低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13的反硝化特性

从底泥中分离出1株低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13,经常规生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA测序,鉴定出细菌SY13属于Acinetobactersp．。考察了温度、pH、C／N比及接种量对菌株SY13硝酸盐还原活性的影响,初始硝酸盐浓度为15mg／L左右,温度为15℃时低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13的硝酸盐去除率为49．26％,在中性环境适应性较强,pH值为7．0时72h的硝氮去除率达到58．08％,随着C／N比不断增加,菌株SY13硝酸盐的去除效果逐渐增强,接种量为10％时,菌株SY13培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到59．62％。     

异养硝化微生物菌剂及其好氧颗粒污泥的脱氮试验

在3个相同的反应器(No.1、No.2、No.3)中,向活性污泥中投加异养硝化微生物菌剂,以批次试验和SBR试验的方式,研究了异养硝化微牛物菌剂对模拟废水的处理效果.结果表明,该菌剂可以大幅度提高活性污泥对氨氮和COD的去除率.批次运行试验中,反应器No.1运行3 d,氨氮去除率大于98.11%,COD去除率大于99%.该投加菌剂的活性污泥每克干污泥的脱氮能力为15.77 mg d-1.以SBR方式运行16 d的试验中,可能是由于功能菌株的流失导致3个反应器的脱氮效果有逐步降低的趋势.采用该异养硝化脱氮微生物菌剂培育出的异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥对模拟废水进行了脱氮试验.在较低运行温度(11～13℃)下以SBR方式运行10 d,反应器处理效果稳定,氨氮去除率70.75%～76.42%,COD去除率在90%以上.该异养硝化好氧颗粒污泥每克干颗粒的脱氮能力为372.00 mg d-1.以上试验都没有发现硝酸氮和亚硝酸氮的积累.图5表1参19     

水库贫营养异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Sxf14的脱氮特性

为利用生物强化法降低微污染源水中的氮素,从水库沉积物中筛选到一株好氧反硝化细菌Sx f14.通过扫描电镜和16S r RNA序列分析,鉴定其为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.),命名为Acinetobacter sp.Sxf14.同时,对该菌株脱氮特性进行研究,并将其接种到C/N(总有机碳与总氮的比值)为1.2的微污染水库源水中,以探究其对实际源水总氮的去除效果.结果显示:Sxf14能以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行好氧反硝化.反应48 h后,NO3--N和NO2--N的去除率分别达74.84(±0.86)%和40.52(±1.49)%,TN去除率最高达到65.07(±1.56)%和41.33(±0.98)%;在以NH4Cl为氮源的异养硝化系统内,该菌在48 h内使NH4+-N浓度由3.73(±0.08)mg/L降到1.28(±0.20)mg/L,氨氮去除率达到65.63(±1.39)%.72 h内,微污染水库源水的TN浓度由2.46(±0.02)mg/L降到1.68(±0.01)mg/L,去除率达到31.7(±0.14)%.因此,菌株Acinetobacter sp.Sxf14具有反硝化能力,能承受较低的碳氮比,降低微污染源水中的氮素,本研究可为微污染水体的菌剂修复技术提供科学依据.     

好氧颗粒污泥实现同步硝化反硝化

采用人工配制的模拟生活污水，通过对运行条件的调控，在序批式反应器(SBR)中培养出了高活性的好氧颗粒污泥，颗粒污泥浓度达到4．55g/L以上，SVI值在32.5左右，反应器对于COD、NH3—N的去除率分别在83.6％—92.8％和82.3％—98.5％之间。实验结果表明：由于好氧颗粒污泥的存在，SBR反应器内发生了同步硝化反硝化(SND)反应，而不是通常所认为的顺序式硝化反硝化(SQND)反应。     

COD与DO对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

COD和DO浓度对好氧颗粒污泥的同步硝化反硝化反应有明显影响．COD浓度在400～1200mg／L范围内，好氧颗粒污泥去除COD的能力均在85％以上．颗粒污泥能吸附有机物，使废水中COD浓度快速下降．COD浓度小于800mg／L，好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的脱氮能力，氮去除率最高达85．3％．在溶氧浓度为1-4mg／L条件下，颗粒污泥对COD去除率均在90％以上．不同的溶氧浓度对氮的去除率有一定影响，在溶氧浓度3mg／L时，氮去除率最高，达83％．图7参7     

