, and Myanmar). Vulture populations have declined markedly in most of these countries. Restoring healthy vulture populations through targeted actions in the priority areas we identified may help restore the ecosystem services vultures provide, including sanitation and potentially prevention of diseases, such as rabies, a heavy burden afflicting fragile societies. Our findings may guide stakeholders to prioritize actions where they are needed most in order to achieve international goals for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.     

Assessing carrying capacities of coastal areas in France

This paper provides the methodological framework for carrying capacity assessment through a set of indicators, as implemented in a French case study. The approach aims to help the State and local governments of coastal areas facing population growth and important touristic flows to undergo a local development strategy that does not imperil their territorial strategic resources. This work shows how situations of dysfunction or saturation points have interlinked consequences on environmental, social and economic resources, justifying a crosswise assessment.     

Bolder science needed now for protected areas

Recognizing that protected areas (PAs) are essential for effective biodiversity conservation action, the Convention on Biological Diversity established ambitious PA targets as part of the 2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity. Under the strategic goal to “improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity,” Target 11 aims to put 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine regions under PA status by 2020. Additionally and crucially, these areas are required to be of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative, and well‐connected and to include “other effective area‐based conservation measures” (OECMs). Whereas the area‐based targets are explicit and measurable, the lack of guidance for what constitutes important and representative; effective; and OECMs is affecting how nations are implementing the target. There is a real risk that Target 11 may be achieved in terms of area while failing the overall strategic goal for which it is established because the areas are poorly located, inadequately managed, or based on unjustifiable inclusion of OECMs. We argue that the conservation science community can help establish ecologically sensible PA targets to help prioritize important biodiversity areas and achieve ecological representation; identify clear, comparable performance metrics of ecological effectiveness so progress toward these targets can be assessed; and identify metrics and report on the contribution OECMs make toward the target. By providing ecologically sensible targets and new performance metrics for measuring the effectiveness of both PAs and OECMs, the science community can actively ensure that the achievement of the required area in Target 11 is not simply an end in itself but generates genuine benefits for biodiversity.     

Protected areas as frontiers for human migration

Causes of human population growth near protected areas have been much debated. We conducted 821 interviews in 16 villages around Budongo Forest Reserve, Masindi district, Uganda, to explore the causes of human migration to protected areas and to identify differences in forest use between migrant and nonmigrant communities. We asked subjects for information about birthplace, migration, household assets, household activities, and forest use. Interview subjects were categorized as nonmigrants (born in one of the interview villages), socioeconomic migrants (chose to emigrate for economic or social reasons) from within Masindi district (i.e., local migrants) and from outside the Masindi district (i.e., regional migrants), or forced migrants (i.e., refugees or internally displaced individuals who emigrated as a result of conflict, human rights abuses, or natural disaster). Only 198 respondents were born in interview villages, indicating high rates of migration between 1998 and 2008. Migrants were drawn to Budongo Forest because they thought land was available (268 individuals) or had family in the area (161 individuals). A greater number of regional migrants settled in villages near Lake Albert than did forced and local migrants. Migration category was also associated with differences in sources of livelihood. Of forced migrants 40.5% earned wages through labor, whereas 25.5% of local and 14.5% of regional migrants engaged in wage labor. Migrant groups appeared to have different effects on the environment. Of respondents that hunted, 72.7% were regional migrants. Principal component analyses indicated households of regional migrants were more likely to be associated with deforestation. Our results revealed gaps in current models of human population growth around protected areas. By highlighting the importance of social networks and livelihood choices, our results contribute to a more nuanced understanding of causes of migration and of the environmental effects of different migrant groups.