电极生物膜自养脱氮系统中的电化学作用

设计构建三维电极生物膜反应器,成功启动后稳定运行,在全自养条件下能较好地处理低碳氮比含氮废水.结果表明,在进水不含有机碳源,电流强度为30 mA,电流密度为0.012 mA·cm-2,运行周期24 h的实验条件下,反应器处理进水氨氮浓度为30 mg·L-1的废水时,氨氮转化率达到了90.3%,总氮去除率为70.0%;处理进水硝态氮浓度为30 mg·L-1的废水时,硝态氮去除率达到了82.7%.在考察电极生物膜反应器脱氮性能的同时,探讨系统中纯电化学作用的脱氮能力.结果显示电极生物膜处理氨氮废水的系统中,纯电化学脱氮作用为系统总脱氮能力的10%左右;而处理硝态氮废水的电极生物膜系统中,无电化学还原去除NO-3-N作用.     

土壤渗滤系统中污染物去除效果分析

在土壤渗滤系统中,水力负荷、有机负荷和碳氮比等因素均对营养盐的处理效率具有显著影响.在实验室控温条件下,分析了不同水力负荷、有机负荷和环境条件对土壤渗滤系统污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在水力负荷小于0.15 m3·m^-2·d^-1的条件下,模拟生活污水中CODCr、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到84％、37％和93％以上,土壤（以干土计）亚硝酸盐细菌数量为4.50× 106 g^-1.装置上层产生的滞水对CODCr和磷酸盐的去除影响不大,但是由于处理系统内溶解氧浓度降低,使得氨氮硝化过程受到抑制,氨氮和总氮的处理效果均变差;在通气良好条件下,较高的碳氮比[m（碳）：m（氮）=5：1]对系统中总氮的去除更为有利.     

常温SBR厌氧-好氧反应器的短程硝化

短程硝化-反硝化是污水节能脱氮新技术之一,其关键在于实现短程硝化,而水温是控制短程硝化的主要因素。在生活污水氨氮浓度小于100mg/L的水质条件下,采用SBR厌氧-好氧反应器进行了常温短程硝化试验研究。研究结果表明,水温14．5℃～16．5℃的条件下,在好氧段可以实现短程硝化,亚硝化率达到了94．9%。亚硝化的程度还与曝气时间的长短有关,曝气时间短时,可以将氨氧化控制在亚硝化阶段,积累大量的亚硝酸盐,但是氨转化率比较低;曝气时间延长,氨氮去除率增加,同时部分亚硝酸氮会被进一步氧化成硝酸氮。该研究结果打破了只有在中高温条件下才能实现短程硝化的普遍看法,从而为在常温下实现短程硝化提供了新的依据。     

碳源及碳氮比对异养反硝化微生物异养反硝化作用的影响

碳源(甘油和柠檬酸钠)及碳氮比对纯培养的异养反硝化菌HP1(Pseudomonas alcaligenes)异养反硝化能力影响的试验表明，碳源种类对硝酸还原酶活性没有明显影响，对氧化亚氮还原酶活性有影响。批式培养方式下最适C／N为8，菌株HP1可以利用NO3^-f作为唯一氮源进行反硝化作用，证明HP1至少有2种硝酸还原途径。连续培养方式下温度对菌株HP1异养反硝化作用中间产物的积累有影响，不同C／N时均有NH4^ 积累，C／N为3时还有NO2^-的积累。     

优势菌种硝化新工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

通过摇瓶富集与开放体系扩大培养获得高含量的硝化细菌优势菌液,用于硝化反应器的强化挂膜启动、驯化。采用优势菌种生物硝化新工艺研究了含高质量浓度氨氮垃圾渗滤液的硝化特性,并对工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,优势菌液中亚硝化细菌与硝化细菌的含量分别达到9.0×107和3.5×107MPN/mL。实际废水动态运行的结果显示,当进水垃圾渗滤液平均氨氮质量浓度为284.4mg/L时,出水平均氨氮质量浓度为14.3mg/L,硝化速率高达NH4+-N28.1g/(m3.h),与传统硝化工艺相比高出近一倍。本工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的优化操作工艺条件为:pH、氨氮质量浓度及DO分别控制在7.5～8.5、300mg/L、1.1～2.6mg/L。     

Nitrogen removal performance of municipal reverse osmosis concentrate with low C/N ratio by membrane-aerated biofilm reactor

A membrane-aerated biofilm reactor was employed to investigate the nitrogen removal of one typical municipal reverse osmosis(RO) concentrate with a high total nitrogen (TN) concentration and a low C/ N ratio. The effects of operational conditions, including the aeration pressure, the hydraulic retention time and the C/N ratio, on the systematic performance were evaluated. The nitrogen removal mechanism was evaluated by monitoring the effluent concentrations of nitrogen contents. Furthermore, the microbial tolerance with elevated salinity was identified. The results indicated that the optimal TN removal efficiency of 79.2% was achieved of the aeration pressure of 0.02 MPa, hydraulic retention time of 24 h, and the C/N ratio of 5.8, respectively. It is essential to supplement the carbon source for the targeted RO concentrate to promote the denitrification process. The inhibitory effect of salinity on denitrifying bacteria and nitrite oxidizing bacteria was significant, revealing the limited TN removal capacity of the conditions in this work. The TN removal efficiency remained more than 70% with the addition of salt (NaCl) amount below 20 g/L. This work preliminarily demonstrated the MABR feasibility for the nitrogen removal of municipal RO concentrate with low C/N ratio and provided technical guidance for further scale-up application.

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Performance of an ANAMMOX reactor treating wastewater generated by antibiotic and starch production processes

A pilot-scale anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) reactor was used to treat mixed wastewater resulting from a chlortetracycline and starch production process. The results, collected over the course of 272 days, show that the ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite, pH, and temperature can all affect the efficiency of nitrogen removal. The ratio of influent ammonium to nitrite was maintained at about 1:1 at a concentration below 200 mg·L^-1 for both influent ammonium and nitrite. The total nitrogen (TN) loading rate was 0.15–0.30 kgN·m^-3·d^-1, pH remained at 7.8–8.5, and temperature was recorded at 33±1°C. The rate of removal of ammonia, nitrite, and TN were over 90%, 90%, and 80%, and the effluent ammonium, nitrite and TN concentrations were below 50, 30, and 100 mg·L^-1.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

Advanced nitrogen removal by pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with real-time control

The feasibility of pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) as on-line control parameters to advance nitrogen removal in pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was evaluated. The pulsed SBR, a novel operational mode of SBR, was utilized to treat real municipal wastewater accompanied with adding ethanol as external carbon source. It was observed that the bending-point (apex and knee) of pH and ORP profiles can be used to control denitrification process at a low influent C/N ratio while dpH/dt can be used to control the nitrification and denitrification process at a high influent C/N ratio. The experimental results demonstrated that the effluent total nitrogen can be reduced to lower than 2 mg/L, and the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was higher than 98% by using real-time controll strategy.     

Effects of La,Ce on nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactor

Batch experiments were conducted to study the short-term biological effects of rare earth ions (La³⁺, Ce³⁺) and their mixture on the nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The data showed that higher NH⁺₄―N removal rate, total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency, and denitrification efficiency were achieved at lower concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) (<1mg/L). In the first hour of the aeration stage of SBR, the presence of REEs increased the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency and NH⁺₄―N removal efficiency by 15.7% and 10%―15%, respectively. When the concentrations of REEs were higher than 1mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency decreased, and nitrate was found to accumulate in the effluent. When the concentrations of REEs was up to 50.0mg/L, the total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was less than 30% of the control efficiency with a high level of nitrate. Lower concentrations of REEs were found to accelerate the nitrogen conversion and removal in SBR.     

Simultaneous Feammox and anammox process facilitated by activated carbon as an electron shuttle for autotrophic biological nitrogen removal

• The autotrophic nitrogen removal combining Feammox and Anammox was achieved. • Activated carbon can be used as an electron shuttle to enhance Feammox activity. • Fe(III) was reduced to Fe(II) and the secondary Fe(II) mineral (FeOOH) was obtained. • The iron-reducing bacteria and Anammox consortium was enriched simultaneously. Ferric iron reduction coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Feammox) is a novel ferric-dependent autotrophic process for biological nitrogen removal (BNR) that has attracted increasing attention due to its low organic carbon requirement. However, extracellular electron transfer limits the nitrogen transformation rate. In this study, activated carbon (AC) was used as an electron shuttle and added into an integrated autotrophic BNR system consisting of Feammox and anammox processes. The nitrogen removal performance, nitrogen transformation pathways and microbial communities were investigated during 194 days of operation. During the stable operational period (days 126–194), the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency reached 82.9%±6.8% with a nitrogen removal rate of 0.46±0.04 kg-TN/m³/d. The contributions of the Feammox, anammox and heterotrophic denitrification pathways to TN loss accounted for 7.5%, 89.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Batch experiments showed that AC was more effective in accelerating the Feammox rate than the anammox rate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed the presence of ferric iron (Fe(III)) and ferrous iron (Fe(II)) in secondary minerals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that secondary iron species were formed on the surface of iron-AC carrier (Fe/AC), and Fe(III) was primarily reduced by ammonium in the Feammox process. The phyla Anaerolineaceae (0.542%) and Candidatus Magasanikbacteria (0.147%) might contribute to the Feammox process, and Candidatus Jettenia (2.10%) and Candidatus Brocadia (1.18%) were the dominative anammox phyla in the bioreactor. Overall, the addition of AC provided an effective way to enhance the autotrophic BNR process by integrating Feammox and anammox.     

氨氮废水的厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮研究

利用从厌氧污泥中筛选和驯化的厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）菌直接启动UASB反应器,通过缩短水力停留时间（HRT）提高系统运行负荷,探讨水力停留时间对模拟废水脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,（1）富含Anammox菌的颗粒污泥能够快速启动反应器（只需14d）。（2）连续91d的HRT测试期间,系统具有良好的脱氮性能,且随着HRT的缩短,系统的脱氮效率具有波动上升的特点。NH4＋-N、NO2--N和TN（总氮）的平均去除率超过70.0%。（3）系统总氮容积负荷（TNLR）和总氮去除负荷（TNRR）最大值（以N计）分别为2.04kg·m-3·d-1和1.56kg·m-3·d-1。（4）系统能够比较好的遵循Anammox生物脱氮的理论途径：NH4＋-N、NO2--N的去除速率与NO3--N的生成速率的比例为1？1.15？0.22,与其相应理论值（1？1.32？0.26）非常接近。     

人工湿地处理富营养化水体的效果研究

通过在北京市野生动物救护中心构建表流湿地与潜流湿地相结合的复合人工湿地处理富营养化水体,研究该复合人工湿地对总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）及水体浊度的去除效果。结果表明：人工湿地对TP的去除效果好于对TN的去除效果,经过人工湿地处理的富营养化水体,表流湿地、潜流湿地和复合人工湿地对TP的平均去除率可分别达42%、55%、60%,对TN的平均去除率分别为27%、30%、34%,对水体浊度的平均去除率分别达43%、55%、75%。复合人工湿地对TP、TN以及浊度的去除效果受水体温度和溶解氧（DO）的影响,通过相关性分析发现,TP、TN和浊度的去除量与水体中的DO水平之间存在显著的负相关性,而与水体温度有正相关性,在显著性水平为0.05的条件下,相关系数分别为-0.829、-0.767、-0.765和0.674、0.757、0.774。复合人工湿地对TP、TN及浊度的去除率高于表流湿地和潜流湿地,表明复合人工湿地具有优于表流湿地和潜流湿地的整体性功能,能有效提高人工湿地对TN、TP以及浊度的去除率。